“Admiralty in the 16th century”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The Admiralty and Marine Affairs Office (1546-1707) originally known as the Admiralty Office (1414-1546) ^[1] was a government office of the Kingdom of England and the English Navy's central command. It was first established in 1414 when the remaining regional admiralties, the Northern and Western were abolished and their functions were unified under a single centralized command. It was administered by the Office of the High Admiral of England, Ireland and Aquitaine later called the Lord Admiral of England. During the sixteenth century it oversaw the creation of standing "Navy Royal",^[2] with its own secretariat, dockyards and a permanent core of purpose-built warships, originated in the early 16th century during the reign of Henry VIII.^[3] Under Elizabeth I England became involved in a war with Spain, which saw privately owned ships combining with the Royal Navy in highly profitable raids against Spanish commerce and colonies.^[4]

In 1588, Philip II of Spain sent the Spanish Armada against England to end English support for Dutch rebels, to stop English corsair activity and to depose the Protestant Elizabeth I and restore Catholicism to England. The Spaniards sailed from Lisbon, planning to escort an invasion force from the Spanish Netherlands but the scheme failed due to poor planning, English harrying, blocking action by the Dutch, and severe storms.^[5] A Counter Armada, known as the English Armada, was dispatched to the Iberian coast in 1589, but failed to drive home the advantage England had won upon the dispersal of the Spanish Armada in the previous year. The Admiralty of England existed until 1707 when Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of Scotland united to form the single Kingdom of Great Britain when it then became known as the Admiralty Department or Admiralty of Great Britain.

Historical overview

King Alfred the Great first established a navy for England in the ninth century.^[6] Navies during the very early middle ages were temporary naval formations of merchant ships requisitioned by the monarch as a feudal duty. In 1050 King Edward the Confessor established a framework for naval service to the crown by assigning ports located on the English Channel the name given to them was the Cinque Ports that consisted of a readily available Cinque Port Fleet.^[7] The King's council controlled naval matters until the institution of a Lord Admiral or High Admiral formed after 1360.^[8] Prior to 1414 naval and judicial administration and operations was divided into specific geographical areas each commanded by an admiral responsible for one of the three seas, North, South and West that surround the British Isles.^[9] They were Northern Admiralty, (1294-1412) the Northern and Southern Admiralty, (1364-1414) the Northern and Western Admiralty, (1364-1414), the Western Admiralty, (1294-1412) and the Southern Admiralty, (1294-1412), and the Southern Northern and Western Admiralty, (1360-1369). In 1414 these remaining regional admiralty North and West was abolished and its functions and jurisdiction were centralized under a single Admiralty Office.^[10] However regional commands didn't entirely disappear such as the Narrow Seas Admiralty, established in 1412 ^[11] it remained within the navy as a sub-commands to the higher office of the Lord High Admiral usually administered by a vice-admiral.

The English experiment of different types of government began to develop during this period. The monarch's leading advisers became the Privy Council of England, the central body of the government of the Tudors and the Stuarts.^[12] Originally, this was a select group of the full royal council, but in time, the full council became too large for effective government. The monarch's principal private secretary (would be later known as the Secretary of State during the 16th Century) was responsible for all administrative functions of the crown whilst the Treasurer of the Royal Court was in effect its chief of finance and responsible for all functions of finance relating to accounting and auditing.

In 1546 as the English Navy was expanding there was at this point no official body set up the manage it effectively this led to the creation of council of advisers to the Lord Admiral of England known as the 'Council of the Marine' formed by group of court officials with the consent of King Henry VIII that would act as an advisory committee, this council would evolve into the Navy Board. This new Navy Office would be the first permanent attempt to establish effective naval administration the board's remit was the construction of ships, the maintenance of ships including repairs and the control and administering the Royal Dockyards

