“Vinayak Damodar Savarkar”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Vinayak Damodar Savarkar ({{audio|Ma-VinayakDamodarSavarkar.ogg|pronunciation}}; 28 May 1883 – 26 February 1966), popularly known as Veer Savarkar ("brave" in his native Marathi language),^[2] was an Indian politician, lawyer and writer,^[3]^[4]^[5]savarkar popularized the term Hindutva (Hinduness), previously coined by Chandranath Basu,^[5] to create a collective "Hindu" identity as an essence of Bharat (India).^[6]^[7] Savarkar was also a pragmatic practitioner of Hindu Philosophy. He insisted for validating religious myths/blind faith against the test of modern science. In that sense he also was a rationalist and reformer.

Savarkar's revolutionary activities began while studying in India and England, where he was associated with the India House and founded student societies including Abhinav Bharat Society and the Free India Society, as well as publications espousing the cause of complete Indian independence by revolutionary means.^[8] Savarkar published The Indian War of Independence about the Indian rebellion of 1857 that was banned by British authorities. He was arrested in 1910 for his connections with the revolutionary group India House. Following a failed attempt to escape while being transported from Marseilles, Savarkar was sentenced to two life terms of imprisonment totaling fifty years and was moved to the Cellular Jail in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, but released in 1921 after several mercy petitions to the British government.

While in prison, Savarkar wrote the work describing Hindutva, espousing what it means to be a Hindu, and Hindu pride, in which he defined as all the people descended of Hindu culture as being part of Hindutva, including Buddhists, Jains and Sikhs. In 1921, under restrictions after signing a plea for clemency, he was released on the condition that he renounce revolutionary activities. Travelling widely, Savarkar became a forceful orator and writer, advocating Hindu political and social unity. Serving as the president of the Hindu Mahasabha (Hindu Grand-Assembly) political party, Savarkar endorsed the idea of India as a Hindu Rashtra (Hindu Nation) and opposed the Quit India struggle in 1942, calling it a "Quit India but keep your army" movement. He became a fierce critic of the Indian National Congress and its acceptance of India's partition. He was accused of the assassination of Mahatma Gandhi but acquitted by the court.

The airport at Port Blair, Andaman and Nicobar's capital, has been named Veer Savarkar International Airport.^[9] The commemorative blue plaque on India House fixed by the Historic Building and Monuments Commission for England reads "Vinayak Damodar Savarkar, 1883-1966, Indian patriot and philosopher lived here".^[10]

Early life

Vinayak Damodar Savarkar was born in the Marathi Chitpavan Brahmin Hindu family^[11] of Damodar and Radhabai Savarkar in the village of Bhagur, near the city of Nashik, Maharashtra. He had three other siblings namely Ganesh, Narayan, and a sister named Maina.^[12] He earned the nickname "Veer" (Sanskrit:Braveheart) when at the age of 12, he led fellow students against a rampaging horde of Muslims that attacked his village. Highly outnumbered, he inspired the boys to fight-on until the last Muslim was driven off. Later, he is known to have stated: "Do not fear them. The Almighty is your strength, so fight, even when facing an enemy stronger than yourself".^[13]^[14]

After the death of his parents, the eldest sibling Ganesh, known as Babarao, took responsibility for the family. Babarao played a supportive and influential role in Vinayak's teenage life. During this period, Vinayak organised a youth group called Mitra Mela (Band of Friends) and encouraged revolutionary and nationalist views of passion using this group. In 1901, Vinayak Savarkar married Yamunabai, daughter of Ramchandra Triambak Chiplunkar, who supported his university education. Subsequently, in 1902, he enrolled in Fergusson College, in Pune. As a young man, he was inspired by the new generation of rising political leaders namely Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Bipin Chandra Pal and Lala Lajpat Rai along with the political struggle against the partition of Bengal and the rising Swadeshi campaign. After completing his degree, nationalist activist Shyamji Krishna Varma helped Vinayak to go to England to study law, on a scholarship. It was during this period that the Garam Dal, literally "Army of the angry," was formed under the leadership of Tilak as a result of a split between the moderate, "constitutionalist" wing on the one part, and of Tilak's extremist or right wing in the Indian National Congress. The members of the Garam Dal did not acknowledge the agenda of the majority moderate Indian National Congress leadership which advocated dialogue with the British rulers and incremental steps towards Independence by gaining the confidence of the British. Tilak was soon imprisoned for his support of revolutionary activities.

Activities at India House

After joining Gray's Inn law college in London Vinayak took accommodation at India House. Organized by expatriate social and political activist Pandit Shyamji, India House was a thriving centre for student political activities. Savarkar soon founded the Free India Society to help organize fellow Indian students with the goal of fighting for complete independence through a revolution, declaring, {{quote|We must stop complaining about this British officer or that officer, this law or that law. There would be no end to that. Our movement must not be limited to being against any particular law, but it must be for acquiring the authority to make laws itself. In other words, we want absolute independence.^[8]}}

Savarkar envisioned a guerrilla war for independence along the lines of the famous war for Indian independence of 1857. Studying the history of the revolt, from English as well as Indian sources, Savarkar wrote the book The History of the War of Indian Independence. He analysed the circumstances of 1857 uprising and assailed British rule in India as unjust and oppressive. It was via this book that Savarkar became one of the first writers to allude the uprising as India's "First War for Independence."^[15]

The book was banned throughout the British Empire. Madame Bhikaji Cama, an expatriate Indian revolutionary obtained its publication in the Netherlands, France and Germany. Widely smuggled and circulated, the book attained great popularity and influenced rising young Indians. Savarkar was studying revolutionary methods and he came into contact with a veteran of the Russian Revolution of 1905 who imparted him the knowledge of bomb-making. Savarkar had printed and circulated a manual amongst his friends on bomb-making and other methods of guerrilla warfare.

In 1909, Madan Lal Dhingra, a keen follower and friend of Savarkar, assassinated Sir William Hutt Curzon Wyllie in a public meeting. Dhingra's action provoked controversy across Britain and India, evoking enthusiastic admiration as well as condemnation. Savarkar published an article in which he all but endorsed the murder and worked to organize support, both political and for Dhingra's legal defence.

At a meeting of Indians called for a condemnation of Dhingra's deed, Savarkar protested the intention to condemn and was drawn into a hot debate and angry scuffle with other participants. A secretive and restricted trial and a sentence awarding the death penalty to Dhingra provoked an outcry and protest across the Indian student and political community. Strongly protesting the verdict, Savarkar struggled with British authorities in laying claim to Dhingra's remains following his execution. Savarkar hailed Dhingra as a hero and martyr, and began encouraging revolution with greater intensity.

