| 词条 | Vinnytsia | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
|official_name = Vinnytsia |settlement_type = City of regional significance |native_name = {{lang|uk|Вінниця}} |other_name = {{lang|pl|Winnica}} |nickname = pearl of Podolia |image_skyline = Old Tower night winter 2011 G1.jpg |imagesize = 250px |image_caption = The former water tower in the center of Vinnytsia, Ukraine (now the War Veterans' Museum). View in the winter evening. |image_flag = Flag of Vinnycia.svg |image_shield = Vinnytsya gerb.png |motto = |pushpin_map = Ukraine Vinnytsia Oblast#Ukraine |subdivision_type = Country |subdivision_name ={{UKR}} |subdivision_type1 = Oblast |subdivision_name1 = {{flag|Vinnytsia Oblast}} |subdivision_type2 = Raion |subdivision_name2 = Vinnytsia City Municipality |established_title = Founded |established_date = 1363 |established_title1 = |established_date1 = |leader_title = Mayor |leader_name = {{ill|Serhiy Morhunov|uk|Моргунов Сергій Анатолійович}} |area_magnitude = |area_total_km2 = 113,2 |area_land_km2 = |area_water_km2 = |population_as_of =2015 |population_note = |population_total = 372,484 |population_footnotes= |population_metro = 660000 |population_density_km2 = 5066 |coordinates = {{coord|49|14|N|28|29|E|region:UA|display=inline,title}} |elevation_m = |postal_code_type=Postal code |postal_code = 21000- |area_code = +380 432 |blank_info_sec1 = Birmingham, Kielce, Peterborough, Rîbnița |blank_name_sec1=Sister cities |website = {{url|vmr.gov.ua}} |footnotes = |timezone1 = UTC+2|timezone2 = UTC+3}} Vinnytsia ({{lang-uk|Ві́нниця|Vinnycja}}, {{IPA-uk|ˈʋinːɪtsʲɐ|pron}}; {{lang-de|Winniza}}, {{lang-pl|Winnica}}, {{lang-ro|Vinița}}, {{lang-ru|Ви́нница|Vinnica}} and {{lang-yi|וויניצע|translit=Vinitse}})is a city in west-central Ukraine, located on the banks of the Southern Bug. It is the administrative center of Vinnytsia Oblast and the largest city in the historic region of Podillia. Administratively, it is incorporated as a town of oblast significance. It also serves as an administrative center of Vinnytsia Raion, one of the 27 districts of Vinnytsia Oblast, though it is not a part of the district. Population: {{Ua-pop-est2015|372,484}} The city's roots date back to the Middle Ages and it was under Polish control for centuries until the Russian Empire annexed it in 1793. During 1930s and early 1940s the city was the site of massacres, first during Stalin's purges and then during the Holocaust in Ukraine and the Nazi occupation. A Cold War-era airbase was located near the city. NameThe name of Vinnytsia appeared for the first time in 1363. It is assumed that the name is derived from the old Slavic word "Vino", meaning "given as a gift." This name can be explained by the fact that the Vinnytsia and surrounding land were captured by Lithuanian Duke Algirdas in the 14th century, and then, they were given as a gift to his nephews. [1]GeographyLocationVinnytsia is located about {{convert|260|km|mi|abbr=on}} southwest of the Ukrainian capital, Kyiv, {{convert|429|km|mi|abbr=on}} north-northwest of the Black Sea port city of Odessa, and {{convert|369|km|mi|abbr=on}} east of Lviv. It is the administrative center of the Vinnytsia Oblast (province), as well as the administrative center of the surrounding Vinnytsia Raion (district) within the oblast. The city itself is directly subordinated to the oblast. ClimateA long lasting warm summer with a sufficient quantity of moisture and a comparatively short winter is characteristic of Vinnytsia. The average temperature in January is {{convert|-5.8|°C|°F}} and {{convert|18.3|°C|°F}} in July. The average annual precipitation is {{convert|638|mm|in|0|abbr=on}}. Over the course of a year there are around 6–9 days when snowstorms