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词条 A1 (classification)
释义

  1. Definition

  2. Performance and physiology

  3. Governance

  4. Sports

      Athletics    Basketball    Cycling    Skiing    Swimming    Other sports  

  5. Becoming classified

  6. References

A1 is an amputee sport classification used by the International Sports Organization for the Disabled (ISOD).for people with acquired or congenital amputations. This class is for sportspeople who have both legs amputated above the knee. Their amputations impact their sport performance, including having balance issues, increased energy costs, higher rates of oxygen consumption, and issues with their gait. Sports people in this class are eligible to participate in include athletics, swimming, sitting volleyball, archery, weightlifting, badminton, lawn bowls, sitzball and wheelchair basketball.

Definition

This class is for people who have both legs amputated above the knee.[1] This classification is sometimes abbreviated as A/K.[2] In competing in other sports, this class may have a different name:

ClassAbbrAthleticsCyclingSkiingSwimmingComparable classifications in other sportsRef
A1A/KT54, F56, F57, F58LC4LW1, LW12.2S4, S5, S6Badminton: W3.

Lawn bowls: LB1.

Sitting volleyball: Open.

Sitzball: Open.

Ten-pin bowling: TPB8.

Wheelchair basketball: 3 point player, 3.5 point player

Wheelchair fencing: 3

[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10]

Performance and physiology

The nature of a person's amputations in this class can effect their physiology and sports performance.[1][11][11][12] Lower limb amputations effect a person's energy cost for being mobile. To keep their oxygen consumption rate similar to people without lower limb amputations, they need to walk slower.[12] People in this class use around 120% more oxygen to walk or run the same distance as some one without a lower limb amputation.[12]

People in this class can have a number of problems with their gait. There are a number of different causes for these issues, and suggested ways to modify them. For a gait that involves the knee buckling, there are a number of causes including the heel being too firm, excessive heel leverage, incorrect alignment of the prosthetic knee or weak hip extensions. All but the last can be fixed by making adjustments to the prosthetic. The last is fixed by doing more gait training. If the prosthetic foot is rotating at heel strike, the cause is likely a poor socket fit or rotation. This is fixed by adjusting the socket.[11]

Prosthetic fitting and functionality in this class can differ depending on where, between the knee and hip, the amputation exists. The lower the amputation, the greater the lever the prosthetic user has using prosthesis and the more control they have in its usage. The higher the amputation, the less control they have. This can result in problems with balance.[11]

Because of the potential for balance issues related to having an amputation, during weight training, amputees are encouraged to use a spotter when lifting more than {{Convert|15|lb|kg}}.[1]

Governance

This classification was set up by ISOD, with the current version adopted in 1992 and then modified in 1993.[1][13] IWAS was created following the merger of ISOD and International Stoke Mandeville Games Federation (ISMGF) in 2005. Subsequently, IWAS became the classification governing body for some amputee sports.[2][14] In a few cases for wheelchair events run by IWAS, CP-ISRA parallel classes may be used to allow wheelchair using amputees to compete in these events. In the case of A2, this means that CP3 sportspeople from CP-ISRA may be in their class.[15]

Sports

People in this class are more likely to participate in wheelchair sports than other amputee classes.[11]

Athletics

{{See also|Para-athletics classification|T54 (classification)|T57 (classification)}}For athletics competitions that use the IPC athletics classification system, this class competes in T54, F56, F57 and F58.[1][4][16]

People in this class use a prosthetic limb when competing in athletics. It has four parts: a socket, a knee, a shank and a foot.[1] Above the knee amputees have difficulty using standard able-bodied sprint actions because of the differences in their functional muscle mass. As a result, they often use a specialized sprinting technique called “Leg-Over-Leg”. This technique involves using hip extensions to avoid deceleration caused by the prosthetic leg hitting the ground.[1] Use of a specially made carbon fibre running prosthetic leg assists runners in this class in lowering their heart rate compared to using a prosthetic not designed for running.[17] Runners in this class can have lower metabolic costs compared to elite runners over middle and long distances.[17] In shot put, people in this class often plant their left leg against the toe board when they begin the glide stage of their throw.[1] Double amputees have difficulty using a starting block in track events because they cannot align their legs with the block in the standard way. They often use different starting positions as a result.[1]