Arrest in London and Marseille

In India, Ganesh Savarkar had organised an armed revolt against the Morley-Minto reforms of 1909.^[16] The British police implicated Savarkar in the investigation for allegedly plotting the crime.^[17] Hoping to evade arrest, Savarkar moved to Madame Cama's home in Paris.^[18] He was nevertheless arrested by police on 13 March 1910. In the final days of freedom, Savarkar wrote letters to a close friend planning his escape. Knowing that he would most likely be shipped to India, Savarkar asked his friend to keep track of which ship and route he would be taken through.{{citation needed|date=May 2014}} When the ship SS Morea reached the port of Marseille on 8 July 1910, Savarkar escaped from his cell in the hope that his friend would be there to receive him in a car.{{citation needed|date=May 2014}} But his friend was late in arriving, and the alarm having been raised, Savarkar was re-arrested.

Case before the Permanent Court of Arbitration

Savarkar's arrest at Marseilles caused the French government to protest to the British, arguing that the British could not recover Savarkar unless they took appropriate legal proceedings for his rendition. The dispute came before the Permanent Court of International Arbitration in 1910, and it gave its decision in 1911. The case excited much controversy as was reported by the New York Times, and it considered it involved an interesting international question of the right of asylum.

The Court held, firstly, that since there was a pattern of collaboration between the two countries regarding the possibility of Savarkar's escape in Marseilles and there was neither force nor fraud in inducing the French authorities to return Savarkar to them, the British authorities did not have to hand him back to the French in order for the latter to hold rendition proceedings. On the other hand, the tribunal also observed that there had been an "irregularity" in Savarkar's arrest and delivery over to the Indian Army Military Police guard.^[19]^[20]

Trial and Sentence

Arriving in Bombay, Savarkar was taken to the Yervada Central Jail in Pune. The trial before the special tribunal was started on 10 September 1910 ^[23]{{rp|pg.456}}. One of the charges on Savarkar was he abetted murder. Following a trial, Savarkar, aged 28, was convicted and sentenced to 50-years imprisonment^[23]{{rp|pg.455}} and transported on 4 July 1911 to the infamous Cellular Jail in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. He was not considered by the British government as a political prisoner.

Prisoner in Cellular Jail in Andaman

His fellow captives included many political prisoners, who were forced to perform hard labour for many years. Reunited with his brother Ganesh, the Savarkars nevertheless struggled in the harsh environment: Forced to arise at 5 am, tasks including cutting trees and chopping wood, and working at the oil mill under regimental strictness, with talking amidst prisoners strictly prohibited during mealtime. Prisoners were subject to frequent mistreatment and torture. Contact with the outside world and home was restricted to the writing and mailing of one letter a year. In these years, Savarkar withdrew within himself and performed his routine tasks mechanically. Obtaining permission to start a rudimentary jail library, Savarkar would also teach some fellow convicts to read and write.

Mercy Petitions

Savarkar applied to the Bombay Government for certain concessions in connection with his sentences. However, by Government letter No. 2022, dated 4 April 1911, his Application was rejected and he was informed that the question of remitting the second sentence of transportation for life would be considered in due course on the expiry of the first sentence of transportation for life.^[21]{{rp|pg.467}}

Merely a month after arriving in the Cellular Jail, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Savarkar submitted his first mercy petition on 30 August 1911. This petition was rejected on 3 September 1911 ^[21]{{rp|pg.478}}

Savarkar submitted his next mercy petition on 14 November 1913, and presented it personally to the Home Member of the Governor General’s council, Sir Reginald Craddock.^[22] In his letter, asking for forgiveness, he described himself as a "prodigal son" longing to return to the "parental doors of the government". He wrote that his release from the jail will recast the faith of many Indians in the British rule. Also he said "Moreover, my conversion to the constitutional line would bring back all those misled young men in India and abroad who were once looking up to me as their guide. I am ready to serve the government in any capacity they like, for as my conversion is conscientious so I hope my future conduct would be. By keeping me in jail, nothing can be got in comparison to what would be otherwise."^[23]

In 1917, Savarkar submitted another mercy petition, this time for a general amnesty of all political prisoners. Savarkar was informed on 1 February 1918 that the mercy petition was placed before the British Indian Government^[21]{{rp|pg.480}}.

In December 1919, there was a Royal proclamation by King Emperor George V. The summary of this proclamation is as follows^[21]{{rp|pg.469}}

In the view of Royal proclamation, Savarkar submitted his fourth mercy petition to the British Government on 30 March 1920

In which he stated that "So far from believing in the militant school of the Bukanin type, I do not contribute even to the peaceful and philosophical anarchism of a Kuropatkin [sic.] or a Tolstoy. And as to my revolutionary tendencies in the past:- it is not only now for the object of sharing the clemency but years before this have I informed of and written to the Government in my petitions (1918, 1914) about my firm intention to abide by the constitution and stand by it as soon as a beginning was made to frame it by Mr. Montagu. Since that the Reforms and then the Proclamation have only confirmed me in my views and recently I have publicly avowed my faith in and readiness to stand by the side of orderly and constitutional development."^[24]

This petition was rejected on 12 July 1920 by the British government^[21]{{rp|pg.477}}. After considering the petition, the British government contemplated releasing Ganesh Savarkar but not Vinayak Savarkar. The rationale for doing so was stated as follows^[21]{{rp|pg.472}}

In 1920, the Indian National Congress and leaders such as Mahatma Gandhi, Vithalbhai Patel and Bal Gangadhar Tilak demanded his unconditional release. Savarkar signed a statement endorsing his trial, verdict and British law, and renouncing violence, a bargain for freedom.

Jaywant Joglekar, who authored a book euologising Savarkar as 'Father of Hindu Nationalism',^[25] considers Savarkar's appeal for clemency a tactical ploy, like Shivaji's letter to Aurangzeb, during his arrest at Agra etc.^[26]

Restricted Freedom in Ratnagiri

On 2 May 1921, the Savarkar brothers were moved to a jail in Ratnagiri, and later to the Yerwada Central Jail. He was finally released on 6 January 1924 under stringent restrictions – he was not to leave Ratnagiri District and was to refrain from political activities for the next five years. As a political internee in Ratnagiri he demanded an amount of Rs 100 per month. The British Government agreed on a stipend of Rs 60 per month in lieu of his compulsory unemployment.^[27] However, police restrictions on his activities would not be dropped until provincial autonomy was granted in 1937.

Leader of the Hindu Mahasabha

In the wake of the rising popularity of the Muslim League led by Muhammad Ali Jinnah, Savarkar and his party began gaining attraction in the national political environment. Savarkar moved to Bombay and was elected president of the Hindu Mahasabha in 1937, and would serve until 1943. The Congress swept the polls in 1937 but conflicts between the Congress and Jinnah would exacerbate Hindu-Muslim political divisions. Jinnah derided Congress rule as a "Hindu Raj", and hailed 22 December 1939 as a "Day of Deliverance" for Muslims when the Congress resigned en masse in protest when the British India Governor-General declared India's inclusion into World War II for the United Kingdom and its allies against Germany and its allies. Savarkar's message of Hindu unity and empowerment gained increasing popularity amidst the worsening communal climate.