occur, 37–60 days when mists occur during the cold period, and 3–5 days when thunderstorms with hail occur. {{Weather box|location = Vinnytsia, Ukraine |metric first = Yes |single line = Yes | Jan record high C = 11.6 | Feb record high C = 17.3 | Mar record high C = 22.3 | Apr record high C = 29.4 | May record high C = 32.2 | Jun record high C = 35.0 | Jul record high C = 37.8 | Aug record high C = 37.3 | Sep record high C = 31.5 | Oct record high C = 28.6 | Nov record high C = 19.9 | Dec record high C = 15.4 |year record high C = 37.8 | Jan high C = -1.4 | Feb high C = -0.3 | Mar high C = 5.1 | Apr high C = 13.4 | May high C = 20.1 | Jun high C = 22.7 | Jul high C = 24.8 | Aug high C = 24.3 | Sep high C = 18.7 | Oct high C = 12.4 | Nov high C = 4.7 | Dec high C = -0.4 |year high C = 12.0 | Jan mean C = -4.1 | Feb mean C = -3.3 | Mar mean C = 1.2 | Apr mean C = 8.3 | May mean C = 14.5 | Jun mean C = 17.4 | Jul mean C = 19.2 | Aug mean C = 18.6 | Sep mean C = 13.4 | Oct mean C = 7.8 | Nov mean C = 1.7 | Dec mean C = -2.8 |year mean C = 7.7 | Jan low C = -6.7 | Feb low C = -6.1 | Mar low C = -2.2 | Apr low C = 3.7 | May low C = 9.1 | Jun low C = 12.3 | Jul low C = 14.1 | Aug low C = 13.4 | Sep low C = 8.9 | Oct low C = 4.0 | Nov low C = -0.8 | Dec low C = -5.2 |year low C = 3.7 | Jan record low C = -35.5 | Feb record low C = -33.6 | Mar record low C = -24.2 | Apr record low C = -12.7 | May record low C = -2.8 | Jun record low C = 2.5 | Jul record low C = 5.2 | Aug record low C = 1.5 | Sep record low C = -4.5 | Oct record low C = -11.4 | Nov record low C = -24.6 | Dec record low C = -27.2 |year record low C = -35.5 |precipitation colour = green | Jan precipitation mm = 29 | Feb precipitation mm = 28 | Mar precipitation mm = 30 | Apr precipitation mm = 45 | May precipitation mm = 50 | Jun precipitation mm = 94 | Jul precipitation mm = 86 | Aug precipitation mm = 67 | Sep precipitation mm = 61 | Oct precipitation mm = 31 | Nov precipitation mm = 38 | Dec precipitation mm = 35 |year precipitation mm = 594 |Jan humidity = 85 |Feb humidity = 83 |Mar humidity = 78 |Apr humidity = 68 |May humidity = 66 |Jun humidity = 72 |Jul humidity = 72 |Aug humidity = 71 |Sep humidity = 76 |Oct humidity = 80 |Nov humidity = 86 |Dec humidity = 88 |year humidity = 77 | Jan rain days = 7 | Feb rain days = 6 | Mar rain days = 10 | Apr rain days = 13 | May rain days = 14 | Jun rain days = 15 | Jul rain days = 15 | Aug rain days = 10 | Sep rain days = 12 | Oct rain days = 11 | Nov rain days = 12 | Dec rain days = 9 |year rain days = 134 |Jan snow days = 16 |Feb snow days = 16 |Mar snow days = 11 |Apr snow days = 3 |May snow days = 0.1 |Jun snow days = 0 |Jul snow days = 0 |Aug snow days = 0 |Sep snow days = 0 |Oct snow days = 1 |Nov snow days = 8 |Dec snow days = 14 |year snow days = 69 |Jan sun = 58 |Feb sun = 70 |Mar sun = 114 |Apr sun = 171 |May sun = 248 |Jun sun = 255 |Jul sun = 267 |Aug sun = 261 |Sep sun = 194 |Oct sun = 132 |Nov sun = 58 |Dec sun = 41 |year sun = 1869 |source 1 = Pogoda.ru.net[2] |source 2 = NOAA (sun only 1961–1990)[3] |date=August 2012}} HistoryFrom Medieval to Early Modern period{{unreferenced section|date=June 2016}}{{Quote box |width=24em |align=left |bgcolor=GhostWhite|title=Historical affiliations |quote={{flagicon image|Alex K Grundwald flags 1410-03.svg}} Grand Duchy of Lithuania 1363–1569 {{flagicon image|Chorągiew królewska króla Zygmunta III Wazy.svg}} Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth 1569–1672 {{flagicon image|Flag of the Ottoman Empire (1517-1844).svg}} Ottoman Empire 1672–1699 {{flagicon image|Royal Banner of Stanisław II of Poland.svg}} Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth 1699–1793 {{flag|Russian Empire}} 