“Vigdís Finnbogadóttir”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Vigdís Finnbogadóttir ({{IPA-is|ˈvɪɣtis ˈfɪn.pɔɣaˌtoʊhtɪr|lang|Is-Vigdis finnbogadottir.oga}}; born 15 April 1930) served as the fourth President of Iceland from 1 August 1980 to 1996. She was the world's first democratically directly elected female president.^[1] With a presidency of exactly sixteen years, she also remains the longest-serving elected female head of state of any country to date. Currently, she is a UNESCO Goodwill Ambassador, and a Member of the Club of Madrid.^[2] She is also to-date Iceland's only female president.

Early life

Vigdís Finnbogadóttir was born in Reykjavík on 15 April 1930. Her father, Finnbogi Rútur Þorvaldsson, was a civil engineer, as well as a professor at the University of Iceland. Her mother, Sigríður Eiríksdóttir, was a nurse and the chairperson of the Icelandic Nurses Association. They had two children: Vigdís and then a son,^[3] Þorvaldur, a year later. After passing her matriculation exam in 1949, Vigdís studied French and French literature at the University of Grenoble and the Sorbonne in Paris from 1949 to 1953, then studied the history of theater at the University of Copenhagen. She then acquired a BA in French and English, as well as a Professional Graduate Certificate in Education, at the University of Iceland. She married a physician in 1954, but divorced in 1963, and at the age of 41 she adopted a daughter, being the first single woman who was allowed to adopt a child.^[4]

Vigdís participated in the 1960s and 1970s in numerous rallies held to protest against the U.S. military presence in Iceland (and in particular at Keflavík). Every year hundreds—sometimes thousands—walked the 50-km road to Keflavík and chanted "Ísland úr NATO, herinn burt" (literally: Iceland out of NATO, the military away).

Artistic and academic career

After graduation, Vigdís taught French and French drama at the University and worked with experimental theatre. She worked with the Reykjavík Theatre Company from 1954 to 1957 and again from 1961 to 1964. During the summers, she also worked as a tour guide. Vigdís taught French at Menntaskólinn í Reykjavík 1962–67 and at Menntaskólinn við Hamrahlíð from 1967 to 1972. She also taught for a while at University of Iceland, as well as holding French courses on RÚV, the Icelandic state television.^[4]

She was the Artistic Director of the Reykjavík Theatre Company (Leikfélag Reykjavíkur), later the City Theatre from 1972 to 1980. From 1976 to 1980, she was a member of the Advisory Committee on Cultural Affairs in the Nordic countries.

In 1996, she became founding chair of the Council of Women World Leaders at the John F. Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University. Two years later she was appointed president of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization World Commission on the Ethics of Scientific Knowledge and Technology.

President of Iceland

The Icelandic women's movement has a long history. During the International Women's Year in 1975 Icelandic women attracted great attention when they organized a general strike to show how important women's undervalued work was. 90 per cent of the Icelandic women went on strike. And at the presidential election in 1980 the women's movement focused on electing a woman. After much persuasion Vigdís accepted to run against three male candidates. She was the first woman in the world to be elected as head of state in a democratic election, despite being a divorced single mother. She was narrowly elected, with 33.6 percent of the national vote, while her nearest rival got 32.1 percent. She became very popular and was subsequently reelected three times, unopposed in 1984, with 94.6 percent of the votes against another woman in 1988 and unopposed in 1992. In 1996 she decided not to run for reelection.

Although the Icelandic presidency is largely a ceremonial position,^[4] Vigdís took an active role as environmental activist and fought for Icelandic language and culture, acting as a cultural ambassador in promoting the country. She emphasized the role of smaller states and hosted a crucial summit between U.S. President Ronald Reagan and Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev in 1986. She had as her motto: 'Never let the women down' and worked specifically to promote girls' education. She was also aware of her role as a model for young women.^[5]

In 1993, the work Mitt Folk, commissioned by the British government, by the composer Oliver Kentish was dedicated to her as a gift from the United Kingdom to Iceland celebrating the 50th anniversary of the republic.^[6]

Retirement

Since 1998, Vigdís Finnbogadóttir has been UNESCO’s Goodwill Ambassador for languages.