Savarkar as president of the Hindu Mahasabha, during the Second World War, advanced the slogan "Hinduize all Politics and Militarize Hindudom" and decided to support the British war effort in India seeking military training for the Hindus.^[28] When the Congress launched the Quit India movement in 1942, Savarkar criticised it and asked Hindus to stay active in the war effort and not disobey the government;^[15] he also urged the Hindus to enlist in the armed forces to learn the "arts of war".^[29] Hindu Mahasabha activists protested Gandhi's initiative to hold talks with Jinnah in 1944, which Savarkar denounced as "appeasement." He assailed the British proposals for transfer of power, attacking both the Congress and the British for making concessions to Muslim separatists. Soon after Independence, Dr Shyama Prasad Mookerjee resigned as Vice-President of the Hindu Mahasabha dissociating himself from its Akhand Hindustan (Undivided India) plank, which implied undoing partition.^[30]

Opposition to Quit India Movement

Under Savarkar, the Hindu Mahasabha openly opposed the call for the Quit India Movement and boycotted it officially.^[31] Savarkar even went to the extent of writing a letter titled "Stick to your Posts", in which he instructed Hindu Sabhaites who happened to be "members of municipalities, local bodies, legislatures or those serving in the army ... to stick to their posts" across the country, and not to join the Quit India Movement at any cost.^[32]

Alliance with Muslim League and others

The Indian National Congress won a massive victory in the Indian provincial elections, 1937, decimating the Muslim League and the Hindu Mahasabha. However, in 1939, the Congress ministries resigned in protest against Viceroy Lord Linlithgow's action of declaring India to be a belligerent in the Second World War without consulting the Indian people. This led to the Hindu Mahasabha, under Savarkar's presidency, joining hands with the Muslim League and other parties to form governments, in certain provinces. Such coalition governments were formed in Sindh, NWFP, and Bengal.

In Sindh, Hindu Mahasabha members joined Ghulam Hussain Hidayatullah's Muslim League government. In Savarkar's own words,

In the North West Frontier Province, Hindu Mahasabha members joined hands with Sardar Aurangzeb Khan of the Muslim League to form a government in 1943. The Mahasabha member of the cabinet was Finance Minister Mehar Chand Khanna.^[38]^[39]

In Bengal, Hindu Mahasabha joined the Krishak Praja Party led Progressive Coalition ministry of Fazlul Haq in December, 1941.^[40] Savarkar appreciated the successful functioning of the coalition government.^[41]^[42]

Civil resistance movement

Views on Mahatma Gandhi

Savarkar was an outspoken critic of Mahatma Gandhi. He criticized Gandhi for being a hypocrite as he supported use of violence by the British against Germany during World War II. He also criticized his appeasement of Muslims at the time of Khilafat Movement.

In articles from the 1920s to the 1940s Savarkar considered Gandhi as a naive leader who "happens to babble ... [about] compassion, forgiveness", yet "notwithstanding his sublime and broad heart, the Mahatma has a very narrow and immature head".

Views on Dr. Ambedkar

Savarkar respected Dr. Ambedkar. In a message to Dr. Ambedkar's Golden Jubilee Committee on 15 January 1942, he wrote,

Opposition to the partition of India

Savarkar opposed the partition of India. In a telegram sent to Sjt. L. B. Bhopatkar, President, All India Hindu Mahasabha, on the eve of the Meetings of the Working Committee and All India Committee of the Hindu Mahasabha, 4 June 1947, he wrote,

Support for Jewish state in Palestine

Savarkar in a statement issued on 19 December 1947, expressed joy at the recognition of the claim of Jewish people to establish an independent Jewish state, and likened the event to the glorious day on which Moses led them out of Egyptian bondage. He considered that justice demanded restoration of entire Palestine to the Jews, their historical holy land and Fatherland. He regretted India's vote at the United Nations against the creation of the Jewish state terming the vote a policy of appeasement of Muslims.^[47]

Arrest and acquittal in Mahatma's assassination

Following the assassination of Gandhi on 30 January 1948, police arrested the assassin Nathuram Godse and his alleged accomplices and conspirators. He was a member of the Hindu Mahasabha and of the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh. Godse was the editor of Agrani - Hindu Rashtra, a Marathi daily from Pune which was run by the company "The Hindu Rashtra Prakashan Ltd" (The Hindu Nation Publications). This company had contributions from such eminent persons as Gulabchand Hirachand, Bhalji Pendharkar and Jugalkishore Birla. Savarkar had invested {{INR}}15000 in the company. Savarkar, a former president of the Hindu Mahasabha, was arrested on 5 February 1948, from his house in Shivaji Park, and kept under detention in the Arthur Road Prison, Mumbai. He was charged with murder, conspiracy to murder and abetment to murder. A day before his arrest, Savarkar in a public written statement, as reported in The Times of India, Mumbai dated 7 February 1948, termed Gandhi's assassination a fratricidal crime, endangering India's existence as a nascent nation.^[48]^[49]^[50] The mass of papers seized from his house had revealed nothing that could remotely be connected with Gandhi's murder^[51]{{rp|Chapter 12}}. Due to lack of evidence, Savarkar was arrested under the Preventive Detention Act^[51]{{rp|Chapter 11}}.

Approver's testimony

Godse claimed full responsibility for planning and carrying out the assassination. However, according to the Approver Badge, on 17 January 1948, Nathuram Godse went to have a last darshan (audience/interview) with Savarkar in Bombay before the assassination. While Badge and Shankar waited outside, Nathuram and Apte went in. On coming out Apte told Badge that Savarkar blessed them "Yashasvi houn ya" ("यशस्वी होऊन या", be successful and return). Apte also said that Savarkar predicted that Gandhi's 100 years were over and there was no doubt that the task would be successfully finished.^[52]^[53] However Badge's testimony was not accepted as the approver's evidence lacked independent corroboration and hence Savarkar was acquitted.

