| 词条 | Vincent Sarich |
| 释义 |
|name = Vincent M. Sarich |image = |image_size = |caption = |birth_date = {{birth-date|December 13, 1934}} |birth_place = Chicago, Illinois, U.S. |death_date = {{Death-date and age|October 27, 2012|December 13, 1934}} |death_place = Seattle, Washington, U.S. |residence = |citizenship = |nationality = American |fields = Anthropology |workplaces = University of Auckland |alma_mater = {{nowraplinks|Illinois Institute of Technology University of California, Berkeley}} |doctoral_advisor = Sherwood Washburn |academic_advisors = |doctoral_students = |notable_students = |known_for = Research in human evolution[1] |author_abbrev_bot = |author_abbrev_zoo = |influences = |influenced = |awards = Kistler Prize (2004) |religion = |signature = |footnotes = }} Vincent Matthew Sarich (December 13, 1934{{spaced ndash}}October 27, 2012) was an American anthropologist. He was Professor Emeritus in anthropology at University of California, Berkeley. Early life and educationBorn in Chicago, he received a bachelor of science in chemistry from Illinois Institute of Technology and his masters and doctorate in anthropology from University of California, Berkeley, where he was supervised by Sherwood Washburn. He was a member of the Department of Anthropology at Stanford from 1967 to 1981, and taught at UC Berkeley from 1966 through 1994. As a doctoral student, and along with his PhD supervisor Allan Wilson, Sarich measured the strength of immunological cross-reactions of blood serum albumin between pairs of creatures, including humans and African apes (chimpanzees and gorillas).[2] The strength of the reaction could be expressed numerically as an Immunological Distance, which was in turn proportional to the number of amino acid differences between homologous proteins in different species. Sarich and Wilson showed that the pattern of differences between modern species could only be explained if the molecular change along different lineages had in fact accumulated approximately equally (i.e., where a type of 'molecular clock').[3][4][5] This method they called the relative rate test, and it showed that one could empirically test whether the molecular change was constant simply by looking at the pattern of differences between modern forms of the molecule. By constructing a calibration curve of the I.D. of species' pairs with best-attested divergence times in the fossil record, the data could be used as a molecular clock to estimate the times of divergence of pairs with poorer or unknown fossil records. CareerIn their 1967 paper Immunological time scale for hominid evolution in Science, Sarich and Wilson estimated the divergence time of humans and apes as four to five million years ago,[2] at a time when standard interpretations of the fossil record gave this divergence as at least 10 to as much as 30 million years. Their logic first involved showing empirically that the albumins of several Old World Monkey (Cercopithecoidea) species was equally different from human albumin and chimpanzee albumin (within experimental error). This constituted a relative rate test of molecular change, and showed that both human and chimpanzee albumin lineages must have accumulated approximately equal amounts of change since their common ancestor (else one would be more different from the outgroup monkeys than the other), thereby providing direct empirical evidence of an approximate molecular clock for this molecule. This same pattern (i.e., equal distance between any two species and a more distantly related 'outgroup' species) held for all the empirical comparisons they made among primate species (within experimental error). Further work on additional molecules (for example, transferrin and hemoglobin) showed that these had also evolved in an approximate clocklike pattern in different Primate lineages. Phylogenetic trees based on these pattern of species differences were then constructed, though these could only indicate relative branch points, because the molecular differences - though having been shown by the relative rate test to have evolved approximately clocklike over millions of years - could not by themselves indicate how fast or slow the clock was (i.e., how many changes had occurred per unit of time). For this, Sarich and Wilson used the most well-established fossil evidence (In particular: no primates of modern aspect had been found prior to the K-T boundary, ~65 million years ago) to calibrate the tree's branch points. This work on a variety of molecules (and confirmed by modern DNA differences) consistently suggested a recent (~5 million year old) common ancestry with the African apes (chimpanzees and gorillas).