“African black soap”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

African black soap, or black soap (also known by various local names such as sabulun salo, ose dudu and ncha nkota), is a kind of soap originating in West Africa. It is made from the ash of locally harvested African plants, which gives the soap its characteristic dark colour.^[1]^[2] Black soap has become a popular toiletry product in North America.^[3] In West Africa, especially Ghana, black soap is often made by women using traditional recipes and is often exported through fair trade groups.

A variety of black soap known as ose-dudu originated with the Yoruba people of Nigeria. A combination of ose-dudu with leaves of the tropical camwood tree (Pterocarpus osun) produces a popular kind of soap with exfoliating properties called dudu-osun.{{refn|name=Aguh & Okoye}}

Black soap has been found to have some antimicrobial properties^[4]^[5]^[6] against skin microbiota such as Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Candida albicans.

Manufacture

Plant matter, such as plantain skins, palm tree leaves, cocoa pods and shea tree bark, is first sun-dried and then burned to produce ash. Next, water and various oils and fats, such as coconut oil, palm oil, and shea butter, are added to the ash. The mixture is cooked and hand-stirred for at least 24 hours. After the soap solidifies, it is scooped out and set out to cure.^[7]^[8]

References

1. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.treehugger.com/style/what-is-black-soap.html |title=What is Black Soap? |last1=Underwood |first1=Kristin |website=TreeHugger |date=September 4, 2008}}
2. ^{{cite magazine| url=https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-3360917031.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160911202048/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-3360917031.html | dead-url=yes | archive-date=September 11, 2016 |title=Black Soap, Bright Skin |last1=Barker |first1=Elizabeth |magazine=Vegetarian Times |date=July 1, 2014}}
3. ^{{cite book |last1=Aguh |first1=Crystal |last2=Okoye |first2=Ginette |title=Fundamentals of Ethnic Hair: The Dermatologist's Perspective |date=2016 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-3-31-945695-9 |pages=139, 151 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5DGuDQAAQBAJ&q=%22African+black+soap%22 |language=en}}
4. ^Samaila AB, Yarma AA and Oshomoh EO. Anti-fungal and Anti-bacterial activities of Sabulun salo local soap in Bauchi Metropolis, Bauchi State, Nigeria. Special Fungal Pathogens Journal (SFPJ), Vol 1, No 1, pg: 0014-0018
5. ^{{Cite journal|last=Aliyu|first=M. S.|last2=Tijjani|first2=M. B.|last3=Doko|first3=M. H. I.|last4=Garba|first4=I.|last5=Ibrahim|first5=M. M.|last6=Abdulkadir|first6=S. M.|last7=Abba|first7=D.|last8=Zango|first8=U. U.|date=2012-01-01|title=Antimicrobial Activity of Sabulun Salo a Local Traditional Medicated Soap|url=https://www.ajol.info/index.php/njbas/article/view/81575|journal=Nigerian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences|language=en|volume=20|issue=1|pages=35–38|issn=0794-5698}}
6. ^{{Cite journal|last=S|first=Ikpoh I.|last2=A|first2=Lennox J.|last3=E|first3=Agbo B.|last4=S|first4=Udoekong N.|last5=A|first5=Ekpo I.|last6=O|first6=Iyam S.|date=2017-03-31|title=Comparative studies on the effect of locally made black soap and conventional medicated soaps on isolated human skin microflora|url=https://www.jmbronline.com/index.php/JMBR/article/view/154|journal=Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology Research|language=en|volume=2|issue=4|pages=533–537|issn=2231-3168}}
7. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.mnn.com/lifestyle/natural-beauty-fashion/stories/what-is-african-black-soap |title=What is African Black Soap? |last1=Nelson |first1=Jennifer |website=Mother Nature Network |date=September 3, 2015}}
8. ^{{cite magazine| url=https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-3711852681.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160911203826/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-3711852681.html | dead-url=yes | archive-date=September 11, 2016 |title=African Black Soap |last1=Strausfogel |first1=Sherrie |magazine=Better Nutrition |date=May 1, 2015 }}