| 词条 | Adam Viaduct |
| 释义 |
| name = Adam Viaduct | image = File:Adam Viaduct - geograph.org.uk - 1595590.jpg | alt = | caption = A view of the viaduct before the construction of the Southgate road. | coordinates = {{coord|53.54098|-2.64765|type:bridge|name=Adam Viaduct|format=dms|display=title,inline}} | carries = Kirkby branch line | crosses = River Douglas, A49 Southgate link | complete = May 1946 | locale = | heritage = Grade II listed building | id = | id_type = | replaces = 1847 timber bridge of the same name | design = | material = Prestressed concrete | length = {{convert|120|ft}} | width = {{convert|29|ft|9|in|m}} | height = | depth = | number_spans = 4 | clearance_above = | clearance_below = | num_track = | track_gauge = {{RailGauge|sg|allk=on|first=imp}} | contracted_designer = | engineering = London, Midland & Scottish | designer = William Kelly Wallace | builder = Leonard Fairclough Ltd | cost = | rebuilt = }} The Adam Viaduct is a grade II listed concrete underbridge in Wallgate, Wigan. The bridge, Constructed in 1946, is the earliest prestressed concrete railway bridge in the United Kingdom, with only some examples in Switzerland being earlier.[1][2] It is bridge number 54 on the Kirkby branch line at a line distance of {{convert|18|miles|1032|yards|2}}.[3] History and constructionThe bridge was constructed as a test case to see if prestressed concrete construction was feasible for rail projects in the UK by the LMS railway company and designed by their chief civil engineer William Kelly Wallace.[4][5] The concrete beams used were prestressed using the Freyssinet system in which concrete is put under compression, prior to installation, from high-tensile-strength metal 'tendons' inside of them. These internal rods are tightened and tie the beams together so, under live load, they act as one. This system was developed by LMS in the 1930s and pre-stressed beams were first used for emergency repairs in World War Two, but the Adam Viaduct first to use them for a full-scale project.[1] The benefits of the system were found to be that it was quicker to install, more economical and longer-lasting with the bridge being less lively than traditional designs.[4][4] The bridge has six I-beams for each track and two beams for each parapet, and they are {{convert|2|ft|8|in|m}} deep.[5] It was erected in 1946 on the foundations of an earlier Victorian bridge, created as part of the Liverpool & Bury Railway in 1847, which was made from timber with masonry abutments.[6] The earlier bridge was strengthened three times in: 1869, 1888 and 1906.[5] RoadIn 2012 a bypass of the A49 road, from Pottery Road and the Saddle Junction, called Southgate Road was created that runs underneath the bridge, next to the River Douglas. It officially opened in March 2013 to reduce traffic in the area.[7] References1. ^1 {{cite web| url=https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1061327|title=Adam Viaduct|publisher= Historic England | accessdate=17 August 2018}} 2. ^{{cite book |author=James Sutherland |author2=R. J. M. Sutherland |author3=Dawn Humm |author4=Mike Chrimes |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9M5RAAAAMAAJ&redir_esc=y|title=Historic Concrete: Background to Appraisal|page=254,258|date=2001}} 3. ^{{cite web|url=http://abcrailwayguide.uk/bridge-wkl1541-douglas-wigan#.W3btM85KiUk|accessdate=17 August 2018|title=Adam Viaduct Viaduct|website=The ABC Railway Guide|}} 4. ^{{cite web|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180825180324/http://www-civ.eng.cam.ac.uk/cjb/4d8/public/history.html|archive-date=25 August 2018|url=http://www-civ.eng.cam.ac.uk/cjb/4d8/public/history.html|title=History of Prestressed Concrete in UK|publisher=Cambridge University|date=2004|accessdate= 27 January 2019}} 5. ^1 2 {{cite book|author=Robert William Rennison|title=Civil Engineering Heritage: Northern England|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Bv2BrOMo8cIC&pg=PA239|year=1996|publisher=Thomas Telford|isbn=978-0-7277-2518-9|pages=239}} 6. ^1 2 {{cite book|author=R. L. M'ilmoyle|title=Railway Age|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aXFCAQAAIAAJ&pg=RA10-PA56|volume=123||publisher=Simmons-Boardman Publishing Company|date= 20 September 1947|pages=54–58|chapter=Prestressed Concrete Bridge Beams Being Tested in England}} 7. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.wigantoday.net/news/new-road-relief-1-5169324|title= New road relief|publisher=Wigan Today|date=27 November 2012}} External links{{Commons category|Adam Viaduct}}
2 : Grade II listed bridges in Greater Manchester|Buildings and structures in Wigan |
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