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词条 A5 (classification)
释义

  1. Definition

  2. Performance

  3. Governance

  4. Sports

      Athletics    Cycling    Swimming    Other sports  

  5. Becoming classified

  6. References

A5 is an amputee sport classification used by the International Sports Organization for the Disabled (ISOD).for people with acquired or congenital amputations. A5 sportspeople are people who have both arms amputated above or through the elbow joint. Their amputations impact their sport performance, including being more prone to overuse injuries. Sports people in this class are eligible to participate in include athletics, swimming, cycling, lawn bowls, and sitzball.

Definition

This class is for people who have both arms amputated above or through the elbow joint.[1] This classification is sometimes abbreviated as A/E.[2] In competing in some sports, this class may have a different name:

ClassAbbrAthleticsCyclingSkiingSwimmingComparable classifications in other sportsRef
A5A/ET45, F45LC1LW5/7-1, LW5/7-2S7Lawn bowls: LB3.

Sitzball: Open.

[1][2][3][4][5][6][7]

Performance

The nature of a person's amputations in this class can effect their physiology and sports performance. Because they are missing a limb, amputees are more prone to overuse injuries in their remaining limbs. Common problems for intact upper limbs for people in this class include rotator cuffs tearing, shoulder impingement, epicondylitis and peripheral nerve entrapment.[8]

Governance

This classification was set up by ISOD, with the current version adopted in 1992 and then modified in 1993.[1][9] IWAS was created following the merger of ISOD and International Stoke Mandeville Games Federation (ISMGF) in 2005. Subsequently, IWAS became the classification governing body for some amputee sports.[2][10]

Sports

Athletics

{{See also|Para-athletics classification|T45 (classification)}}

For athletics competitions that use the IPC athletics classification system, this class competes in T45 and F45.[1][4] A study of was done comparing the performance of athletics competitors at the 1984 Summer Paralympics. It found there was no significant difference in performance in times between women in A5 and A6 in the 100 meter race, women in A5, A6, A7 and A8 in the 100 meter race, men in the A3, A4, A5, A6, A7, A8 and A9 in the discus, men in A1, A2, A3, A4, A5, A6, A7, A8 and A9 in the javelin, men in A4, A5 and A6 in the high jump, men in A5, A6 and A7 in the long jump, men in A5 and A6 in the 100 meter race, men in A5, A6 and A7 in the 100 meter race, men in A5, A6 and A7 in the 400 meter race, and men in A5 and A6 in the 1,500 meter race.[11]

In general, track athletes with amputations in this class should be considerate of the surface they are running on, and avoid asphalt and cinder tracks.[1]

Cycling

{{See also|Para-cycling classification|LC1 (classification)}}

People in this class tend to be classified in cycling events as LC1. The class is for cyclists with upper limb disabilities including amputations.[5]

Swimming

{{main article|Para-swimming classification|S6 (classification)|S7 (classification)}}People with amputations are eligible to compete in swimming at the Paralympic Games.[12][13] A5 swimmers may be found in several classes. These include S6 and S7.[14][15] Prior to the 1990s, this class was often grouped with other amputee classes in swimming competitions, including the Paralympic Games.[11] Because their legs are their greatest strength, they modify their entry into the water to take advantage of this.[16] Compared to able bodied swimmers, swimmers in this class have a shorter stroke length and increased stroke rate.[16]

A study of was done comparing the performance of swimming competitors at the 1984 Summer Paralympics. It found there was no significant difference in performance in times between women in A4, A5 and A6 the 100 meter 100 meter freestyle, men in A4 and A5 in the 100 meter freestyle, men in A5 and A6 in the 100 meter freestyle, women in A5 and A6 in the 50 meter butterfly, women in A4, A5 and A6 in the 4 x 50 meter individual medley, men in A5 and A6 in the 4 x 50 meter individual medley, and men and women in A4, A5 and A6 in the 100 meter backstroke.[11]

Other sports

One sport open to people in this class is lawn bowls. A5 competitors can be classified as LB3. This is a standing class. People in this class have the option to wear a prostheses.[17] Another sport open to people in this class is sitzball, the precursor to sitting volleyball. It is open to A1 to A9 classified players along with anyone who might be classified as "les autres" or who have lesser amputations that would not qualify them for ISOD classification. It is not open to people with spinal cord injuries. Play is open, with no requirements as to which types of disabilities are on the court at any time.[17] Rowing is another sport open to people with amputations. In 1991, the first internationally accepted adaptive rowing classification system was established and put into use. People from this class were initially classified as A2 for people with double amputations.[18]

Becoming classified

Classification is often based on the anatomical nature of the amputation.[2][19] The classification system takes several things into account when putting people into this class. These includes which limbs are effected, how many limbs are effected, and how much of a limb is missing.[9][20]

For this class, classification generally has four phases. The first stage of classification is a health examination. For amputees, this is often done on site at a sports training facility or competition. The second stage is observation in practice, the third stage is observation in competition and the last stage is assigning the sportsperson to a relevant class.[21] Sometimes the health examination may not be done on site because the nature of the amputation could cause not physically visible alterations to the body.[22]