In the last week of August 1974, Mr. Manohar Malgonkar saw Digamber Badge several times and in particular, questioned him about the veracity of his testimony against Savarkar^[51]{{rp|Notes}}. Badge insisted to Mr. Manohar Malgonkar that "even though he had blurted out the full story of the plot as far as he knew, without much persuasion, he had put up a valiant struggle against being made to testify against Savarkar"^[51]{{rp|Chapter 12}}. In the end, Badge gave in. He agreed to say on oath that he saw Nathuram Godse and Apte with Savarkar and that Savarkar, within Badge's hearing, had blessed their venture...^[51]{{rp|Chapter 12}}

Kapur commission

On 12 November 1964, at a religious programme organised in Pune to celebrate the release of Gopal Godse, Madanlal Pahwa and Vishnu Karkare from jail after the expiry of their sentences, Dr. G. V. Ketkar, grandson of Bal Gangadhar Tilak,^[54] former editor of Kesari and then editor of "Tarun Bharat", who presided over the function, gave information of a conspiracy to kill Gandhi, about which he professed knowledge six months before the act. Ketkar was arrested. A public furor ensued both outside and inside the Maharashtra Legislative Assembly and both houses of the Indian parliament. Under pressure of 29 members of parliament and public opinion the then Union home minister Gulzarilal Nanda appointed Gopal Swarup Pathak, M. P. and a senior advocate of the Supreme Court of India as a Commission of Inquiry to re-investigate the conspiracy to murder Gandhi. The central government intended on conducting a thorough inquiry with the help of old records in consultation with the government of Maharashtra. Pathak was given three months to conduct his inquiry; subsequently Jevanlal Kapur, a retired judge of the Supreme Court of India, was appointed chairman of the Commission.^[55]

The Kapur Commission was provided with evidence not produced in the court; especially the testimony of two of Savarkar's close aides - Appa Ramachandra Kasar, his bodyguard, and Gajanan Vishnu Damle, his secretary.^[56] The testimony of Mr. Kasar and Mr. Damle was already recorded by Bombay police on 4 March 1948^[57]{{rp|317}}, but apparently, these testimonies were not presented before the court during the trial. In these testimonies, it is said that Godse and Apte visited Savarkar on or about 23 or 24 January^[57]{{rp|317}}, which was when they returned from Delhi after the bomb incident. Damle deposed that Godse and Apte saw Savarkar in the middle of January and sat with him (Savarkar) in his garden. The C. I. D. Bombay was keeping vigil on Savarkar from 21 to 30 January 1948 ^[57]{{rp|291-294}}. The crime report from C. I. D. does not mention Godse or Apte meeting Savarkar during this time^[57]{{rp|291-294}}. Moreover, if testimonies of Mr. Kasar and Mr. Damle were so damning then it is not clear why Bombay Police did not produce them before the court during the trial. This suggests that testimonies might have been obtained under police pressure.

Justice Kapur concluded: "All these facts taken together were destructive of any theory other than the conspiracy to murder by Savarkar and his group."^[58]^[59]^[60]

The arrest of V. D. Savarkar was mainly based on approver Digambar Badge's testimony. The commission did not re-interview Digambar Badge.^[57] At the time of inquiry of the commission, Badge was alive and working in Bombay.

Later life and death

After Gandhi's assassination Savarkar's home in Dadar, Mumbai was stoned by angry mobs.^[15] After he was acquitted of the allegations related to Gandhi's assassination and released from jail, Savarkar was arrested by the government for making "militant Hindu nationalist speeches"; he was released after agreeing to give up political activities. He continued addressing social and cultural elements of Hindutva. He resumed political activism after the ban on it was lifted; it was however limited until his death in 1966 because of ill health. His followers bestowed upon him honours and financial awards when he was alive. Two thousand RSS workers gave his funeral procession a guard of honour. According to McKean, there was public antipathy between Savarkar and the Congress for most of his political career, yet after independence Congress ministers, Vallabhbhai Patel and C. D. Deshmukh unsuccessfully sought partnership with the Hindu Mahasabha and Savarkar. It was forbidden for Congress party members to participate in public functions honouring Savarkar. Nehru refused to share the stage during the centenary celebrations of the India's First War of Independence held in Delhi. After the independence of India, Jawaharlal Nehru had put forward a proposal to demolish the Cellular Jail in the Andaman and build a hospital in its place. After the death of Nehru, the Congress government, under Prime Minister Shastri, started to pay him a monthly pension.{{sfn|McKean|1996|p=94}}

Death

On 8 November 1963, Savarkar's wife, Yamuna, died. On 1 February 1966, Savarkar renounced medicines, food and water which he termed as atmaarpan (fast until death). Before his death he had written an article titled "Atmahatya Nahi Atmaarpan" in which he argued that when one's life mission is over and ability to serve the society is left no more, it is better to end the life at will rather than waiting for death. His condition was described to have become as "extremely serious" before his death on 26 February 1966 at his residence in Bombay (now Mumbai), and that he faced difficulty in breathing; efforts to revive him failed and was declared dead at 11:10 a.m. (IST) that day. Prior to his death, Savarkar had asked his relatives to perform only his funeral and do away with the rituals of the 10th and 13th day of the Hindu faith.^[61] Accordingly, his last rites were performed at an electric crematorium in Mumbai's Sonapur locality by his son Vishwas the following day.^[62]

He was mourned by large crowds that attended his cremation. He left behind a son, Vishwas, and a daughter, Prabha Chiplunkar. His first son, Prabhakar, had died in infancy. His home, possessions and other personal relics have been preserved for public display{{citation needed|reason=Your explanation here|date=January 2016}}.There was no official mourning by the then Congress party government of Maharashtra or at the centre.{{sfn|McKean|1996|p=95}}

Political views

Hindu nationalism

During his incarceration, Savarkar's views began turning increasingly towards Hindu cultural and political nationalism, and the next phase of his life remained dedicated to this cause.^[64] In the brief period he spent at the Ratnagiri jail, Savarkar wrote his ideological treatise – Who is a Hindu?. Smuggled out of the prison, it was published by Savarkar's supporters under his alias "Maharatta." In this work, Savarkar promotes a farsighted new vision of Hindu social and political consciousness. Savarkar began describing a "Hindu" as a patriotic inhabitant of Bharatavarsha,^[65] venturing beyond a religious identity.^[64]^[66] While emphasising the need for patriotic and social unity of all Hindu communities, he described Hinduism, Jainism, Sikhism and Buddhism as one and the same. He outlined his vision of a "Hindu Rashtra" (Hindu Nation) as "Akhand Bharat" (United India), purportedly stretching across the entire Indian subcontinent. He defined Hindus as being neither Aryan nor Dravidian but as "People who live as children of a common motherland, adoring a common holyland."^[67]

Scholars, historians and Indian politicians have been divided in their interpretation of Savarkar's ideas. A self-described atheist,^[68] Savarkar regards being Hindu as a cultural and political identity. He often stressed social and community unity between Hindus, Sikhs, Buddhists and Jains, to the exclusion of Muslims and Christians. Savarkar saw Muslims and Christians as "misfits" in the Indian civilization who could not truly be a part of the nation.^[69] He argued that the holiest sites of Islam and Christianity are in the Middle East and not India, hence the loyalty of Muslims and Christians to India is divided.^[70]^[69]

After his release from jail on 6 January 1924,^[71] Savarkar helped found the Ratnagiri Hindu Sabha organisation, aiming to work for the social and cultural preservation of Hindu heritage and civilisation.^[72] Becoming a frequent and forceful orator, Sarvakar agitated for the use of Hindi as a common national language and against caste discrimination and untouchability.