A study comparing the performance of athletics competitors at the 1984 Summer Paralympics found there was no significant difference in performance in times between women in A1, A2 and A3 in the discus, women in A1 and A2 in the javelin, women in A1 and A2 in the 100 meter race, men in A1, A2 and A3 in the discus, men in A1, A2, A3, A4, A5, A6, A7, A8 and A9 in the javelin, men in A1, A2 and A3 in the shot put, men in A1 and A2 in the 100 meter race, and men in A1, A2, A3 and A4 in the 400 meter race.[18] Double below the knee amputees also have a competitive advantage when compared to double above the knee amputees.[19] From the 2004 Summer Paralympics to the 2012 Summer Paralympics, there was no significant changes in performance times put up by male sprinters in 100 meter, 200 meter and 400 meter events.[19]

In general, track athletes with amputations should be considerate of the surface they are running on, and avoid asphalt and cinder tracks.[1]

Basketball

{{main article|Wheelchair basketball classification|4 point player|3 point player}}

The wheelchair basketball classification system used by the IWBF is open to people from this class. Those with hip articulations are generally classified as 3 point players, while those with slightly longer leg stumps in this class are 3.5 point players.[8] Despite wheelchair basketball having been around since the first Paralympic Games, amputee players from this class were first allowed to be classified and participate internationally in 1983 following the creation of a functional classification system in Cologne, Germany by Horst Strokhkendl. Players from this class first competed at the

1983 Gold Cup Championships.[20] In the United States under the old classification system used by the NWBA, members of this class who had hip articulations would compete in class 2.[21]

Cycling

{{See also|Para-cycling classification|LC4 (classification)|}}People in this class tend to be classified in cycling events as LC4. The class is for cyclists with an impairment in both legs.[5]

Skiing

People in this class tend to be classified as LW skiers. The International Paralympic Committee defined that class as "Competitors with severe disabilities in both lower limbs ... The typical disability profile of the class is double above-knee amputation."[22] While skiing, they may use a prosthesis.[22] In the Biathlon, skiers in this class can use a rifle support while shooting.[23]

Swimming

{{main article|Para-swimming classification|S4 (classification)|S5 (classification)}}People with amputations are eligible to compete in swimming at the Paralympic Games.[17][24] A1 swimmers may be found in several classes. These include S4, S5 and S6.[25] Swimmers in this class have a similar stroke length and stroke rate comparable to able bodied swimmers.[26] Prior to the 1990s, this class was often grouped with other amputee classes in swimming competitions, including the Paralympic Games.[18]

Other sports

{{main article|Sitting volleyball classification||}}Other sports people in this class are eligible to compete in include sitting volleyball, archery, and weightlifting.[2][18] In both archery and sitting volleyball, different classes of amputees have historically competed against each other as one class for people with amputations or people who have a minimal disability level.[2][5][18] In the case of weightlifting, amputees have also traditionally been grouped together, with divisions being based on weight instead.[18] In powerlifting, only A1 and A3 are eligible as classes but they are categorized by weight, not classification type.[27] They can also participate in badminton. When playing in a wheelchair, they compete as W3. Another sport open to people in this class is lawn bowls. A1 competitors can be classified as LB1. This is a sitting class.[28] Ten pin bowling is also open to people in this class. They compete in the TPB8 class.[29] In wheelchair fencing, they are often classified as 3s, assuming they have enough stumps to assist in maintaining their balance.[10]

