| 词条 | Admiralty in the 17th century | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
|agency_name = Admiralty and Marine Affairs Office |type = Office |motto = |logo = Coat of Arms of England (1558-1603).svg |logo_width = 135px |logo_caption = |seal = |seal_width = |seal_caption = |preceding1 = Offices of the Kings Marine |jurisdiction = Parliament of England |headquarters = Admiralty Building Whitehall London Kingdom of England |formed = 1414 |dissolved = 1707 |superseding = Admiralty Department |employees = |budget = |chief1_name = Lord High Admiral of England |chief1_position = |chief2_name = |chief2_position = |parent_agency = Privy Council of England |child1_agency = |website = }} During the early 17th century, England's relative naval power deteriorated, In the course of the rest of the 17th century, The office of the Admiralty and Marine Affairs steered the Navy's transition from a semi-amateur Navy Royal fighting in conjunction with private vessels into a fully professional institution, a Royal Navy. Its financial provisions were gradually regularised, it came to rely on dedicated warships only, and it developed a professional officer corps with a defined career structure, superseding an earlier mix of sailors and socially prominent former soldiers.[1] Historical overviewAfter 1603 the English and Scottish fleets were organized together under James I but the efficiency of the Navy declined gradually, while corruption grew until brought under control in an inquiry of 1618. James concluded a peace with Spain and privateering was outlawed. Between 1618 and 1628, a Navy Commission temporarily replaced the Navy Board, due to misappropriation of public funds by board commissioners. After the inquiry was over the office of the Lord High Admiral (held by the Duke of Buckingham) was restored. However, he was murdered and King Charles I put the office into commission. This led to the creation of a new Board of Admiralty which in its early formation was just the Privy Council in another reincarnation. This in turn also led to the removal of the Admiralty Court from direct control of the Lord High Admiral's. His office was temporarily restored again in 1638, but then put in commission once more after 1679 the Lords Commissioners of Admiralty became the permanent officers responsible for administration of the Navy. Organization in the seventeenth centuryAdmiralty of EnglandCommander-in-chiefs
Naval Lords of England
Civil administration of the NavyNotes: the Secretary of State England for the period 1628 to 1679 was responsible for all policy decisions and direction on behalf of the government due to a continued state of war. Board of AdmiraltyThe Board of Admiralty and the Lord's Commissioners executing the office of the Lord High Admiral[2]
91 commissioners served during the 17th century.Notes: Between 1693 and 1830 the commission always included either 1 or 2 additional naval lords accept from 1757 until 1782 when it was just the Senior Naval Lord after 1830 the Naval Lords are titled, First, Second, Third, Fourth until 1904 when they are re-syled Sea Lord. A junior naval lord is introduced in 1868 until 1903 then is re-styled Fifth Sea Lord from 1917. Naval operationsSenior leadershipNaval High Command
Fleet commandsFlag officers of the fleet
Flag officers commanding fleets and stationsFlag officer commanding individual fleets and stationsHome commands
Shore commands
Overseas commands
Fleet units
Administrative and logistical supportBoard of ordnancePrincipal officersBoard of Ordnance [16] (1597 – 1855)
Ordnance yards and storesHome ordinance yards
Navy boardConstruction, design, maintenance, suppliesPrincipal officers
Subsidiary boards of navy board
Shore facilitiesNote: Dockyards during this period were managed by the commissioners of the Navy Board. Home naval base and dockyards[19]
Judicial administrationNote:Admiralty Courts date to at least the 1360s, during the reign of Edward III. At that time there were three such Courts, appointed by Admirals responsible for waters to the north, south and west of England. In 1483 these local courts were amalgamated into a single High Court of Admiralty, administered by the Lord High Admiral of England.[20] The Deputy Lord High Admiral presided over the High Court. Admiralty courts
High court of the admiralty
Vice admiralty courtsThe Vice-Admiral of the Coast [24] was responsible for the defence of one of the twenty maritime counties of England, the North and South of Wales. As a Vice-Admiral, the post holder was the chief of naval administration for his district. His responsibilities included deciding the outcome of the Prize court (captured by pirate ships), dealing with salvage claims for wrecks, and acting as a judge in relation to maritime issues.