She is also a member of the Fondation Chirac's honour committee,^[7] ever since the foundation was launched in 2008 by former French president Jacques Chirac in order to promote world peace.

Honours

National honours

Foreign honours

Honorary degrees

Vigdís is a member of the Club of Madrid,^[13] an independent non-profit organization composed of 81 democratic former Presidents and Prime Ministers from 57 different countries.

See also

References

1. ^{{cite web |title = Club of Madrid: Vigdís Finnbogadóttir |publisher = Club of Madrid |year = 2003 |url = http://www.clubmadrid.org/en/miembro/vigdis_finnbogadottir |accessdate = 19 July 2010 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170812215011/http://www.clubmadrid.org/en/miembro/vigdis_finnbogadottir |archive-date = 12 August 2017 |dead-url = yes |df = dmy-all}}
2. ^{{cite web | title = Club of Madrid: Full Members | publisher=Club of Madrid | year = 2003 | url = http://www.clubmadrid.org/cmadrid/index.php?id=36 | accessdate =30 March 2008 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20071010105429/http://www.clubmadrid.org/cmadrid/index.php?id=36 |archivedate = 10 October 2007}}
3. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.geni.com/people/Finnbogi-R%C3%BAtur-%C3%9Eorvaldsson/307367159110007111|title=Finnbogi Rútur Þorvaldsson|website=geni_family_tree|language=en-US|access-date=2018-05-09}}
4. ^¹²{{cite news|first=|last=|title=First female head of state, Vigdís Finnbogadóttir, elected 35 years ago today |url=http://icelandmag.visir.is/article/first-female-head-state-vigdis-finnbogadottir-elected-35-years-ago-today |work=Iceland Magazine |date=2015-06-29 |accessdate=2016-06-26}}
5. ^Torild Skard (2014) 'Vigdís Finnbogadóttir' 'Women of power - half a century of female presidents and prime ministers worldwide. Bristol: Policy Press {{ISBN|978-1-44731-578-0}}
6. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.cadenza.org/musicians/pages.cgi?id=1047 |title=Cadenza Musicians Directory |accessdate=2 December 2008}}
7. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.fondationchirac.eu/en/foundation/honour-committee/|title=Honor Committee|publisher=|accessdate=22 May 2018}}
8. ^{{cite web|url=http://falkadb.forseti.is/orduskra/fal03.php?term=Vigd%EDs+Finnbogad%F3ttir&sub=Leita|title=Icelandic Presidency Website|publisher=|accessdate=22 May 2018}}{{Dead link|date=July 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
9. ^Boletín Oficial del Estado
10. ^State visit, 1994, Photo {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130603071913/http://www.anp-archief.nl/page/2225053/nl |date=3 June 2013 }} of Beatrix, Claus and Icelandese President
11. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.gettyimages.fi/detail/news-photo/queen-elizabeth-ii-and-prince-philip-with-president-vigdis-news-photo/52105346|title=Queen Iceland|publisher=|accessdate=22 May 2018}}
12. ^{{cite web | title = President Vigdis blir æresdoktor ved UNIT | publisher=Aftenposten | year = 1993 | url = http://eavis.aftenposten.no/aftenposten/71156/archive/demo/?page=10&query=vigdis+finnbogadottir+trondheim | accessdate =2 August 2010}}
13. ^The Club of Madrid is an independent non-profit organization composed of 81 democratic former Presidents and Prime Ministers from 57 different countries. It constitutes the world's largest forum of former Heads of State and Government, who have come together to respond to a growing demand for support among leaders in democratic leadership, governance, crisis and post-crisis situations. All lines of work share the common goal of building functional and inclusive societies, in which the leadership experience of the members is most valuable.