Another activity he started was to reconvert to Hinduism those who had converted to other faiths. This included the eight members of a Brahmin family named Dhakras who had converted to Christianity. Savarkar re-converted the family at a public function and also bore the marriage expenses of the two daughters in the family.^[73]

Focusing his energies on writing, Savarkar authored the Hindu Pad-pada-shahi^[15] – a book documenting the Maratha empire – and My Transportation for Life – an account of his early revolutionary days, arrest, trial and incarceration.^[74] He also wrote and published a collection of poems, plays and novels. He also wrote a book named Majhi Janmathep ("My Life-term") about his experience in Andaman prison.^[75]

Fascism and World war II

Savarkar has praised the growth of Italy and Germany during the Fascist and Nazi rule; he believed that at that specific point in their history, Nazism and Fascism were "the most congenial tonics, their health demanded."^[76] Savarkar criticised Nehru for opposing Nazism, arguing "Surely Hitler knows better than Pandit Nehru does what suits Germany best".^[77] However, in the very next sentence of his speech, he goes on to say, "India may choose or reject, particular form of Government, in accordance with her political requirements"^[78] .In his 1949 book, Hindu Rashtra Darshan, Savarkar wrote "Nazism proved undeniably the savior of Germany".^[79] Savarkar often compared Germany's German majority and Jewish minority as analogous to India's Hindu majority and Muslim minority,^[77] though Savarkar never mentions the persecution of Jews in Germany. Savarkar never said that he was a proponent of murder and genocide against minorities, and instead desired peaceful assimilation.^[80] Savarkar condemned both German Jews and the Indian Muslims for their supposed inability to assimilate.^[81] In 1938, he wrote, "if we Hindus in India grow stronger in time, these Moslem friends of the league type will have to play the part of German Jews."

Jews

Savarkar supported the establishment of the Jewish State of Israel, which was not only in the spirit of his nationalism but also what Savarkar saw in the Jewish state as a barricade against the Muslim Arab world.^[82]^[83]. Savarkar said in his statement titled, 'A Statement on the Jewish International Question', "I have every sympathy with the Jewish people in Europe and elsewhere in their distress"^[84]

Muslims

Savarkar spoke a few times about providing equal rights and protection to Muslims, Jews and other minorities. In his 'Public Appeal to the Bombay Electorate In The Non Mohammedan Constituency', on 24 November 1945, he said,

Savarkar saw Muslims in the Indian police and military to be "potential traitors". He advocated that India reduce the number of Muslims in the military, police and public service and ban Muslims from owning or working in munitions factories.{{sfn|McKean|1996|p=89}}

Savarkar criticized Gandhi for being concerned about Indian Muslims.^[89] Chaturvedi notes that there was a "shift" in Savakar's views: in his earlier writings he argued for "Indian independence from British rule", whereas in later writings he focused on "Hindu independence from Christians and Muslims". In his 1907 Indian War of Independence, Savarkar includes Muslims as heroes. This was omitted in his later writings; his 1925 Hindu-pad-paatshahi included Hindu heroes but not Muslim ones. In his 1963 Six Glorious Epochs, Savarkar says Muslims and Christians wanted to "destroy" Hinduism.^[88]

Religious views

Although Savarkar is regarded as a Hindu Nationalist, he professed atheism (nirīśvaravāda). It should however, be noted that atheism within Hinduism is different from its Western counterpart. Many Hindus do not profess belief in deities or a God, as it is not a single religion, but a collection of many diverse philosophies and faiths. Savarkar still had spirituality, and a mystical view of life, and gave great importance to mythology and symbolism.^[90]^[91]^[92]

Publications

Savarkar's literary works in Marathi include "Kamala", "Mazi Janmathep" (My Life Sentence), and most famously 1857 - The First War of Independence, in which Savarkar popularised the term "First War of Independence" for what the British referred to as the "Sepoy Mutiny". Another book was Kale Pani (Black Water which means "life sentence" on the island prison on the Andaman islands), which reflected the treatment of Indian Independence activists by the British. To counter the then British propagated view that India's history was a saga of continuous defeat, he wrote an inspirational historical work, Saha Soneri Pane (Six Golden Pages), recounting some of the "Golden periods" of Indian history. At the same time, religious divisions in India were beginning to be exacerbated. He described what he saw as the atrocities of British and Muslims on Hindu residents in Kerala in the book, Mopalyanche Band (Muslims' Strike) and also Gandhi Gondhal (Gandhi's Confusion), a political critique of Gandhi's politics. Savarkar, by now, had become a committed and persuasive critic of the Gandhian vision of India's future.

He is also the author of the poems Sagara pran talmalala (O Great Sea, My Heart Aches for the Motherland), and Jayostute (written in praise of freedom). When in the Cellular jail, Savarkar was denied pen and paper. He composed and wrote his poems on the prison walls with thorns and pebbles, and memorised thousands lines of his poetry for years till other prisoners returning home brought them to mainland India. Savarkar is credited with several neologisms in Marathi and Hindi, including "Hutatma" (Martyr), "Mahapaur" (Mayor), Digdarshak (leader or director, one who points in the right direction), Shatkar (a score of six runs in cricket), Saptahik (weekly), Sansad (Parliament), "doordhwani" (telephone), and "tanklekhan" (typewriting) among others.{{citation needed|date=November 2014}}