By appointing Vice-Admirals in the colonies, and by constituting courts as Vice-Admiralty Courts, the terminology recognized the existence and superiority of the "mother" court in the United Kingdom. Thus, the "vice" tag denoted that whilst it was a separate court, it was not equal to the "mother" court. In the case of the courts abroad, a right of appeal lay back to the British Admiralty Court, which further reinforced this superiority. In all respects, the court was an Imperial court rather than a local Colonial court. North America
See also
References1. ^Rodger, Safeguard, pp. 395–8; Rodger, Command, pp. 33–55, 95–122Ollard, 1984, ch.16; 2. ^{{cite web|last1=Sainty|first1=J. C.|title=Office-Holders in Modern Britain: Volume 4, Admiralty Officials 1660-1870.|url=http://www.british-history.ac.uk/office-holders/vol4/pp1-17|website=british-history.ac.uk|publisher=British History Online, University of London, Institute of Historical Research,1975|accessdate=3 November 2016|ref=pp.1-17}} 3. ^{{cite book|last1=Davies|first1=J. D.|title=Pepys's Navy Ships, Men and Warfare 1649-89|date=2008|publisher=Seaforth Publishing|isbn=1783830220|page=28}} 4. ^{{cite book|last1=Davies|first1=J. D.|title=Pepys's Navy Ships, Men and Warfare 1649-89|date=2008|publisher=Seaforth Publishing|isbn=1783830220|page=28}} 5. ^{{cite book |last1=Ehrman |first1=John |title=The Navy in the War of William III 1689-1697: Its State and Direction |date=2012 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge, England |isbn=9781107645110 |pages=289–290 |url=https://books.google.lk/books?id=e896FFNQ7lcC&pg=PA290&dq=Admiralty+Secretariat+1690&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiOrvXikPfbAhVOcCsKHTVzAQgQ6AEIPzAF#v=onepage&q=Admiralty%20Secretariat%201690&f=false |language=en}} 6. ^{{cite book|last1=Corbett|first1=Sir Julian Sir Julian|title=England in the Mediterranean: A Study of the Rise and Influence of British Power Within the Straits, 1603-1713|date=2007|publisher=Cosimo, Inc.|isbn=9781602062672|page=580|url=https://books.google.lk/books?id=OfUfSCq_968C&pg=PA580&dq=admiral+of+the+red+tudor+navy&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjztID7np7QAhULPY8KHdZZCYUQ6AEIQjAG#v=onepage&q=admiral%20of%20the%20red%20tudor%20navy&f=false|language=en}} 7. ^{{cite book|last1=Baugh|first1=Daniel A.|title=British Naval Administration in the Age of Walpole|date=2015|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=9781400874637|page=132|url=https://books.google.lk/books?id=9wXWCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA132&dq=admiral+of+the+white+tudor+navy&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj27MD0oJ7QAhVJN48KHRmzCmkQ6AEIQTAF#v=onepage&q=admiral%20of%20the%20white%20tudor%20navy&f=false|language=en}} 8. ^{{cite book|last1=Corbett|first1=Sir Julian Sir Julian|title=England in the Mediterranean: A Study of the Rise and Influence of British Power Within the Straits, 1603-1713|date=2007|publisher=Cosimo, Inc.|isbn=9781602062672|page=580|url=https://books.google.lk/books?id=OfUfSCq_968C&pg=PA580&dq=admiral+of+the+red+tudor+navy&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjztID7np7QAhULPY8KHdZZCYUQ6AEIQjAG#v=onepage&q=admiral%20of%20the%20red%20tudor%20navy&f=false|language=en}} 9. ^{{cite book|last1=Baugh|first1=Daniel A.|title=British Naval Administration in the Age of Walpole|date=2015|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=9781400874637|page=132|url=https://books.google.lk/books?id=9wXWCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA132&dq=admiral+of+the+white+tudor+navy&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj27MD0oJ7QAhVJN48KHRmzCmkQ6AEIQTAF#v=onepage&q=admiral%20of%20the%20white%20tudor%20navy&f=false|language=en}} 10. ^{{cite book|last1=Corbett|first1=Sir Julian Sir Julian|title=England in the Mediterranean: A Study of the Rise and Influence of British Power Within the Straits, 1603-1713|date=2007|publisher=Cosimo, Inc.|isbn=9781602062672|page=580|url=https://books.google.lk/books?id=OfUfSCq_968C&pg=PA580&dq=admiral+of+the+red+tudor+navy&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjztID7np7QAhULPY8KHdZZCYUQ6AEIQjAG#v=onepage&q=admiral%20of%20the%20red%20tudor%20navy&f=false|language=en}} 11. ^{{cite book|last1=Baugh|first1=Daniel A.