The origins of the Navy Board really date in the first quarter of the 16th century when the Keeper of the King's (or Clerk of the King's) Ships the predecessor then later subordinate office of the Lord Admiral of England was joined by a Keeper of the King's Storehouses. As management of the navy began to expand he was joined by a third officer the Treasurer of Marine Causes. In 1545 a fourth officer was created (a Surveyor and Rigger of the Navy) about this time the group worked as a body called the Council of the Marine. The Navy Board was officially appointed by letters patent by Henry VIII on the 24 April 1546 that was initially directed by the Lieutenant of the Admiralty until 1557.^[13] the board was charged with overseeing the administrative affairs of the navy (while directive, executive and operational duties of the Lord High Admiral remained with the Admiralty Office.^[14] It was also referred to as the Navy Office.^[15] In 1550 there was a creation of a fifth officer the Surveyor of Marine Victuals who was responsible for supplying the fleet with food and drink supplies. There was also during this period a creation of a Board of Ordnance though essentially independent supplied the Navy Royal with weapons, which was directed by a Master of the Ordnance, this board was responsible for the storing and issuing of weapons, maintaining gunpowder stores and running the ordinance wharf's at the main various Naval Bases. From the 1550s onward for the next six decades, this system of Naval administration did not change.

In 1557 the Lieutenant of the Admiralty ceased to direct the Navy Board that role was now given to the Treasurer of the Navy. In the earlier part of its history, it remained independent until 1628 when it became a subsidiary body of the Board of Admiralty. The Navy Board’s formation would influence the modernization of the Lord Admiral's office itself the Treasurer an original member of the board, however, developed independently (reporting to the Lord High Treasurer), they effectively would provide the money for the Royal Navy, however financial spending and financial administration would remain the responsibility of the Navy Board.

Organization sixteenth century

Note: This article primarily deals with the structure of the English Navy during the sixteenth century however certain offices or units illustrated were established from much earlier dates.

Commander in chief's armed forces of England, (1500-1599)

Civil and military advisers to the commander-in-chief

Privy Council of England (1066-1707)

The Privy Council of England, also known as His (or Her) Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council, was a body of advisers to the sovereign of the Kingdom of England. Its members were often senior members of the House of Lords and the House of Commons of the Parliament of England, together with leading churchmen, judges, diplomats and military leaders.

The Privy Council of England was a powerful institution, advising the Sovereign on the exercise of the Royal prerogative and on the granting of Royal charters. It issued executive orders known as Orders in Council and also had judicial functions. The Lord Admiral of England was a member of the privy council.^[17]

High Admirals/Lord Admirals of England, (1385-1638)

The office of the Lord High Admiral of England was first established in 1385 with the title High Admiral of England, Ireland and Aquitaine by 1406 the post was now national and permanent the title was re-styled Lord Admiral of England during the sixteenth century before becoming known as the Lord High Admiral from the seventeenth century onward.^[18] He is the titular head of the English Navy. Most have been courtiers or members of the Royal Family, and not professional naval officers. The office of Lord High Admiral is one of the nine English Great Officers of State. His official duties were the Vice-Admiral of England created in 1410 initially in charge of civil and judicial administration of the admiralty courts and he served as head of the High Court of Admiralty but also naval operations. In 1545 the Council of the Marine was established to take over responsibilities for civil administration of the navy this was to be directed by a second assistant to the Lord Admiral known as the Lieutenant of the Admiralty he assumed the civil responsibilities of the Vice-Admiral of England leaving him to just concentrate on judicial administration.

High Admiral of England, Ireland and Aquitaine, 1500-1512

Lord Admirals of England, 1512-1638

Vice-Admiral of England, 1500-1599

Lieutenant of the Admiralty, 1545-1599

English Navy/Navy Royal

The English Navy is the branch of a Kingdom of England's armed forces principally designated for naval and amphibious warfare; namely, lake-borne, riverine, littoral, or sea and ocean-borne combat operations and related functions. that was administered by the Admiralty of England by 1536 its was referred to as the "Navy Royal" ^[24] other modern historians often refer to it as the Tudor Navy during this period.

Admiralty of England

The Admiralty of England during the 16th century consisted of the Office of the Lord Admiral of England as Admiral of the English Navy and directing first the Admiralty Office the later the Admiralty and Marine Affairs Office he was supported by two deputies the Vice-Admiral of England and the Lieutenant of the Admiralty they were responsible for the control and direction of the navy in matters of naval operations, civil administration , administering logistical support and judicial administration of the navy in relation to admiralty law and the admiralty courts. In order to achieve this they were supported by the following offices and organizations.