Selected bibliography

Legacy

References

Notes

1. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.savarkar.org/content/pdfs/en/Suicide_and_Self_Sacrifice.pdf|title=आत्मार्पण|format=PDF}}
2. ^{{cite book|author=Lise McKean|title=Divine Enterprise: Gurus and the Hindu Nationalist Movement|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OsI7Hy8H34YC&pg=PR11|date=15 May 1996|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-56010-6|page=72}}
3. ^{{Cite book|last=Chandra|first=Bipan|title=India's Struggle for Independence|publisher=Penguin Books India|location=New Delhi|year=1989|page=145|isbn=978-0-14-010781-4}}
4. ^{{Cite book | title = Savarkar | first = Dhananjay | last = Keer | publisher = Popular Prakashan | location = Bombay | year = 1966 | oclc = 3639757 | isbn = 978-0-86132-182-7}}
5. ^{{cite book |title=The Origins of Religious Violence: An Asian Perspective |first=Nicholas F. |last=Gier |publisher=Lexington Books |date= 20 August 2014 |page=29 |isbn=978-0-7391-9222-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0LBhBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA29&lpg=PA29&dq=hindutva+an+authentic+history+of+the+hindus+chandranath+basu&source=bl&ots=xZssKk99YB&sig=ACfU3U20mk85ChTlePEDN-T72z0LT9JfuA&hl=en&sa=X#v=onepage&q=hindutva%20an%20authentic%20history%20of%20the%20hindus%20chandranath%20basu&f=false}}
6. ^{{Cite journal | last =Wolf | first =Siegfried O. | authorlink = | title =Vinayak Damodar Savarkar's strategic agnostism: A compilation of his socio-political philosophy and world view | journal =Heidelberg Papers in South Asian and Comparative Politics. | volume =Working paper no 51 | issue = | pages = | date =January 2010 | url =https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:T7DvOdXjgJ8J:archiv.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/volltextserver/volltexte/2010/10414/pdf/HPSACP_Wolf.pdf+savarkar+utilitarian+humanist&hl=en&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESiMazwIuo_woe1GTyJEUXYMGbGNmRo8E3ISs1a3mellCeCT-2ur02Got4FrG84PhQKoW2_ALdxrNgvVoW48h_N8rw9KbwseGI-Y4g3pujTAT-JVQ1tWTsgE5-Qw4UQzUxD_ErQu&sig=AHIEtbQ3YVQu24_Gij9LQPRCS6wvycB19A | issn =1617-5069 | doi = | accessdate =10 September 2010 }}
7. ^{{cite journal|last=Misra|first=Amalendu|title=Savarkar and the Discourse on Islam in Pre-Independent India|journal=Journal of Asian History|year=1999|volume=33|issue=2|pages=142–184|jstor=41933141}}
8. ^¹²{{cite web |author = V. Sundaram |title = remembering all the revolutionaries of 1857 |website = |publisher = News Today INDIA TV |date = 10 May 2008 |url = http://www.newstodaynet.com/col.php?section=20&catid=33&id=7318 |accessdate = 13 June 2010 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100206113125/http://newstodaynet.com/col.php?section=20&catid=33&id=7318 |archive-date = 6 February 2010 |dead-url = yes |df = dmy-all}}
9. ^{{cite news | author =Press Trust of India | authorlink = | title =Port Blair airport gets Rs 450 cr quake-proof makeover | publisher =Business Standard | date =9 June 2009 | url =http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/port-blair-airport-gets-rs-450-cr-quake-proof-makeover-109060400190_1.html/ | doi = | accessdate =20 February 2010 | newspaper =Business Standard India }}
10. ^{{cite web | title =Search Blue Plaques | website = | publisher =Historic Building and Monuments Commission for England | date = | url =http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/discover/blue-plaques/search/s/?page=2 | doi = | accessdate =13 June 2010 }}
11. ^{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oXXCVgmmudsC&pg=PA14 | title=Vinayak Damodar Savarkar: The Much-maligned and Misunderstood Revolutionary and Freedom Fighter | publisher=Northern Book Centre | author=Bhave, Y. G | year=2009 | pages=12–13 | isbn=978-8172112660 |accessdate=5 July 2014}}
12. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Uc9lLS2dqbUC&lpg=PP1&pg=PA15|title=Veer Vinayak Damodar Savarkar: An Immortal Revolutionary of India|last=Rana|first=Bhawan Singh|date=2004|publisher=Diamond Pocket Books (P) Ltd.|isbn=9788128808838|location=|page=15}}
13. ^{{cite news|title=Savarkar, Modi’s mentor: The man who thought Gandhi a sissy|url=https://www.economist.com/news/christmas-specials/21636599-controversial-mentor-hindu-right-man-who-thought-gandhi-sissy|accessdate=22 December 2014|work=The Economist|date=20 December 2014}}
14. ^{{cite book |author=Jyotirmaya Sharma |title=Hindutva: Exploring the Idea of Hindu Nationalism |publisher=Penguin Books India |edition=Third |year=2011 |isbn=9780143418184 |page=128}}
15. ^¹²³{{cite web| author = Amberish Diwanji| date = 28 July 2006| url = http://in.rediff.com/news/2004/aug/23spec1.htm| title = Who was Veer Savarkar? - Rediff.com| format = PHP| accessdate = 28 July 2006|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20060513095209/http://in.rediff.com/news/2004/aug/23spec1.htm |archivedate = 13 May 2006}}
16. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J3vsAgAAQBAJ&lpg=PP1&pg=PA129|title=South Asian Transnationalisms: Cultural Exchange in the Twentieth Century|author=Babli Sinha|date=2014|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781135718329|location=|page=129}}
17. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tdFADQAAQBAJ&lpg=PP1&pg=PT25|title=Veer Vinayak Damodar Savarkar: An Immortal Revolutionary of India|author=Bhawan Singh Rana|date=2016|publisher=Diamond Pocket Books Pvt Ltd|isbn=9788128835759}}
18. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JD1ZMJZZNr4C&lpg=PP1&pg=PA23|title=Veer Savarkar: Thought and Action of Vinayak Damodar Savarkar|author= Jyoti Trehan|date=1991|publisher=Deep & Deep Publications|isbn=9788171003228|location=|page=23}}
19. ^{{cite journal |url=http://www.lituanus.org/1972/72_3_04.htm |title=Legal Aspects of the Refusal of Asylum by U.S. Coast Guard on 23 November, 1970 |last1=Goldie |first1=Louis|year=1972 |journal=Lithuanian Quarterly Journal of Arts and Sciences|volume =18|issue=3 }}
20. ^{{cite web |url=http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf? |title=Hindu case at Hague: Question between France and England over extradition of student |last1= |first1= |last2= |first2= |date=15 February 1911 |website= |publisher=The New York Times|accessdate=2011-04-20}}
21. ^¹²³⁴⁵⁶⁷⁸{{Cite book |editor=M.R. Palande |title=Source Material for a History of the Freedom Movement of India |volume=2 | publisher=Government of Maharashtra |date=1958| location=Maharashtra |page= |url=https://cultural.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/VOL-II/REVOLUTIONARY_III.pdf |accessdate= }}
22. ^{{cite book |author= R.C. Majumdar |date=1975 |title=Penal Settlements in Andamans |location=New Delhi |publisher=Department of culture(Government of India) |pages=211–213}}
23. ^{{cite news | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Savarkar-had-begged-the-British-for-mercy/articleshow/8792427.cms | title=Savarkar had begged the British for mercy | work=Times of India | date=3 May 2002 | agency=Times of India | accessdate=29 May 2015}}