|title=British Naval Administration in the Age of Walpole|date=2015|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=9781400874637|page=132|url=https://books.google.lk/books?id=9wXWCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA132&dq=admiral+of+the+white+tudor+navy&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj27MD0oJ7QAhVJN48KHRmzCmkQ6AEIQTAF#v=onepage&q=admiral%20of%20the%20white%20tudor%20navy&f=false|language=en}} 12. ^{{cite book|last1=Nelson|first1=Arthur|title=The Tudor navy : the ships, men and organisation 1485 - 1603|date=2001|publisher=Conway Maritime Press|location=London|isbn=9780851777856|page=134}} 13. ^{{cite book |last1=Stewart |first1=William |title=Admirals of the World: A Biographical Dictionary, 1500 to the Present |date=2009 |publisher=McFarland |location=Jefferson, NC, USA |isbn=9780786438099 |page=181 |url=https://books.google.lk/books?id=ZFeQBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA181&lpg=PA181&dq=Commander-in-Chief,+Medway&source=bl&ots=xpwOnTiUHn&sig=mVgvkoVyq_0xSqymIigqzwKNKSM&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjDr-WHrfXbAhVPOisKHXZBDyYQ6AEIUDAG#v=onepage&q=Commander-in-Chief%2C%20Medway&f=false |language=en}} 14. ^{{cite book|last1=Davies|first1=J.D.|title=Pepys's navy : ships, men & warfare, 1649-1689|date=2008|publisher=Seaforth Pub.|location=Barnsley|isbn=9781848320147|pages=49–62}} 15. ^{{cite web|title=Information sheet no 055, Squadron colours|url=http://www.nmrn-portsmouth.org.uk/sites/default/files/Squadron%20colours.pdf|website=nmrn-portsmouth.org.uk|publisher=National Museum of the Royal Navy, 2014|accessdate=11 November 2016}} 16. ^{{cite book|last1=Puddefoot|first1=Geoff|title=Ready for anything : the Royal Fleet Auxiliary, 1905-1950|date=2010|publisher=Seaforth|location=Barnsley|isbn=9781848320741|page=4}} 17. ^{{cite web|last1=Sainty|first1=J. C.|title=Navy Treasurer c. 1546-1836, A provisional list compiled by J C Sainty, January 2003|url=http://www.history.ac.uk/publications/office/navy|website=history.ac.uk|publisher=The Institute of Historical Research, University of London, 2003|accessdate=9 November 2016}} 18. ^{{cite web|last1=Sainty|first1=J. C.|title=Navy Clerk of the Acts 1546 to 1660|url=http://www.history.ac.uk/publications/office/navyclerk|website=history.ac.uk|publisher=The Institute of Historical Research, University of London|accessdate=16 November 2016}} 19. ^{{cite web|author1=Government of the United Kingdom|title=Royal Naval dockyard staff|url=http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/help-with-your-research/research-guides/royal-naval-dockyard-staff/|website=nationalarchives.gov.uk|publisher=The National Archives, 2016|accessdate=16 November 2016}} 20. ^{{cite journal|last=Senior|first=W.|title=The Mace of the Admiralty Court|journal=The Mariner's Mirror|volume=10|issue=1|year=1924|page=52|doi=10.1080/00253359.1924.10655256}} 21. ^{{cite book|title=The Nautical Magazine: A Technical and Critical Journal for the Officers of the Mercantile Marine|date=1845|publisher=James Brown & Son|page=609|edition=14|url=https://books.google.lk/books?id=cJ8epwiWIIQC&pg=PA609&dq=Counsel+to+the+Admiralty+UK&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiJuPi_4IvQAhVLuo8KHYRRAQUQ6AEIIjAA#v=onepage&q=Counsel%20to%20the%20Admiralty%20UK&f=false|language=en}} 22. ^{{cite web|last1=Sainty|first1=J C.|title=Office-Holders in Modern Britain: Volume 4, Admiralty Officials 1660-1870. Originally published by University of London, London, 1975.|url=http://www.british-history.ac.uk/office-holders/vol4/pp95-99#h3-0002|website=british-history.ac.uk|publisher=Institute of Historical Research, School of Advanced Studie, University of London, 2015|accessdate=8 November 2016}} 23. ^{{cite web|last1=Archives|first1=The National|title=High Court of Admiralty - The National Archives|url=http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/help-with-your-research/research-guides/high-court-admiralty-records/|website=The National Archives|publisher=The National Archives|accessdate=16 January 2017}} 24. ^{{cite book|last1=Baker|first1=Sherston|title=Office of vice-admiral of the coast : being some account of that ancient office.|date=Dec 20, 2010|publisher=Gale Ecco, Making Of Mode|location=[S.l.]|isbn=9781240154067|pages=1–153}} Sources
External links{{Admiralty Department|state=collapsed}}{{Board of Admiralty|state=collapsed}}{{Navy Board|state=collapsed}}{{Naval Service (British)|state=collapsed}} 1 : History of the Royal Navy |
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