During the observation phase involving training or practice for track and field, athletes in this class may be asked to demonstrate their skills in athletics, such as running, jumping or throwing. A determination is then made as to what classification an athlete should compete in. Classifications may be Confirmed or Review status. For athletes who do not have access to a full classification panel, Provisional classification is available; this is a temporary Review classification, considered an indication of class only, and generally used only in lower levels of competition.[23]

References

{{portal|Paralympics}}
1. ^1 2 3 4 {{Cite web|url=http://www.blazesports.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/Paralympic_Sport_Classification.ppt|title=Classification 101|last=|first=|date=June 2012|website=Blaze Sports|publisher=Blaze Sports|access-date=July 24, 2016}}
2. ^1 2 3 {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ApUwm4KJJFYC|title=Care of the Combat Amputee|last=Pasquina|first=Paul F.|last2=Cooper|first2=Rory A.|date=2009-01-01|publisher=Government Printing Office|isbn=9780160840777|language=en}}
3. ^{{Cite journal|last=Tim-Taek|first=Oh|last2=Osborough|first2=Conor|last3=Burkett|first3=Brendan|last4=Payton|first4=Carl|year=2015|title=Consideration of Passive Drag in IPC Swimming Classification System|url=https://www.paralympic.org/sites/default/files/document/151028124028893_84_Oh_Passive+drag+in+IPC+Swimming+Classification+System.pdf|journal=VISTA Conference|publisher=International Paralympic Committee|volume=|issue=|doi=|pmid=|access-date=July 24, 2016|via=}}
4. ^1 {{Cite web|url=https://queenslandschoolsport.eq.edu.au/Supportandresources/Formsanddocuments/Documents/Officials%20and%20executives/classification-system-for-students-with-a-disability.docx |title=CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM FOR STUDENTS WITH A DISABILITY |last= |first= |date= |website=Queensland Sport |publisher=Queensland Sport |access-date=July 23, 2016 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150404055316/https://queenslandschoolsport.eq.edu.au/Supportandresources/Formsanddocuments/Documents/Officials%20and%20executives/classification-system-for-students-with-a-disability.docx |archivedate=April 4, 2015 }}
5. ^1 {{Cite journal|last=Bressan|first=ES|date=2008|title=Striving for fairness in Paralympic sport-Support from applied sport science|url=http://www.cmej.org.za/index.php/cmej/article/view/780|journal=Continuing Medical Education|volume=|issue=|doi=|pmid=|access-date=|via=}}
6. ^{{Cite journal|last=KOCCA |first= |date=2011 |title=장애인e스포츠 활성화를 위한 스포츠 등급분류 연구 |trans-title=Activate e-sports for people with disabilities: Sports Classification Study |url=https://www.kocca.kr/knowledge/research/__icsFiles/afieldfile/2011/05/24/6n70w4pHkDKo.pdf |journal=KOCCA |language=Korean |volume= |issue= |doi= |pmid= |access-date= |via= |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160817111130/https://www.kocca.kr/knowledge/research/__icsFiles/afieldfile/2011/05/24/6n70w4pHkDKo.pdf |archivedate=2016-08-17 |df= }}
7. ^{{cite book|url=http://ausport.hosting.libero.com.au/libero/WebopacOpenURL.cls?ACTION=DISPLAY&RSN=27972&DATA=ASC|title=Alpine Skiing Technical Manual|publisher=Salt Lake Organizing Committee|year=2002|location=Salt Lake City, Utah|page=23|nopp=}} This is included as an appendix in the media guide, but it is not published by the APC.
8. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iZRtAwAAQBAJ|title=DeLee & Drez's Orthopaedic Sports Medicine|last=Miller|first=Mark D.|last2=Thompson|first2=Stephen R.|date=2014-04-04|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=9781455742219|language=en}}
9. ^1 {{Cite journal|last=Tweedy|first=Sean M.|date=2002|title=Taxonomic Theory and the ICF: Foundations for a Unified Disability Athletics Classification|url=http://www.fitnessforlife.org/AcuCustom/Sitename/Documents/DocumentItem/5522.pdf|journal=ADAPTED PHYSICAL ACTIVITY QUARTERLy|volume=19|issue=|pages=220–237|doi=|pmid=|access-date=July 25, 2016|via=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160817090624/http://www.fitnessforlife.org/AcuCustom/Sitename/Documents/DocumentItem/5522.pdf#|archive-date=2016-08-17|dead-url=yes|df=}}
10. ^DePauw, Karen P. and Gavron, Susan J. (2005) Disability Sport. Human Kinetics Publishers. {{ISBN|978-0-7360-4638-1}} [https://books.google.com/books?id=BPsqAoFtGsC&pg=PA73&lpg=PA73&dq=Skiing+World+Championships+%2Bisod&source=bl&ots=ecdC_aopfQ&sig=QQkEbzALLZtsUYTQlbEz9FVvsag&hl=en&ei=guFFTey9F4uZOqOohIQC&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CBIQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Skiing%20World%20Championships%20%20isod&f=false (Google Books)]
