词条 | