| 词条 | Viburnum |
| 释义 |
|image = Viburnum opulus C.jpg |image_caption = Viburnum opulus fruit |taxon = Viburnum |authority = L.[1] |subdivision_ranks = Species |subdivision = See text }}Viburnum is a genus of about 150–175 species of flowering plants in the moschatel family Adoxaceae. Its current classification is based on molecular phylogeny.[2] It was previously included in the honeysuckle family Caprifoliaceae.[1] The member species are evergreen or deciduous shrubs or (in a few cases) small trees native throughout the temperate Northern Hemisphere, with a few species extending into tropical montane regions in South America and southeast Asia. In Africa, the genus is confined to the Atlas Mountains. NameThe generic name originated in Latin, where it referred to V. lantana.[3] DescriptionThe leaves are opposite, simple, and entire, toothed or lobed; cool temperate species are deciduous, while most of the warm temperate species are evergreen. Some species are densely hairy on the shoots and leaves, with star-shaped hairs. The flowers are produced in corymbs 5–15 cm across, each flower white to cream or pink, small, 3–5 mm across, with five petals, strongly fragrant in some species. The gynoecium has three connate carpels with the nectary on top of the gynoecium. Some species also have a fringe of large, showy sterile flowers around the perimeter of the corymb to act as a pollinator target. The fruit is a spherical, oval, or somewhat flattened drupe, red to purple, blue, or black, and containing a single seed; some are edible for humans, but many others are mildly poisonous. The leaves are eaten by the larvae of many Lepidoptera species. Species{{clear}}About 150 species are known, including: {{div col|colwidth=300px}}
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Cultivation and usesMany species of viburnum have become popular as garden or landscape plants because of their showy flowers and berries, fragrance, and good autumn colour of some forms. Some popular species, hybrids, and cultivars include:[5]
Other usesIn prehistory, the long, straight shoots of some viburnums were used for arrow-shafts, as those found with Ötzi the Iceman. The fruit of some species (e.g. V. lentago[6]) are edible and can be eaten either raw or for making jam, while other species (e.g. V. opulus[7]) are mildly toxic and can cause vomiting if eaten in quantity. The bark of some species is used in herbal medicine, as an antispasmodic and to treat asthma.[7] Cultural referencesIn Russia and Ukraine Viburnum opulus is an important element of their traditional folk cultures. In Ukraine, Viburnum opulus (kalyna) is seen as a national symbol, an emblem for both the Koliada festivities and the concept of young girl's love and tenderness. It is the key element of the Ukrainian traditional wreath.[8][9] In Russia the Viburnum fruit is called kalina (калина) and is considered a national symbol. Kalina derived in Russian language from kalit' or raskalyat', which means "to make red-hot". The red fiery color of the berries represents beauty in Russian culture and together with sweet rapsberries it symbolise the passionate love of a beautiful maiden, since berries were always an erotic symbol in Russia.[10] The name of the Russian song Kalinka is a diminutive of Kalina. Viburnum opulus is also an important symbol of Russian national ornamental wood painting handicraft style called Khokhloma. References{{Commons category}}{{Wikispecies}}1. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/genus.pl?12699 |title=Genus: Viburnum L. |work=Germplasm Resources Information Network |publisher=United States Department of Agriculture |date=2006-11-03 |accessdate=2010-11-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605092034/http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/genus.pl?12699 |archive-date=2011-06-05 |dead-url=yes |df= }} {{Taxonbar|from=Q158492}}2. ^{{Cite journal | doi = 10.3732/ajb.92.4.653 | title = Viburnum phylogeny based on combined molecular data: implications for taxonomy and biogeography | year = 2005 | author = Winkworth, R. C. | journal = American Journal of Botany | volume = 92 | pages = 653–66 | last2 = Donoghue | first2 = M. J. | issue = 4 | pmid = 21652443 }} 3. ^{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zIOvJSJs-IkC |first=Umberto |last=Quattrocchi |title=CRC World Dictionary of Plant Names: Common Names, Scientific Names, Eponyms, Synonyms, and Etymology |volume=IV R-Z |year=2000 |publisher=Taylor & Francis US |isbn=978-0-8493-2678-3 |page=2793}} 4. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/splist.pl?12699 |title=GRIN Species Records of Viburnum |work=Germplasm Resources Information Network |publisher=United States Department of Agriculture |accessdate=2010-11-04}} 5. ^Huxley, A., ed. (1992). New RHS Dictionary of Gardening. Macmillan {{ISBN|0-333-47494-5}}. 6. ^Plants for a future: Viburnum lentago 7. ^1 Plants for a future: Viburnum opulus 8. ^Верба и калина - символы Украины. Verba and kalyna are Ukraine’s national symbols. - kievcolours.com. - "Калина… символизировала праздник Коляды, Рождества мира. Надругательство над ней покрывало человека позором, также как и убийство аиста." – Kalyna symbolized the Kolyada festivities. Somebody who’d kill a stork or abuse kalyna was considered forever disgraced. 9. ^The herbs. Myths and Legends. - myphs.jimdo.com. – «Без верби і калини нема України» // «Without verba [pussy-willow] & kalyna [viburnum], there is no Ukraine.» 10. ^{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/47208585|title=Russian folk songs : musical genres and history|last=1946-|first=Prokhorov, Vadim,|date=2002|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=0810841274|location=Lanham, Md.|page=149|oclc=47208585}} 2 : Viburnum|Dipsacales genera |
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