“African-American Baseline Essays”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The African-American Baseline Essays are a series of educational materials commissioned in 1987 by the Portland public school district in Portland, Oregon and compiled by Asa Grant Hilliard III, intended to "provide information about the history, culture, and contributions of Africans and African-Americans in the disciplines of Art, Language Arts, Mathematics, Science, Social Studies, and Music," to "be used by teachers and other District staff as a reference and resource just as adopted textbooks and other resources are used" as part of "a huge multicultural curriculum-development effort."^[1]

History

Despite criticism of their inaccuracies and "Egypt-centric" outlook, the Baseline Essays were widely adopted in the early 90s by large school districts throughout the United States.^[2]

Since the debut of the African-American Baseline Essays, three other series have been released as part of the "PPS Geocultural Baseline Essay Series," focused around "American Indians," "Hispanic-Americans," and "Asian-Americans."^[3]

Criticism

Their inclusion of the essay "African and African-American Contributions to Science and Technology" by Hunter Havelin Adams III^[4] was criticized in particular for promoting pseudoscientific ideas like astrology, psychokinesis, and "psychoenergetics" as "Egyptian science."^[5] Adams' essay is referenced in the article behind the Sokal affair;^[6] in light of this the Baseline Essays themselves have sometimes been called a hoax,^[7] but they are still available on the Portland Public Schools web site.^[3]

References

1. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.pps.net/cms/lib/OR01913224/Centricity/Domain/179/pdfs/prefc-af.pdf |title=Preface to the African/African-American Baseline Essays |last=Prophet |first=Matthew W. |date=Spring 1987 |website=Portland Public Schools |access-date=July 7, 2018}}
2. ^(1) {{cite web |title=How Valid Are the Portland Baseline Essays? |last=Martel |first=Erich |date=December 1991 |access-date=July 7, 2018 |url=http://shop.ascd.org/ASCD/pdf/journals/ed_lead/el_199112_martel.pdf}}
(2) {{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/opinions/1994/02/20/the-egyptian-illusion/ee123656-ca7f-4ef7-8f28-99d7edd166ba/|title=The Egyptian Illusion|last=Martel|first=Erich|work=Opinions|publisher=The Washington Post|date=February 20, 1994|accessdate=September 17, 2018}}
(3) {{cite web |last=D'Antonio |first=Michael |date=February 11, 1996 |title=Science fights back: is it winning? |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |access-date=July 7, 2018 |url=http://ezproxy.lapl.org/login?url=https://search-proquest-com.ezproxy.lapl.org/docview/2044185102?accountid=6749}}
3. ^¹{{cite web|url=https://www.pps.net/Page/816|title=Baseline Essays|website=Portland Public Schools|access-date=July 7, 2018}}
4. ^{{cite web|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170623175045/https://www.pps.net/cms/lib/OR01913224/Centricity/Domain/179/pdfs/be-af-sc.pdf|archivedate=June 23, 2017|url=https://www.pps.net/cms/lib/OR01913224/Centricity/Domain/179/pdfs/be-af-sc.pdf|title=African and African-American Contributions to Science and Technology|last=Adams|first=Hunter Havelin III|website=Portland Public Schools|year=1986|accessdate=July 7, 2018}}
5. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.csicop.org/si/show/multicultural_pseudoscience_spreading_scientific_illiteracy|title=Multicultural Pseudoscience: Spreading Scientific Illiteracy Among Minorities|last=Ortiz De Montellano|first=Bernard|date=Fall 1991|website=Committee for Skeptical Inquiry|access-date=July 7, 2018}}
6. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.physics.nyu.edu/sokal/transgress_v2/transgress_v2_singlefile.html|title=Transgressing the Boundaries: Towards a Transformative Hermeneutics of Quantum Gravity|last=Sokal|first=Alan D.|access-date=July 7, 2018}}
7. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.textbookleague.org/92hoax.htm|title=Recalling the Portland Hoax|last=Bennetta|first=William J.|date=May-June 1998|website=The Textbook League|access-date=July 7, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180821122302/http://www.textbookleague.org/92hoax.htm|archive-date=2018-08-21|dead-url=yes|df=}}