1793–1917 {{flagicon|RUS}} Russian Republic 1917 {{flagicon|UKR}} Various Ukrainian states 1917–1920 {{flagicon image|Flag of Ukrainian SSR (1919-1929).svg}} Soviet Ukraine 1920–1922 {{flag|Soviet Union}} 1922–1991 (Occupied by Nazi Germany between 1941-1944) {{flag|Ukraine}} 1991–present }} Vinnytsia has been an important trade and political center since the fourteenth century, when Fiodor Koriatowicz, the nephew of the Lithuanian Duke Algirdas, built a fortress (1363) against Tatar raiders on the banks of the Southern Bug. The original settlement was built and populated by Aleksander Hrehorovicz Jelec, hetman under Lithuanian Prince Švitrigaila. Aleksander Jelec built the fort, which he commanded as starosta afterwards. In the 15th century, Lithuanian Grand Duke Alexander Jagiellon granted Winnica Magdeburg city rights. In 1566, it became part of the Bracław Voivodeship. Between 1569 and 1793 the town was a part of Poland and in this period, for a short time between 1672 and 1699 was a part of the Ottoman Empire. During period of Polish rule, Winnica was a Polish royal city. On March 18, 1783, Antoni Protazy Potocki opened in Winnica the Trade Company Poland. After Second Partition of Poland in 1793 the Russian Empire annexed the city and the region. Russia moved to expunge the Roman Catholic religion – Catholic churches in the city (including what is now the Transfiguration Cathedral) were converted to Russian Orthodox churches. According to the Russian census of 1897, Vinnytsia with a population of 30,563 was the third largest city of Podolia after Kamianets-Podilskyi and Uman. World War IIVinnytsia was occupied by German troops on 19 July 1941 during World War II. In 1943, the Germans exhumed 9,439 bodies, mostly male and ethnically Ukrainian, from mass graves to discredit Soviet Communist government claims that men had been sent to prison, and not executed. {{Citation needed|date=June 2016}} The majority of the executions were believed to have happened during the Stalinist Great Purge between 1937–1938 in the Vinnytsia massacre. Adolf Hitler sited his eastern headquarters, Führerhauptquartier Werwolf or Wehrwolf, at the Wehrmacht headquarters [4] near the town; the complex was built in 1941-1942 by Russian prisoners of war; many of them were subsequently killed.[5] Hitler's accommodation consisted of a log cabin built around a private courtyard with its own concrete bunker[6] but the complex included about 20 other log buildings, a power generating station, gardens, wells, three bunkers, a swimming pool, and wire; it was surrounded by defensive positions.[7] Hitler spent a number of weeks at Wehrwolf in 1942 and early 1943.[8] The few remains of the Wehrwolf site (described by one report as a "pile of concrete", because it was destroyed by the Nazis in 1944,)[9] can be visited but plans to create a full-fledged museum had not come to fruition as of August 2018.[10][11]Nazi atrocities were committed in and near Vinnytsia by Einsatzgruppe C. Estimates of the number of victims often run as high as 28,000 although historian Oliver Rathkolb states that 35,000 Jews were deported from the Vinnytsia region and most of those later died.[12] In 1942 a large part of the Jewish quarter of Yerusalimka was destroyed by Germans. One infamous photo, The Last Jew of Vinnytsia, shows a member of Einsatzgruppe D about to execute a Jewish man kneeling before a mass grave.[13] The text The Last Jew of Vinnytsia was written on the back of the photograph, which was found in a photo album belonging to a German soldier. It was captured by the Red Army on 20 March 1944. Cold War periodSince the end of World War II, Vinnytsia has been the home for major Soviet Air Forces base, including an airfield, a hospital, arsenals, and other military installations. The headquarters of the 43rd Rocket Army of the Strategic Rocket Forces was stationed in Vinnytsia from 1960 to the early 1990s.