| 词条 | Ab-i Istada |
| 释义 |
| name = Ab-i Istada | native_name = آب ایستاده | native_name_lang = fas | other_name = Āb-e Īstāda, Ab-e Estada, Āb-e Īstādeh-ye Moqor, Lake Istada | image = NM22-735-062.jpg | caption = Ab-i Istada in November 1996. The Kabul–Kandahar Highway is visible in the top left corner. | image_bathymetry = | caption_bathymetry = | location = Nawa District, Ghazni Province, Afghanistan | coords = {{coord|32.5|N|67.9|E|region:AF_type:waterbody_scale:500000|display=inline,title}} | type = Salt lake | inflow = Ghazni River, Sardeh River, Nahara River | outflow = | catchment = {{cvt|17252|km2}} | basin_countries = Afghanistan | area = {{cvt|130|km2}} | depth = | max-depth = {{cvt|12|ft|order=flip}} | volume = | elevation = {{cvt|2070|m}} | islands = Loya ghundai, Kuchney ghundai | cities = | reference = }}Ab-i Istada ("standing water"[1]) is an endorheic salt lake in Nawa District, Ghazni Province, Afghanistan. It lies in a large depression created by the Chaman Fault system in the southern foothills of the Hindu Kush, {{convert|125|km}} south-southwest of Ghazni.[1] In modern times the lake has been reported to have a surface area of {{convert|130|km2}},[2] although it dries out periodically.[1][3] It is very shallow, not exceeding {{cvt|12|ft|order=flip}} in depth.[4] There are two small islands near the lake's southeastern shore, Loya ghundai ({{cvt|2500|m2}}) and Kuchney ghundai ({{cvt|500|m2}}).[2] The water is highly alkaline and mass die-offs of freshwater fish from the Ghazni River sometimes occur.[1] The main inflows into Ab-i Istada are the Ghazni, Sardeh and Nahara Rivers, which drain into it from the northeast.[3] The watershed draining into the lake covers {{convert|17252|km2}} and was home to over 1.8 million people in 2003.[5] Three sets of raised beaches surrounding the lake have been noted at {{cvt|2–3|m}}, {{cvt|6–7|m}} and {{cvt|9–10|m}} above the normal lake level.[1] At high water levels, the lake is known to overflow into the Lora River, a tributary of the Arghistan River,[5] through two channels on the south side of the lake, Akasi Mandeh and Sekva Mandeh. A groundwater connection between the lake and the Lora drainage has been suggested.[1] Historically the area around the lake was unpopulated, although nomads from Kandahar visited it in the summer. More recently, the Tarakai have settled near the lake: in 2003 there were eight villages within {{convert|10|km}} with a total population of approximately 5000.[3] Economic activities around the lake include trapping of saker and peregrine falcons,[3] grazing and collection of fuel wood.[2] The wetlands around Ab-i Istada attract a variety of migratory birds, over 120 species having previously been recorded.[2] Babur observed enormous flocks of greater flamingoes at the lake;[6] their numbers in recent years have varied between 0 and 9000.[3] The wetlands were once a critical stopover for the central migratory population of Siberian cranes, but these have not been sighted at the lake since 1986.[3] In 1974, the Afghani government proclaimed a Waterfowl and Flamingo Sanctuary around the lake,[2] causing considerable resentment among the locals;[3] conservation efforts ended with the Soviet invasion in 1979 and have not been restarted since.[2] References1. ^1 2 3 4 5 {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2eNuAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA159 |title=Natural Resources in Afghanistan |pages=159–161 |first=John F. |last=Shroder |publisher=Elsevier |year=2014 |ISBN=0128005459 |accessdate=26 April 2017}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Istada, Abi}}2. ^1 2 3 4 5 {{cite encyclopedia |url=http://jncc.defra.gov.uk/PDF/pub07_waterbirds_part3.5.10.pdf |title=A review of the wetlands of Afghanistan |last=Khan |first=Ahmad |encyclopedia=Waterbirds around the world |pages=287–291 |publisher=The Stationery Office |year=2006 |place=Edinburgh |accessdate=26 April 2017}} 3. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 {{cite report |url=http://postconflict.unep.ch/publications/afghanistanpcajanuary2003.pdf |title=Post-Conflict Environmental Assessment: Afghanistan |publisher=UNEP |pages=81–83 |year=2003 |accessdate=26 April 2017}} 4. ^{{cite web |url=http://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V05_010.gif |title=Ab-i-Istāda |work=Imperial Gazetteer of India |volume=5 |page=2 |year=1908 |accessdate=23 February 2017}} 5. ^1 {{cite book |url=http://aizon.org/Watershed%20Atlas%20of%20Afghansitan/Volume%20I/Watershed%20Atlas_Part%20IV.pdf |title=Part IV: Description of Watersheds |pages=100–103, 142–144 |work=Watershed Atlas of Afghanistan |volume=1 |publisher=AIZON |year=2004 |accessdate=26 April 2017}} 6. ^{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qRXSBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA34 |title=The Greater Flamingo |page=34 |first1=Alan |last1=Johnson |first2=Frank |last2=Cézilly |publisher=Bloomsbury |year=2010 |ISBN=1408132990 |accessdate=26 April 2017}} 3 : Lakes of Afghanistan|Wetlands of Afghanistan|Landforms of Ghazni Province |
| 随便看 |
|
开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。