Sitzball, the precursor to sitting volleyball, is another option. It is open to A1 to A9 classified players along with anyone who might be classified as "les autres" or who have lesser amputations that would not qualify them for ISOD classification. It is not open to people with spinal cord injuries. Play is open, with no requirements as to which types of disabilities are on the court at any time.[28]

Rowing is another sport open to people with amputations. In 1991, the first internationally accepted adaptive rowing classification system was established and put into use. People from this class were initially classified as A2 for people with double amputations.[30]

Becoming classified

Classification is often based on the anatomical nature of the amputation.[2][11] The classification system takes several things into account when putting people into this class. These includes which limbs are effected, how many limbs are effected, and how much of a limb is missing.[31][32]

For this class, classification generally has four phases. The first stage of classification is a health examination. For amputees, this is often done on site at a sports training facility or competition. The second stage is observation in practice, the third stage is observation in competition and the last stage is assigning the sportsperson to a relevant class.[33] Sometimes the health examination may not be done on site because the nature of the amputation could cause not physically visible alterations to the body. This is especially true for lower limb amputees as it relates to how their limbs align with their hips and the impact this has on their spine and how their skull sits on their spine.[34]

For wheelchair basketball, part of the classification process involves observing a player during practice or training. This often includes observing them go one on one against some one who is likely to be in the same class the player would be classified into.[8]