24. ^{{cite magazine |author= A.G. Noorani |date=8 April 2005 |title=Savarkar’s Mercy Petition |url=http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl2207/stories/20050408001903700.htm |magazine=Frontline |location= |publisher=The Hindu}}
25. ^{{Cite book | url=https://books.google.com/?id=1J3uk3x_k6sC | title=Veer Savarkar Father of Hindu Nationalism| isbn=9781847283801| last1=Joglekar| first1=Jaywant| date=2006-10-01}}
26. ^{{cite web |author = J. D. Joglekar |authorlink = |title = VEER SAVARKAR VINDICATED: A reply to a Marxist Calumny |website = Hindu Vivek Kendra Publications |publisher = Hindu Vivek Kendra |date = |url = http://www.hvk.org/Publications/veer.html |doi = |accessdate = 20 February 2010 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100301212443/http://www.hvk.org/Publications/veer.html |archive-date = 1 March 2010 |dead-url = yes |df = dmy-all}}
27. ^{{cite book|title=Veer Savarkar Father of Hindu Nationalism|isbn=978-1847283801|page=103|last1=Joglekar|first1=Jaywant|date=2006-10-01}}
28. ^{{cite book|author=Gyanendra Pandey|title=Routine violence: nations, fragments, histories|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Bd3kHO-lJ68C&pg=PA127|accessdate=3 March 2012|year=2006|publisher=Stanford University Press|isbn=978-0-8047-5264-0|pages=127–}}
29. ^{{cite book|author1=Stephen N Hay, William Theodore De Bary|author2=William Theodore De Bary|title=Sources of Indian Tradition|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MBWzV-TRXzkC&pg=PA880|accessdate=3 March 2012|date=May 1988|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishers (Pvt. Ltd)|isbn=978-81-208-0467-8|pages=880–}}
30. ^{{cite web | author =G.S. Bhargava | authorlink = | title =Apotheosis of Jinnah? | website = | publisher =The Tribune, Chandigarh | date = | url =http://www.tribuneindia.com/2005/20050613/edit.htm | doi = | accessdate =23 February 2010 }}
31. ^{{cite book|author=Prabhu Bapu|title=Hindu Mahasabha in Colonial North India, 1915-1930: Constructing Nation and History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iUFalxUFFWkC&pg=PA103|year=2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-67165-1|pages=103–}}
32. ^{{cite book|author=Prabhu Bapu|title=Hindu Mahasabha in Colonial North India, 1915-1930: Constructing Nation and History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iUFalxUFFWkC&pg=PA103|year=2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-67165-1|pages=103–}}
33. ^{{cite book |author=Vinayak Damodar Savarkar |date=1963 |title=Collected Works of V.d. Savarkar |publisher=Maharashtra Prantik Hindusabha |pages=479–480}}
34. ^{{cite book|author=Shamsul Islam|title=Religious Dimensions of Indian Nationalism: A Study of RSS|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iaQjbO8SN48C&pg=PA213|year=2006|publisher=Media House|isbn=978-81-7495-236-3|pages=213–}}
35. ^{{cite book|author=Mani Shankar Aiyar|title=A Time of Transition: Rajiv Gandhi to the 21st Century|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cpzzxxCgpbcC&pg=PT75|date=1 January 2009|publisher=Penguin Books India|isbn=978-0-670-08275-9|pages=75–}}
36. ^{{cite book|title=Asian Societies in Comparative Perspective: Papers Presented at the 7th Annual Conference of the Nordic Association for Southeast Asian Studies, Møn, Denmark, 1990|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6lmBbQXVCwoC&pg=PA800|year=1991|publisher=NIAS Press|isbn=978-87-87062-14-5|pages=800–}}
37. ^{{cite book|author=Abdul Gafoor Abdul Majeed Noorani|title=The RSS and the BJP: A Division of Labour|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6PnBFW7cdtsC&pg=PT59|year=2000|publisher=LeftWord Books|isbn=978-81-87496-13-7|pages=59–}}
38. ^{{cite book|author=Shamsul Islam|title=Religious Dimensions of Indian Nationalism: A Study of RSS|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iaQjbO8SN48C&pg=PA313|year=2006|publisher=Media House|isbn=978-81-7495-236-3|pages=313–}}
39. ^{{cite book |author= Craig Baxter |date=1969 |title=The jan Sangh: A biography of an Indian Political Party |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |page=20}}
40. ^{{cite book|author=Sumit Sarkar|title=Modern India 1886-1947|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PJeKBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA349|isbn=978-93-325-4085-9|pages=349–|year=2014}}
41. ^{{cite book|author=Shamsul Islam|title=Religious Dimensions of Indian Nationalism: A Study of RSS|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iaQjbO8SN48C&pg=PA213|year=2006|publisher=Media House|isbn=978-81-7495-236-3|pages=213–}}
42. ^{{cite book |author= Vinayak Damodar Savarkar |date=1963 |title=Collected Works of V.d. Savarkar |publisher=Maharashtra Prantik Hindusabha |pages=479–480}}
43. ^{{Cite book|title = Encyclopedia of Eminent Thinkers: The Political Thought Of Veer Savarkar|author = Jainayan Sharma|publisher = Concept Publishing Company|year = 2008|isbn = |location = New Delhi|page = 25}}
44. ^{{Cite web|url=http://savarkar.org/en/encyc/2017/5/23/2_12_15_55_historic_statements_by_savarkar.v001.pdf_1.pdf|title=Historic Statements by Savarkar|last=|first=|date=|website=Savarkar.org|access-date=}}
45. ^{{Cite web|url=http://savarkar.org/en/encyc/2017/5/29/Q-A4.html|title=What were the interactions between Savarkar and Dr. Ambedkar?|last=|first=|date=|website=Savarkar.org|access-date=}}
46. ^{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/towardsfreedomdo02maha|title=Towards Freedom, 1947, Part 2|last=Mahajan|first=Sucheta|date=2015|others=Public Resource}}
47. ^{{cite web | author =Vinayak Savarkar | authorlink = | title =GLAD TO NOTE THAT INDEPENDENT JEWISH STATE IS ESTABLISHED | website =Historic statements - Veer Savarkar | publisher =www.docstoc.com | date = | url =http://www.docstoc.com/docs/8423379/Historic-Statements-Veer-Savarkar | doi = | accessdate =23 February 2010 }}
48. ^{{cite web | title =Charges Framed against Savarkar and other accused | website = | publisher =www.savarkar.org | date = | url =http://www.savarkar.org/en/biography/charges-framed-against-savarkar-mahatma-gandhi-murder-case | doi = | accessdate =2 September 2010 }}
49. ^{{cite web | title =Written Statement of Savarkar | publisher =www.savarkar.org | date = | url =http://www.savarkar.org/en/biography/written-statement-savarkar | doi = | accessdate =2 September 2010 }}
50. ^{{cite web |author = Manohar Malgaokar |title = AUTHOR'S NOTE TO THE FIRST EDITION |website = |publisher = www.indiaclub.com |date = |url = http://www.indiaclub.com/shop/searchresults.asp?ProdStock=23826 |doi = |accessdate = 2 September 2010 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120321234855/http://www.indiaclub.com/shop/searchresults.asp?ProdStock=23826 |archive-date = 21 March 2012 |dead-url = yes |df = dmy-all}}
51. ^¹²³⁴{{Cite book|title=The Men Who Killed Gandhi|author= Manohar Malgonkar|publisher=Lotus (Roli Books)|year=2008|isbn=978-8174366177|location=New Delhi|page=354}}
52. ^Abdul Gafoor Abdul Majeed Noorani (2002) Savarkar and Hindutva: the Godse connection LeftWord Books, {{ISBN|81-87496-28-2}}, {{ISBN|978-81-87496-28-1}} p. 4 & 114
