| 词条 | Victor Gruen |
| 释义 |
| name = Victor Gruen | image = Victor Gruen - Image from the American Heritage Center.jpg | image_size = | caption = | birth_name = | birth_date = {{Birth date|1903|7|18}} | birth_place = Vienna, Austria | death_date = {{Death date and age|1980|2|14|1903|7|18}} | death_place = Vienna, Austria | death_cause = | resting_place = | resting_place_coordinates = | residence = | other_names = | known_for = | education = Vienna Academy of Fine Arts | employer = | occupation = Architect | title = | salary = | networth = | term = | predecessor = | successor = | party = | boards = | religion = | spouse = | children = | parents = | relatives = | box_width = }} Victor David Gruen, born Viktor David Grünbaum[1] (July 18, 1903 – February 14, 1980), was an Austrian-born architect best known as a pioneer in the design of shopping malls in the United States.[2] He is also noted for his urban revitalisation proposals, described in his writings and applied in master plans such as for Fort Worth, Texas (1955),[3] Kalamazoo, Michigan (1958) and Fresno, California (1965).[1] An advocate of prioritizing pedestrians over cars in urban cores, he was also the designer of the first outdoor pedestrian mall in the United States, the Kalamazoo Mall.{{sfn|Wall|2006}}{{sfn|Weiss-Sussex|Bianchini|2006|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=yundWQvRPsMC&pg=PA91&dq=%22gruen+transfer%22+%22victor+gruen%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=kaeWUZKYCa_-4APG-4GQBA&ved=0CEgQ6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q=%22gruen%20transfer%22%20%22victor%20gruen%22&f=false 92]}} BiographyEarly lifeVictor Gruen was born on July 18, 1903, in a middle-class Jewish family in Vienna, Austria. He studied architecture at the Vienna Academy of Fine Arts. A committed socialist, from 1926 until 1934 he ran the "political cabaret at the Naschmarkt"-theatre. At that time he came to know Felix Slavik, the future mayor of Vienna, and they became friends. CareerAs an architect he worked for Peter Behrens, and in 1933 opened his own architectural firm in Vienna.[1] When Germany annexed Austria in 1938, he emigrated to the United States. Short and stout, he landed "with an architect's degree, eight dollars, and no English."[6] Arriving in New York he changed his name to Gruen from Grünbaum and started to work as a draftsman. After the success of his design for the Lederer leather-goods boutique on Fifth Avenue, he received further commissions for the design of shops, including Ciro’s on Fifth Avenue, Steckler’s on Broadway, Paris Decorators on the Bronx Concourse, and eleven branches of the clothing chain Grayson’s.[6] {{external media | width = 210px | align = right | headerimage= | video1 = Buildings that Changed America#8 Southdale Center, WTTW,[3] }} In 1941 he moved to Los Angeles and remarried[4]. A decade later, in 1951, he founded the architectural firm "Victor Gruen Associates", which was soon to become one of the major planning offices of that time. After the war, he designed the first suburban open-air shopping facility called Northland Mall near Detroit in 1954. After the success of the first project, he designed his best-known work for the owners of Dayton Department stores, the {{convert|800000|sqft|m2|adj=on}} Southdale Mall in Edina, Minnesota, the first enclosed shopping mall in the country. Opening in 1956, Southdale was meant as the kernel of a full-fledged community. The mall was commercially successful, but the original design was never fully realized, as the intended apartment buildings, schools, medical facilities, park and lake were not built. Because he invented the modern mall, Malcolm Gladwell, writing in The New Yorker, suggested that "Victor Gruen may well have been the most influential architect of the twentieth century."[5] Until the mid-1970s, his office designed over fifty shopping malls in the United States.[11] Gruen was the principal architect for a luxury housing development built on the {{convert|48|acre|m2|adj=on}} site of Boston, Massachusetts' former West End neighborhood. The first of several Gruen towers and plazas was completed in 1962. This development, known as Charles River Park is regarded by many as a dramatically ruthless re-imagining of a former immigrant tenement neighborhood[6] (Gans, O'Conner, The Hub). In 1956, Gruen drafted a comprehensive revitalization plan for the central business district of downtown Fort Worth, Texas, but most components of the plan were never realized.[7] Dr. ETH Ing. Walid Jabri, the architect and structural engineer, designed the 55,000 square-meter business complex Centre Gefinor, which was built in the late 1960s on Rue Clémenceau in Beirut, Lebanon for which Victor Gruen designed the complete commercial area on the ground floor and the mezzanine after the completion of the skeleton. [8] Gruen also designed the Greengate Mall in Greensburg, Pennsylvania, which opened in 1965, as well as the Lakehurst Mall in 1971 for Waukegan, Illinois. In 1968, he returned to Vienna,{{sfn|Wall|2006}} where he engaged in the gradual transformation of the inner city into a pedestrian zone, of which only some parts have been implemented, including Kärntner Straße and Graben.