[5] Subsequent fossil discoveries, notably Lucy, and reinterpretation of older fossil materials, notably Ramapithecus, showed these younger estimates to be likely correct and have validated the pattern implied initially by Sarich and Wilson's albumin data. Empirical demonstrations that the molecular clock principle held among large groups of organisms (through application of the relative rate test) revolutionized the study of molecular evolution.[6] Sarich's later work on race strengthened his reputation as a controversial figure. He applied his earlier work to racial differentiation, which he saw as subgroupings below the level of species.{{Citation needed|date=March 2009}} He also argued that the smaller the amount of time required to create a given number of morphological difference, the more selectively significant the differences would necessarily be. Sarich was a proponent of sociobiology, evolutionary psychology, and that racial differences were real and represented evolved geographic populational differences (on average), which often caused him to be the subject of controversy by activists at Berkeley.[9] In 1994, Sarich was a signatory of a collective statement titled Mainstream Science on Intelligence,[7] written by Linda Gottfredson and published in the Wall Street Journal. Sarich also wrote a defense of The Bell Curve.[8] After retirement from Berkeley, he occasionally lectured in anthropology at the University of Auckland, New Zealand for a number of years. At the time of his death he was living in Seattle with his daughter, her partner, and grandson. CriticismSome of Sarich's teachings were criticized by some students and faculty, who argued they believed they were not based in science, and his critics said some of his statements were demeaning to women, nonwhites and homosexuals.[9] Other students defended him against these charges, however, and defended his teaching.[9] In an interview with The New York Times, Sarich agreed with his critics, who stated that there was little or no scientific basis for his claims about homosexuality, or on the relationship that he was then teaching of brain size to intelligence. He told the Times there seems to be a correlation but "there is not a lot of evidence to support that theory because there isn't a lot of research done on the subject."[9] Bibliography
Notes1. ^{{cite web|title=Kistler Prize 2004 Recipient|url=http://www.futurefoundation.org/awards/kpr_2004_sarich.htm|accessdate=2009-04-04|publisher=Foundation for the Future|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5fmnGUA0u?url=http://www.futurefoundation.org/awards/kpr_2004_sarich.htm|archivedate=2009-04-04|deadurl=yes}} 2. ^1 {{Cite journal | last1 = Sarich | first1 = V. M. | last2 = Wilson | first2 = A. C. | title = Immunological time scale for hominid evolution | journal = Science | volume = 158 | issue = 3805 | pages = 1200–1203 | year = 1967 | pmid = 4964406 | doi=10.1126/science.158.3805.1200}} 3. ^{{Cite journal|last=Sarich|first=V M|last2=Wilson|first2=A C|date=July 1967|title=Rates of albumin evolution in primates.|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America|volume=58|issue=1|pages=142–148|issn=0027-8424|pmid=4962458|pmc=335609|doi=10.1073/pnas.58.1.142}} 4. ^{{Cite journal|last=Sarich|first=V. M.|last2=Wilson|first2=A. C.|date=1967-12-01|title=Immunological time scale for hominid evolution|journal=Science|volume=158|issue=3805|pages=1200–1203|issn=0036-8075|pmid=4964406|doi=10.1126/science.158.3805.1200}} 5. ^1 {{Cite journal|last=Wilson|first=A. C.|last2=Sarich|first2=V. M.|date=August 1969|title=A molecular time scale for human evolution|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America|volume=63|issue=4|pages=1088–1093|issn=0027-8424|pmid=4982244|pmc=223432|doi=10.1073/pnas.63.4.1088}} 6. ^{{Cite journal|last=Kumar|first=Sudhir|date=August 2005|title=Molecular clocks: four decades of evolution|journal=Nature Reviews Genetics|volume=6|issue=8|pages=654–662|doi=10.1038/nrg1659|pmid=16136655|issn=1471-0064}} 7. ^Gottfredson, Linda (December 13, 1994). Mainstream Science on Intelligence. Wall Street Journal, p A18. 8. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.skeptic.com/reading_room/defending-the-bell-curve-the-importance-of-human-differences/|title=In Defense of the Bell Curve: The Reality of Race and the Importance of Human Differences|date=2017-04-26|work=Skeptic|access-date=2018-10-22}} 9. ^1 2 3 {{cite web | url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/12/23/style/campus-life-berkeley-campus-is-split-over-statements-by-a-professor.html | title=Campus Life: Berkeley; Campus Is Split Over Statements By a Professor | work=The New York Times | date=December 23, 1990 | accessdate=January 10, 2015}} References{{refbegin}}
External links
9 : 1934 births|2012 deaths|American paleoanthropologists|Illinois Institute of Technology alumni|Race and intelligence controversy|Scientific racism|University of Auckland faculty|University of California, Berkeley alumni|University of California, Berkeley faculty |
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