11. ^1 2 {{Cite journal|last=van Eijsden-Besseling|first=M. D. F.|date=1985|title=The (Non)sense of the Present-Day Classification System of Sports for the Disabled, Regarding Paralysed and Amputee Athletes|url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Van_Eijsden-Besseling/publication/20221887_The_(non)sense_of_the_present-day_classification_system_of_sports_for_the_disabled_regarding_paralysed_and_amputee_athletes/links/55084ca60cf27e990e0a0290.pdf|journal=Paraplegia|publisher=International Medical Society of Paraplegia|volume=23|issue=|doi=|pmid=|access-date=July 25, 2016|via=}}
12. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b3pcAgAAQBAJ|title=Sports Nutrition for Paralympic Athletes|last=Broad|first=Elizabeth|date=2014-02-06|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=9781466507562|language=en}}
13. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.csp.org.uk/sites/files/csp/secure/get_into_sport.pdf|title=Get Into Sports|last=|first=|date=|website=Paralympics GB|publisher=Paralympics GB|access-date=July 24, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160817042139/http://www.csp.org.uk/sites/files/csp/secure/get_into_sport.pdf#|archive-date=2016-08-17|dead-url=yes|df=}}
14. ^{{Cite journal|last=Tim-Taek|first=Oh|last2=Osborough|first2=Conor|last3=Burkett|first3=Brendan|last4=Payton|first4=Carl|year=2015|title=Consideration of Passive Drag in IPC Swimming Classification System|url=https://www.paralympic.org/sites/default/files/document/151028124028893_84_Oh_Passive+drag+in+IPC+Swimming+Classification+System.pdf|journal=VISTA Conference|publisher=International Paralympic Committee|volume=|issue=|doi=|pmid=|access-date=July 24, 2016|via=}}
15. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.ifsport.is/ritgerd.htm |title=ritgerd |website=www.ifsport.is |access-date=2016-07-25 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160505180703/http://www.ifsport.is/ritgerd.htm |archivedate=2016-05-05 }}
16. ^1 {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.es/books?id=1pAoIZG3-4cC&pg=PT42&dq=sports+classification+amputee&hl=en&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=amputee&f=false|title=Handbook of Sports Medicine and Science, The Paralympic Athlete|last=Vanlandewijck|first=Yves C.|last2=Thompson|first2=Walter R.|date=2011-07-13|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=9781444348286|language=en}}
17. ^1 {{Cite book|url=http://www.colimdo.org/media/2609359/deportistas_sin_adjetivos.pdf|title=Deportistas sin Adjectivos|last=Consejo Superior de Deportes|first=|publisher=Consejo Superior de Deportes|year=2011|isbn=|location=Spain|pages=|language=es-ES|via=|access-date=2016-07-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104204846/http://www.colimdo.org/media/2609359/deportistas_sin_adjetivos.pdf|archive-date=2016-11-04|dead-url=yes|df=}}
18. ^{{cite book|title=International Symposium Adaptive Rowing Amsterdam June, 26-27 1991|publisher=Stichting Roeivalidatie|year=1991|location=Rotterdam, Netherlands|page=21|oclc=221080358|author=Stichting Roeivalidatie}}
19. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1sWk1GYCvKoC|title=Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation: Principles and Practice|last=DeLisa|first=Joel A.|last2=Gans|first2=Bruce M.|last3=Walsh|first3=Nicholas E.|date=2005-01-01|publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|isbn=9780781741309|language=en}}
20. ^International Sports Organization for the Disabled. (1993). Handbook. Newmarket, ON: Author. Available Federacion Espanola de Deportes de Minusvalidos Fisicos, c/- Ferraz, 16 Bajo, 28008 Madrid, Spain.
21. ^{{Cite journal|last=Tweedy|first=Sean M.|last2=Beckman|first2=Emma M.|last3=Connick|first3=Mark J.|date=August 2014|title=Paralympic Classification: Conceptual Basis, Current Methods, and Research Update|url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Sean_Tweedy/publication/264789786_Paralympic_Classification_Conceptual_Basis_Current_Methods_and_Research_Update/links/53f4361e0cf2155be354f50b.pdf|journal=Paralympic Sports Medicine and Science|volume=6|issue=85|doi=|pmid=|access-date=July 25, 2016|via=}}
22. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JnP_ZJUUdPwC|title=The Paralympic Games: Empowerment Or Side Show?|last=Gilbert|first=Keith|last2=Schantz|first2=Otto J.|last3=Schantz|first3=Otto|date=2008-01-01|publisher=Meyer & Meyer Verlag|isbn=9781841262659|language=en}}
23. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.paralympic.org.au/sites/default/files/Classification%20Information%20for%20Athletes.pdf |title=CLASSIFICATION Information for Athletes |date=2 July 2010 |publisher=Australian Paralympic Committee |location=Sydney Australia |accessdate=19 November 2011 }}{{dead link|date=June 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
{{Amputee sport classification}}{{Disability sports classification}}

1 : Disability sport classifications
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