53. ^Mahatma Gandhi--the last phase, Volume 2 Navajivan Pub. House, 1958 p.752
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61. ^{{cite news|title=Savarkar dead|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=YYplAAAAIBAJ&sjid=d54NAAAAIBAJ&pg=219%2C831059|accessdate=28 February 2018|work=The Indian Express|date=27 February 1966|pages=1, 5}}
62. ^{{cite news|title=Savarkar's last journey|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19660228&printsec=frontpage&hl=en|accessdate=28 February 2018|newspaper=The Indian Express|agency=Press Trust of India|date=28 February 1966|page=1}}
63. ^name=kuru>J. Kuruvachira (2006) Hindu nationalists of modern India: a critical study of the intellectual genealogy of Hindutva Rawat Publications. {{ISBN|81-7033-995-2}}, {{ISBN|978-81-7033-995-3}}
64. ^¹{{cite web| author = Vinay Lal| date = 22 October 2006| url = http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/southasia/History/Hindu_Rashtra/veer.html| title = Veer Savarkar - Ideologue of Hindutva| format = PHP| accessdate = 22 October 2006}}
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66. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.haindavakeralam.com/hkpage.aspx?PageID=10485&SKIN=B |title=Feb 26-Atmasamarpan divas of Veer Savarkar |publisher=Haindavakeralam.com |date= |accessdate=28 September 2012}}
67. ^{{cite book|author=Vinayak D. Savarkar|title=Essentials of Hindutva|location=Ratnagiri|year=1923|chapter=Who is a Hindu|chapter-url=http://www.savarkar.org/content/pdfs/en/essentials_of_hindutva.v001.pdf}}
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73. ^{{cite book|last1=Joglekar|first1=Jaywant|title=Veer Savarkar Father of Hindu Nationalism|date=2006|isbn=978-1-84728-380-1|page=106|url=https://books.google.com/?id=1J3uk3x_k6sC&pg=PA106&lpg=PA106}}
74. ^{{Cite book|title = My Transportation for Life|author = Vinayak Savarkar|publisher = Swatantryaveer Savarkar Rashtriya Smarak Trust|year = 1984|isbn = |location = Mumbai (India)|pages = }}
75. ^{{Cite book|title = Mazi Janmathep|author = Vinayak Savarkar|publisher = Parchure Prakashan Mandir|year = 1927|isbn = 9788186530122|location = |pages = }}
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77. ^¹{{cite journal |title=Hindutva's Foreign Tie-Up in the 1930s: Archival Evidence |author=Marzia Casolari |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=35 |issue=4 |pages=222–224}}
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80. ^{{cite book |title=Jews and India: Perceptions and Image |author=Yulia Egorova |page=41 |publisher=Routledge |year=2008}}
81. ^{{citation |author=Nicholas F. Gier |title=The Origins of Religious Violence: An Asian Perspective |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0LBhBAAAQBAJ |year=2014 |publisher=Lexington Books |isbn=978-0-7391-9223-8 |page=35}}
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83. ^{{cite book|title=The Wheel of Law: India's Secularism in Comparative Constitutional Context|author=Gary Jacobsohn|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=2009|page=227|isbn=978-0195667240}}
84. ^{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/Hindudhuwja|title=Hindudhuwja|last=Hindu rashtra}}
85. ^{{Cite book|url=https://www.scribd.com/document/95096849/Historic-Statements-by-Veer-Savarkar|title=Historic Statements By Veer Savarkar|last=Savarkar|first=VD|publisher=|year=|isbn=|location=|pages=127}}
86. ^{{cite book |title=Sources of Indian Traditions: Modern India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh |editors=Rachel Fell McDermott, Leonard A. Gordon, Ainslie T. Embree, Frances W. Pritchett, Dennis Dalton |publisher=Cambridge University Press |page=483|year=2014|isbn=978-0231138307}}
87. ^{{cite journal |author =Vinayak Chaturvedi|title=Vinayak & me: Hindutva and the politics of naming |journal=Social History |volume=28 |issue=2 |year=2003 |pages=155–173 |doi=10.1080/0307102032000082525 |quote=Savarkar had acquired an important public reputation throughout India, especially within the Hindu Mahasabha, for his nationalist and anti-Muslim writings, for his patriotic actions in India and Britain, and for having spent the bulk of his adult life as a political prisoner.}}
88. ^¹{{cite journal |author =Vinayak Chaturvedi |title=Rethinking knowledge with action: V. D. Savarkar, the Bhagavad Gita, and histories of warfare |journal=Modern Intellectual History |volume=7 |issue=2 |year=2010 |pages=417–435 [420] |doi=10.1017/S1479244310000144 |quote=As one of the intellectual founders of Hindu nationalism, Savarkar has emerged as the most controversial Indian political thinker of the last century, gaining notoriety for his program to "Hinduize Politics and Militarize Hindudom", for his anti-Muslim and anti-Christian politics, and for his advocacy of violence in everyday life.}}
89. ^{{cite book |title=Hinduism, Modernity and Knowledge: India |chapter=International Handbook of Comparative Education |author=Joseph W. Elder |editors=Cowen, Robert, Kazamias, Andreas M. |publisher=Springer Netherlands |page=880 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xCJFq4D4r-8C&pg=PA880 |quote=He described Mahatma Gandhi’s nonviolence as “absolutely sinful” and criticized Gandhi’s often-expressed concern for the well-being of India’s Muslims.|isbn=9781402064036 |date=2009}}
90. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RxuJCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT100|title=State and Civil Society under Siege: Hindutva, Security and Militarism in India|author= P. M. Joshy and K. M. Seethi|date=2015|publisher=SAGE Publications India|isbn=9789351503835|location=|page=100}}
91. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XAO3i_gS61wC&pg=PA45|title=Religion, Caste, and Politics in India|author=Christophe Jaffrelot|date=2010|publisher=Primus Books|isbn=9789380607047|location=|page=45}}
92. ^{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/spotlight/Atheist-fundamentalists/articleshow/6014430.cms|title=Atheist fundamentalists |work=The Times of India|access-date=2017-05-31}}
93. ^{{cite web |title=Six Glorious Epochs of Indian History |url=http://dl.dropbox.com/u/16206506/six_glorious_epochs-1to6_savarkar_en_v000.pdf |publisher=Dropbox |format=PDF |accessdate=26 February 2013 }}{{Dead link|date=January 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
94. ^[https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0303187 Veer Savarkar (2001)]. IMDb
95. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2001/sep/06news.htm |title=Cut to Cut |work=Rediff|date=6 September 2001 |accessdate=8 March 2012}}
96. ^{{cite news|title=Shiv Sena Demands Bharat Ratna for Veer Savarkar|url=http://news.biharprabha.com/2015/09/shiv-sena-demands-bharat-ratna-for-veer-savarkar/|accessdate=15 September 2015|agency=ANI|publisher=news.biharprabha.com|date=15 September 2015}}
97. ^Uddhav Thackeray seeks 'Bharat Ratna' for Veer Savarkar. Dnaindia.com (2017-04-23). Retrieved on 2018-12-17.