Subordinate organizations

Prior to formation of the Council of the Marine in 1545 carrying out the civil administration of the English Navy in support of the Vice-Admiral of England responsibility originally lay with of four appointed Clerks of the Kings Marine. They were variously responsible for naval finance, ship building, safekeeping of ships and ship yards, storehouses and victualling they were the:^[26]

Naval operations

Admirals/Vice-Admirals commanding, squadrons

The English Navy has organized the fleet into squadrons from at early 13th century ^[31] and certainly during the 16th century. In 1560 three squadrons were operating in the Channel, Irish Sea and North Sea^[32] Until the 16th century, admirals were high officials under kings, and were charged with protecting the realm from sea attack.^[33]

Narrow Seas squadron (1412-1688)

The English navy's Narrow Seas Squadron also called as the Eastern Squadron mainly operated in the two seas which laying between England and Kingdom of France (the English Channel particularly the Straits of Dover) and England and the Spanish Netherlands later the Dutch Republic (the southern North Sea).^[34]^[35]^[36]

Irish Sea squadron (1335-1644)

Northern Sea squadron (1543–1815)

Channel squadron (1512-1746)

Before 1864 the entire fleet of the Navy Royal was usually divided into squadrons.

Shore commands

Vice-Admiralties of the coast of England, Scotland, Ireland and Wales (1536-1947)

The Vice-Admiralties of the Coast were shore commands established in maritime counties of England, Scotland, Ireland and Wales in 1536. The office holders, designated as "Vice-Admirals of the Coast", were responsible for the naval administration, defence, judicial administration and recruitment of naval personnel in each of their respective counties and were deputies of the Lord High Admiral.^[47] In 1660 they came under direct control of the Board of Admiralty by the 19th century the posts were gradually phased out.

England

Ireland

Wales

Administrative and logistical support, (1500-1599)

Before the formation of the Council of the Marine in 1545, court officials of various monarchs of England responsible for administering the king's ships were called 'Clerks of the Kings Marine'. In 1545 a memorandum was issued by Henry VIII outlining a new organization to be called the 'Council of the Marine, formalized by Letters Patent in April 1546, and consisting of the Chief Officers of the Admiralty as they were then called. In 1578 The council of Marine is renamed the Navy Office and administered by the Navy Board. The chief officers become later known as principal officers and commissioners.^[49]

Offices of the clerks of the kings marine, (1320-1545)

Council of the marine, (1545-1578)

Chief Officers of the Admiralty

Navy office, (1578-1832)

Chief officers and commissioners of the navy board

Below this organisation was all HM Naval bases and dockyards each yard was administered by a Master Shipwright who was responsible for the management of their yards until the early 17th century when the navy board starts to introduce a more qualified naval administrator called Resident Commissioners of the Navy to manage the individual dockyards as the navy expands. In 1832 when the Navy Board is abolished Resident Commissioners were re-styled Admiral-superintendents.

Naval bases and dockyards

Note: Shipbuilding storehouses during this period were mainly used for masts, rigging and 'Cooperage’ (the making barrels in which most supplies were stored).^[55]

Portsmouth dockyard, (1496-present)

Woolwich dockyard, (1496-present)

Woolwich Dockyard first established during the reign of Henry VIII in 1512, and continued to be an operational yard until 1869. In the 16th century an historically important ship was built at the “Henry Grace a Dieu” or “Great Harry” constructed in 1514.

Deptford dockyard, (1513-1869)

Notes: Deptford dry dock, had been in regular use from the early years of Henry VIII’s reign. Then known for innovative ship designing resulting in the production of a race-built warship the first of which was HMS Dreadnought launched in 1573 this led to a new phase in naval warfare. The dry dock was rebuilt in 1574.^[59]

Erith dockyard, (1514-1521)

Chatham, dockyard, (1567-1960)

Office of ordnance, (1415-1597)

Notes:An Office of Ordnance was first created in 1415^[61] in 1683 the Board of Ordnance was formed.^[62] In 1685 it became a civil Department of State.^[63]

Officers of the Ordnance

Office of ordnance, (1597-1599)

Principle officers

Notes: Below this organisation were H.M. Ordnance yards and stores each had its on Senior Ordnance Officers (known as storekeepers).