[14] The 2nd Independent Heavy Bomber Aviation Corps, which later became 24th Air Army, was also stationed in Vinnytsia from 1960 to 1992. The Ukrainian Air Force Command has been based in Vinnytsia since 1992. {{Citation needed|date=June 2016}} Spy townIn early 1959, Major Per Lindgren, writing in the Swedish military journal "Contact with the Armed Forces" reported that the Soviet Union had built a school in Vinnytsia for training KGB infiltrators in how to live in the United States. A mock-up of an entire American small town was built, complete with American-style stores, movie theater, houses, restaurants, American vehicles, and a small college campus that served as the classrooms of the school.[15][16] In 1960 the Central Intelligence Agency created a educational documentary entitled "Spy Town".[17] EducationThere are many educational universities and research institutions in Vinnytsia:
There is also the Regional Universal Scientific Library named after Kliment Timiryazev in Vinnytsia. EconomyVinnytsia is a tourist {{citation needed|date=November 2016}}, scientific and industrial center in Ukraine. There are the Roshen confectionery corporation, the Crystal diamond polishing corporation,[18] RPC Fort largest Ukrainian firearms manufacturing corporation, Analog corporation,[19] Mayak corporation,[20] Budmash corporation,[21] Agregat corporation,[22] Pnevmatika corporation,[23], PlasmaTec corporation [24] etc. The headquarters of the Ukrainian Air Force is situated in Vinnytsia. PoliticsVinnytsia is considered the long-time political base for the current Ukrainian President Petro Poroshenko. He owns a local confectionery (as part of the Roshen Corporation) and was elected member of parliament from the local constituency for several convocations. However, contrary to some speculations, Poroshenko has never lived in the city. The present Ukrainian Prime Minister Volodymyr Groysman is from Vinnytsia. Parks and squaresCentral urban park in VinnytsiaPark of Culture and Rest named after Maxim Gorky located in Vinnytsia city - between the streets of the Cathedral (center), May Day and Khmelnytsky highway. The park is 40 hectares. In the park there are numerous monuments (Gorky at the main entrance ,soldiers in Afghanistan ,Sich Riflemen, killed police officers), and "Walk illustrious countrymen" are objects of leisure and recreation: a concert hall "Rainbow", a summer theater, stadium, ice club, city planetarium, numerous attractions and gaming machines. For more than 70 years history of the park has always been a place of celebration as the general public and local/municipal events and holidays. Fine tradition was held in the park folk festivals and holidays is particularly on City Day, Victory Day, Independence Day and more. Buildings and structures
TransportAirHavryshivka International Airport (IATA: VIN, ICAO: UKWW) is situated near Vinnytsia. RailwayThere is a railway station in Vinnytsia, which is a part of 'South-Western Railway'. In 2013 it was named among 10 biggest railway stations in Ukraine[28] Current building of Vinnytsia railway station was built in 1952 and considered to be the 4th railway building in Vinnytsia (previous three were destroyed in different years). Vinnytsia is an important transport point, both for internal and external railway connection. Most of the international trains, which cross through Ukraine, have a stop in Vinnytsia. For example, trains from Moscow and Saint Petersburg (Russia), Minsk (Belarus), Sofia (Bulgaria), Chisinau (Moldova), Bratislava (Slovakia), Belgrade (Serbia), Budapest (Hungary) transit through Vinnytsia.[28] [In internal railiway connection, Vinnytsia is also an important transport point for trains, heading to Western Ukraine (Lviv, Khmelnytskyi, Chernivtsi) and to South (Odessa), as well as to Central Ukraine (Kiev). TramThe tram is the most popular public transport in Vinnytsia. There are six tram routes in Vinnytsia (1,2,3,4,5,6).[29]