References

{{portal|Paralympics}}
1. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 {{Cite web|url=http://www.blazesports.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/Paralympic_Sport_Classification.ppt|title=Classification 101|last=|first=|date=June 2012|website=Blaze Sports|publisher=Blaze Sports|access-date=July 24, 2016}}
2. ^1 2 3 4 5 {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ApUwm4KJJFYC|title=Care of the Combat Amputee|last=Pasquina|first=Paul F.|last2=Cooper|first2=Rory A.|date=2009-01-01|publisher=Government Printing Office|isbn=9780160840777|language=en}}
3. ^{{Cite journal|last=Tim-Taek|first=Oh|last2=Osborough|first2=Conor|last3=Burkett|first3=Brendan|last4=Payton|first4=Carl|year=2015|title=Consideration of Passive Drag in IPC Swimming Classification System|url=https://www.paralympic.org/sites/default/files/document/151028124028893_84_Oh_Passive+drag+in+IPC+Swimming+Classification+System.pdf|journal=VISTA Conference|publisher=International Paralympic Committee|volume=|issue=|doi=|pmid=|access-date=July 24, 2016|via=}}
4. ^1 {{Cite web|url=https://queenslandschoolsport.eq.edu.au/Supportandresources/Formsanddocuments/Documents/Officials%20and%20executives/classification-system-for-students-with-a-disability.docx |title=CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM FOR STUDENTS WITH A DISABILITY |last= |first= |date= |website=Queensland Sport |publisher=Queensland Sport |access-date=July 23, 2016 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150404055316/https://queenslandschoolsport.eq.edu.au/Supportandresources/Formsanddocuments/Documents/Officials%20and%20executives/classification-system-for-students-with-a-disability.docx |archivedate=April 4, 2015 }}
5. ^1 2 {{Cite journal|last=Bressan|first=ES|date=2008|title=Striving for fairness in Paralympic sport-Support from applied sport science|url=http://www.cmej.org.za/index.php/cmej/article/view/780|journal=Continuing Medical Education|volume=|issue=|doi=|pmid=|access-date=|via=}}
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7. ^{{Cite journal|last=KOCCA |first= |date=2011 |title=장애인e스포츠 활성화를 위한 스포츠 등급분류 연구 |trans-title=Activate e-sports for people with disabilities: Sports Classification Study |url=https://www.kocca.kr/knowledge/research/__icsFiles/afieldfile/2011/05/24/6n70w4pHkDKo.pdf |journal=KOCCA |language=Korean |volume= |issue= |doi= |pmid= |access-date= |via= |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160817111130/https://www.kocca.kr/knowledge/research/__icsFiles/afieldfile/2011/05/24/6n70w4pHkDKo.pdf |archivedate=2016-08-17 |df= }}
8. ^1 2 {{Cite journal|last=DE PASQUALE|first=DANIELA|date=2009–2010|title=VALUTAZIONE FUNZIONALE DELLE CAPACITA’ FISICHE NEL GIOCATORE DI BASKET IN CARROZZINA D’ALTO LIVELLO|trans-title=FUNCTIONAL EVALUATION OF THE CAPACITY 'PHYSICAL IN WHEELCHAIR BASKETBALL PLAYER OF HIGH LEVEL|url=https://art.torvergata.it/bitstream/2108/1272/1/Tesi%20Dottorato%20De%20Pasquale.pdf|journal=Thesis: UNIVERSITÀ DEGLI STUDI DI ROMA|language=Italian|volume=|issue=|doi=|pmid=|access-date=|via=}}
9. ^{{cite book|url=http://ausport.hosting.libero.com.au/libero/WebopacOpenURL.cls?ACTION=DISPLAY&RSN=27972&DATA=ASC|title=Alpine Skiing Technical Manual|publisher=Salt Lake Organizing Committee|year=2002|location=Salt Lake City, Utah|page=23|nopp=}} This is included as an appendix in the media guide, but it is not published by the APC.
10. ^1 {{Cite news|url=http://www.iwasf.com/iwasf/assets/File/Fencing/Classification/4%20-%20IWF%20Classification%20Rules%202011%20annexe%20removed.pdf|title=IWF RULES FOR COMPETITION, BOOK 4 – CLASSIFICATION RULES|last=IWAS|first=|date=20 March 2011|work=|access-date=|via=}}
11. ^1 2 3 4 5 {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1sWk1GYCvKoC|title=Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation: Principles and Practice|last=DeLisa|first=Joel A.|last2=Gans|first2=Bruce M.|last3=Walsh|first3=Nicholas E.|date=2005-01-01|publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|isbn=9780781741309|language=en}}
12. ^1 2 {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iZRtAwAAQBAJ|title=DeLee & Drez's Orthopaedic Sports Medicine|last=Miller|first=Mark D.|last2=Thompson|first2=Stephen R.|date=2014-04-04|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=9781455742219|language=en}}
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14. ^DePauw, Karen P. and Gavron, Susan J. (2005) Disability Sport. Human Kinetics Publishers. {{ISBN|978-0-7360-4638-1}} [https://books.google.com/books?id=BPsqAoFtGsC&pg=PA73&lpg=PA73&dq=Skiing+World+Championships+%2Bisod&source=bl&ots=ecdC_aopfQ&sig=QQkEbzALLZtsUYTQlbEz9FVvsag&hl=en&ei=guFFTey9F4uZOqOohIQC&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CBIQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Skiing%20World%20Championships%20%20isod&f=false (Google Books)]