Ordnance yards and stores

Judicial administration

In the 19th and 20th centuries referred to as the Justice Department of the Royal Navy.

High court of the admiralty

England's Admiralty courts date to at least the 1340s, during the reign of Edward III. At that time there were three such courts, appointed by Admirals responsible for waters to the Admiral of the North, Admiral of the South and Admiral of the West of England. In 1483 it absorbed the jurisdiction of the deputies and courts these regional courts eventiually amalgamated into a single High Court of Admiralty, administered by the Lord High Admiral of England.^[71] The Lord High Admiral directly appointed judges to the court, and could remove them at will.From its inception in 1483 until 1657 the Court sat in a disused church in Southwark, and from then until 1665 in Montjoy House, a private premises leased from the Dean of St Paul's Cathedral. The function of an admiralty court initially in the 14th century was to deal with piracy and other offences committed upon the high seas. However, it did not take long for those early courts to seek to manifest control over all things to do with shipping, such as mercantile matters. This led to a running battle between the admiralty courts and the common law courts as to which court had jurisdiction over particular issues.

Vice-admiralty courts

As a Vice-Admiral, the post holder was the chief of naval administration for his district. His responsibilities included, deciding the outcome of the Prize court (captured by pirate ships), dealing with salvage claims for wrecks, acting as a judge in relation to maritime issues.

The Vice Admiralty Court was a prerogative court established in the early 16th. A vice-admiralty court is in effect an admiralty court. The word “vice” in the name of the court denoted that the court represented the Lord Admiral of the United Kingdom. In English legal theory, the Lord Admiral, as vice-regal of the monarch, was the only person who had authority over matters relating to the sea.^[72] the holder of the post Vice-Admiral of the Coast^[73] was responsible for the defence of one of the twenty maritime counties of England, the North and South of Wales. The Lord Admiral would authorize others as his deputies or surrogates to act. Generally, he would appoint a person as a judge to sit in the court as his surrogate.

References

1. ^{{cite book|last1=Knighton|first1=C. S.|last2=Loades|first2=David|last3=Loades|first3=Professor of History David|title=Elizabethan Naval Administration|date=Apr 29, 2016|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781317145035|page=8|url=https://books.google.lk/books?id=K50WDAAAQBAJ&q=seas&dq=Northern+Squadron+Tudor+Navy&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=5#v=snippet&q=seas&f=false|language=en}}
2. ^{{cite book|last1=Tittler|first1=Robert|last2=Jones|first2=Norman L.|title=A Companion to Tudor Britain|date=Apr 15, 2008|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=9781405137409|page=193|url=https://books.google.lk/books?id=F9_3ktSGOEwC&pg=PA193&dq=tudor+navy+called+navy+royal&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi3_uTfnsPRAhXJgI8KHXLUC64Q6AEIHTAB#v=onepage&q=tudor%20navy%20called%20navy%20royal&f=false|language=en}}
3. ^Rodger, Safeguard, pp. 221–37
4. ^Rodger, Safeguard, pp. 238–53, 281–6, 292–6
5. ^Rodger, Safeguard, pp. 253–71
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8. ^Great Britain. (1963). Guide to the contents of the Public Record Office. Vol. 2. State Papers and Department records. London: H.M. Stationery Office. p. 15.
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14. ^{{cite web|title=MOD historical summary|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/49053/history_of_mod.pdf}}
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18. ^{{cite book |last1=Rodger |first1=N.A.M. |title=The safeguard of the sea : a naval history of Britain, 660-1649 |date=1998 |publisher=W.W. Norton |location=New York |isbn=9780393319606 |page=507 |edition=1st American}}
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20. ^¹²³⁴⁵⁶⁷⁸⁹¹⁰¹¹¹²¹³{{cite book |last1=Rodger |first1=N.A.M. |title=The safeguard of the sea : a naval history of Britain, 660-1649 |date=1998 |publisher=W.W. Norton |location=New York |isbn=9780393319606 |pages=504–509 |edition=1st American|chapter=appendix:v : Admirals and Officials}}
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