There are a lot of trams in Vinnytsia. The newest ones (blue trams) are from Switzerland. BusThere are the central bus station[30] and the Western bus station in Vinnytsia.[31][32] ==Notable people==
International relations{{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in Ukraine}}Twin towns — Sister citiesVinnytsia is twinned with:[33]
GallerySee also{{Portal|Ukraine}}
References1. ^http://www.diclib.com/cgi-bin/d1.cgi?l=ru&base=geo_rus&page=showid&id=1223#.V1KMRE2R_IU 2. ^{{cite web|url = http://www.pogodaiklimat.ru/climate/33562.htm| title = Pogoda.ru.net| accessdate = 13 October 2015|publisher = | language = Russian|date=May 2011}} 3. ^{{cite web| url = ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG_VI/UP/33562.TXT| title = Vinnica (Vinnytsia) Climate Normals 1961–1990| publisher = National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration| accessdate = 13 October 2015}} 4. ^{{cite book |last=Rathkolb |first=Oliver |date=1 August 2004 |title=Revisiting the National Socialist Legacy: Coming to Terms With Forced Labor, Expropriation, Compensation, and Restitution |url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=MSa7B9oovacC&pg=PA179&dq=nazis+Vinnytsia+jews&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjL4ZeMq5DdAhVj5IMKHcppBEgQ6AEIOTAD#v=onepage&q=nazis%20Vinnytsia%20jews&f=false |publisher=Transaction |page=179 |isbn=978-0765805966}} 5. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.com/travel/story/20120308-hitlers-ukrainian-bunker-revealed|title=Hitler's Ukranian Bunker Revealed|date=12 March 2012 |work=BBC|accessdate=28 August 2018}} 6. ^{{cite book|last1=Felton|first1=Mark|title=Guarding Hitler: The Secret World of the Fuhrer|date=4 August 2014|publisher=Pen and Sword Military |url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=qT4RBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT149&dq=Vinnytsia+Hitler+log+cabin+concrete+bunker&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjB7-iqsJDdAhXC64MKHWaUCEoQ6AEIKTAA#v=onepage&q=Vinnytsia%20Hitler%20log%20cabin%20concrete%20bunker&f=false |location=London|isbn=1781593051}} 7. ^{{https://books.google.ca/books?id=JT1pCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA292&dq=Vinnytsia+Hitler++log+cabins&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjChrLdtJDdAhUMwYMKHchBCh4Q6AEIKTAA#v=onepage&q=Vinnytsia%20Hitler%20%20log%20cabins&f=false|page=292{{ 8. ^{{cite book|last1=Speer|first1=Albert|title=Inside the Third Reich|date=1995|publisher=Weidenfeld & Nicolson|location=London|isbn=9781842127353|pages=328-329}} 9. ^{{cite web|url=https://ktelegram.com/travel-by-ukraine-incredible-places-in-vinnytsia-region-from-which-is-breathtaking-24-channel/18705 |title=Hitler's headquarters "Werwolf" |work=The Koz Telegram |date=18 August 2018 |accessdate=28 August 2018}} 10. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.com/travel/story/20120308-hitlers-ukrainian-bunker-revealed |title=Hitler's Ukranian Bunker Revealed |date=12 March 2012 |accessdate=28 August 2018}} 11. ^{{cite web|url=https://discover-ukraine.info/places/central-ukraine/vinnytsia/322 |title=Hitler's headquarters "Werwolf"|date=2018 |accessdate=28 August 2018}} 12. ^{{cite book |last=Rathkolb |first=Oliver |date=1 August 2004 |title=Revisiting the National Socialist Legacy: Coming to Terms With Forced Labor, Expropriation, Compensation, and Restitution |url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=MSa7B9oovacC&pg=PA179&dq=nazis+Vinnytsia+jews&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjL4ZeMq5DdAhVj5IMKHcppBEgQ6AEIOTAD#v=onepage&q=nazis%20Vinnytsia%20jews&f=false |publisher=Transaction |page=179 |isbn=978-0765805966}} 13. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.worldsfamousphotos.com/index.php/2007/07/03/the-last-jew-in-vinnitsa-1941/ |title=The last Jew in Vinnytsia [1941] |publisher=World's famous photos |accessdate=26 August 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100430075745/http://www.worldsfamousphotos.com/index.php/2007/07/03/the-last-jew-in-vinnitsa-1941/ |archivedate=30 April 2010 |df= }} 14. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ww2.dk/new/rvsn/43ma.htm |title=43rd Missile Army |publisher=Ww2.dk |date= |accessdate=2011-09-16}} 15. ^KGB Spy Town 16. ^Author Unknown, (1959, April 27), RUSSIA: Iowa in the Ukraine, 'Time Magazine', Retrieved from http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,811036,00.html 17. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mTFTz6-zxLw& |title=Small Town Espionage – 1960 Soviet Spy School / CIA Educational Documentary – WDTVLIVE42 |publisher=YouTube |date=2012-07-20 |accessdate=2014-07-17}} 18. ^http://vinnitsakristall.com/ 19. ^http://zavodanalog.com/ru/o-kompanii.html 20. ^http://www.termia.com.ua/ 21. ^http://www.budmash.vn.ua/pro_nas_ua.htm 22. ^http://www.vzta.com.ua/ 23. ^http://www.pnevmatica.com.ua/o_kompanii.htm 24. ^http://www.plasmatec-weld.com.ua/ 25. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.pirogov.com.ua/about_a_museum_en.htm |title=The national Pirogov's estate museum |publisher=Pirogov.com.ua |date= |accessdate=2014-07-17}} 26. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.fountainroshen.com/ |title=About fountain :: Europe’s largest floating fountain |publisher=Fountainroshen.com |date= |accessdate=2013-01-05}} 27. ^{{Cite web|title = Roshen Fountain in Vinnitsa was opened! :: Confectionery Corporation ROSHEN|url = http://roshen.com/en/news/corporate-news/fontan-roshen-v-vinnice-772-772-772/|website = roshen.com|accessdate = 2015-10-25|deadurl = yes|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20150710232509/http://roshen.com/en/news/corporate-news/fontan-roshen-v-vinnice-772-772-772|archivedate = 10 July 2015|df = dmy-all}} 28. ^1 http://cfts.org.ua/articles/desyat_krupneyshikh_zh_d_vokzalov_ukrainy_2014_goda_667/66829/ 29. ^{{Cite web|url=http://depo.vn.ua/route/bytable/tram|title=Розклад {{!}} Вінницький трамвай|website=depo.vn.ua|language=uk|access-date=2018-03-26}} 30. ^http://bus.com.ua/cgi-bin/tablo.pl?as=050100 31. ^http://avtobys.in.ua/vinnycka/vinnycja-as-2-zakhidna/ 32. ^http://bus.com.ua/cgi-bin/tablo.pl?as=050200 33. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.vmr.gov.ua/en/Lists/TwinCities/Default.aspx |title=Vinnytsia Twin Cities}} 34. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.bursa.bel.tr/kardes-sehirler/sayfa/261/|title=Kardeş Şehirler|accessdate = 2013-07-27|work=Bursa Büyükşehir Belediyesi Basın Koordinasyon Merkez|publisher=Tüm Hakları Saklıdır}} External links{{Wiktionary|Vinnytsia}}{{Commons category}}{{Wikivoyage|Vinnytsya}}
13 : Vinnytsia|Cities in Vinnytsia Oblast|Ukrainian Air Force|Podolia Governorate|1363 establishments in Europe|Cities of regional significance in Ukraine|Cossack Hetmanate|Bratslav Voivodeship|Articles containing video clips|Holocaust locations in Ukraine|Oblast centers in Ukraine|Populated places on the Southern Bug|14th-century establishments in Ukraine |
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