[9] In a speech in London in 1978, Gruen disavowed shopping mall developments as having "bastardized" his ideas:[5][10] "I refuse to pay alimony for those bastard developments."[11] Gruen died on February 14, 1980. InfluenceGruen's book The heart of our cities: The urban crisis: diagnosis and cure was a big influence on Walt Disney's city planning ambitions and his ideas for the original EPCOT.{{citation needed|date=January 2017}} Gruen v. GruenIn 1963, on his 21st birthday, son New York attorney Michael S. Gruen (then a Harvard undergraduate) was given a painting "Schloss Kammer am Attersee II" by Gustav Klimt.[12] While ownership of the painting was given to his son in 1963, the elder Gruen continue to hang it in his living room and even paid for insurance and repairs. Upon Gruen's death in 1980, his widow, Kemija, refused to surrender the painting to Michael, resulting in a sentinel case in the New York Supreme Court and Court of Appeals. The Court of Appeals ruled the basis of inter vivos gifts, including the plaintiff having the burden of proof to a clear and convincing standard that the chattel was a gift and the required elements of a gift. Kemija Gruen claimed that if the painting was to be given after death, even if such arrangement was made years earlier, then the will, not a letter, would be instructive as to disposition.[13] Michael Gruen was eventually awarded $2.5 million. Shopping malls designed by Gruen{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
Shopping centers designed by Gruen Associates{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
Selected writings
See also{{col-start}}{{col-break}}
ReferencesNotes1. ^1 2 Infoplease: Gruen, Victor retrieved 25 February 2012 2. ^{{cite web|last1=Mars|first1=Roman|title=99% Invisible-163- The Gruen Effect|url=https://soundcloud.com/roman-mars/99-invisible-163-the-gruen-effect|accessdate=6 May 2015}} 3. ^{{cite web|title=#8 Southdale Center|url=http://interactive.wttw.com/tenbuildings/southdale-center|work=10 Buildings that Changed America|publisher=WTTW|accessdate=December 12, 2013|year=2013}} Webpage features include a photo slide show, video from the televised program (5:11), and "web exclusive video" (5:18). 4. ^http://www.austrianinformation.org/fall-2016/victor-gruen 5. ^1 2 3 Malcolm Gladwell, The Terrazzo Jungle, The New Yorker, March 15, 2004, Accessed June 12, 2009. 6. ^"...the bulldozers of the city of Boston wiped out a living community on this site as brutally as if it had been bombed...", www.pulitzer.org 7. ^1 {{Cite web|url=http://www.fortworthtexasarchives.org/digital/collection/p16084coll18|title=The Gruen Plan for "A Greater Fort Worth Tomorrow"|last=|first=|date=|website=Fort Worth Library Digital Archives|access-date=2018-01-10}} 8. ^Auzias and Labourdette. Le Petit Futé Beyrouth, page 158 9. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://www.profil.at/articles/1004/560/260810/einkaufsquelle-der-wiener-victor-gruen-shopping-wall-welt |first1=Sebastian |last1=Hofer |title=Einkaufsquelle: Der Wiener Victor Gruen veränderte mit der Shopping Wall die Welt |work=Profil |date=31 January 2010 |language=German}} 10. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.businessinsider.com/retail-lose-track-time-shopping-malls-gruen-effect-transfer-ikea-department-stores-2016-12 |work=Business Insider |format=Video |title=There's a psychological phenomenon that explains why you lose track of time in shopping malls |first1=Jacqui |last1=Frank|date=December 6, 2016 |accessdate=January 19, 2017}} 11. ^{{cite web|last=Byrnes|first=Mark|title=Victor Gruen Wanted to Make Our Suburbs More Urban. Instead, He Invented the Mall|url=http://www.theatlanticcities.com/arts-and-lifestyle/2013/07/victor-gruen-wanted-make-our-suburbs-better-instead-he-invented-mall/6249/|work=The Atlantic Cities|publisher=The Atlantic Media Company|accessdate=18 July 2013}} 12. ^http://www.bobfarley.org/03lawclasses/09propertylaw/cc03.pdf 13. ^http://www.bobfarley.org/03lawclasses/09propertylaw/cc03.pdf 14. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.lakehurstmall.net |title=Lakehurst Mall of Waukegan, Illinois |publisher=Lakehurstmall.net |date= |accessdate=2012-08-17}} 15. ^{{cite web|author=Newgeography.com |url=http://www.newgeography.com/content/002046-why-duany-wrong-about-importance-public-participation |title=Why Duany is Wrong About the Importance of Public Participation |publisher=Newgeography.com |date= |accessdate=2012-08-17}} Sources
Further reading
External links
12 : Austrian architects|Jewish architects|Austrian socialists|American socialists|Austrian Jews|American people of Austrian-Jewish descent|Artists from Vienna|1903 births|1980 deaths|Academy of Fine Arts Vienna alumni|Urban theorists|20th-century American architects |
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