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17. ^1 2 {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b3pcAgAAQBAJ|title=Sports Nutrition for Paralympic Athletes|last=Broad|first=Elizabeth|date=2014-02-06|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=9781466507562|language=en}}
18. ^1 2 3 4 {{Cite journal|last=van Eijsden-Besseling|first=M. D. F.|date=1985|title=The (Non)sense of the Present-Day Classification System of Sports for the Disabled, Regarding Paralysed and Amputee Athletes|url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Van_Eijsden-Besseling/publication/20221887_The_(non)sense_of_the_present-day_classification_system_of_sports_for_the_disabled_regarding_paralysed_and_amputee_athletes/links/55084ca60cf27e990e0a0290.pdf|journal=Paraplegia|publisher=International Medical Society of Paraplegia|volume=23|issue=|doi=|pmid=|access-date=July 25, 2016|via=}}
19. ^1 {{Cite journal|last=Hassani|first=Hossein|last2=Ghodsi|first2=Mansi|last3=Shadi|first3=Mehran|last4=Noroozi|first4=Siamak|last5=Dyer|first5=Bryce|date=2015-06-16|title=An Overview of the Running Performance of Athletes with Lower-Limb Amputation at the Paralympic Games 2004–2012|url=http://www.mdpi.com/2075-4663/3/2/103|journal=Sports|language=en|volume=3|issue=2|pages=103–115|doi=10.3390/sports3020103}}
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21. ^{{Cite journal|last=Doyle|first=Tim L.A.|date=2004|title=Further Evidence to Change the Medical Classification System of The National Wheelchair Basketball Association|url=http://s3.amazonaws.com/academia.edu.documents/45754574/Further_evidence_to_change_the_medical_c20160518-10109-egfc0c.pdf?AWSAccessKeyId=AKIAJ56TQJRTWSMTNPEA&Expires=1469471404&Signature=n9PwB4ozftk8D67jhkUC1DzRRGs%3D&response-content-disposition=inline%3B%20filename%3DFurther_evidence_to_change_the_medical_c.pdf|journal=ADAPTED PHYSICAL ACTIVITY QUARTERLY|volume=|issue=|doi=|pmid=|access-date=|via=}}
22. ^1 {{cite book|page=23|publisher=Salt Lake Organizing Committee|title=Alpine Skiing Technical Manual|year=2002|url=http://ausport.hosting.libero.com.au/libero/WebopacOpenURL.cls?ACTION=DISPLAY&RSN=27972&DATA=ASC|location=Salt Lake City, Utah|nopp=}} This is included as an appendix in the media guide, but it is not published by the APC.
23. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.sochi2014.com/en/games/sport/paralympic-games/sports/biathlon/ |title=Biathlon |publisher=Organizing Committee of the XXII Olympic Winter Games and XI Paralympic Winter Games 2014 in Sochi |accessdate=27 March 2013 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100216201831/http://sochi2014.com/en/games/sport/paralympic-games/sports/biathlon/ |archivedate=16 February 2010}}
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25. ^{{Cite journal|last=Tim-Taek|first=Oh|last2=Osborough|first2=Conor|last3=Burkett|first3=Brendan|last4=Payton|first4=Carl|year=2015|title=Consideration of Passive Drag in IPC Swimming Classification System|url=https://www.paralympic.org/sites/default/files/document/151028124028893_84_Oh_Passive+drag+in+IPC+Swimming+Classification+System.pdf|journal=VISTA Conference|publisher=International Paralympic Committee|volume=|issue=|doi=|pmid=|access-date=July 24, 2016|via=}}
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28. ^1 {{Cite book|url=http://www.colimdo.org/media/2609359/deportistas_sin_adjetivos.pdf|title=Deportistas sin Adjectivos|last=Consejo Superior de Deportes|first=|publisher=Consejo Superior de Deportes|year=2011|isbn=|location=Spain|pages=|language=es-ES|via=|access-date=2016-07-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104204846/http://www.colimdo.org/media/2609359/deportistas_sin_adjetivos.pdf|archive-date=2016-11-04|dead-url=yes|df=}}
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30. ^{{cite book|title=International Symposium Adaptive Rowing Amsterdam June, 26-27 1991|publisher=Stichting Roeivalidatie|year=1991|location=Rotterdam, Netherlands|page=21|oclc=221080358|author=Stichting Roeivalidatie}}
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32. ^International Sports Organization for the Disabled. (1993). Handbook. Newmarket, ON: Author. Available Federacion Espanola de Deportes de Minusvalidos Fisicos, c/- Ferraz, 16 Bajo, 28008 Madrid, Spain.
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34. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JnP_ZJUUdPwC|title=The Paralympic Games: Empowerment Or Side Show?|last=Gilbert|first=Keith|last2=Schantz|first2=Otto J.|last3=Schantz|first3=Otto|date=2008-01-01|publisher=Meyer & Meyer Verlag|isbn=9781841262659|language=en}}
{{Amputee sport classification}}{{Disability sports classification}}

1 : Disability sport classifications
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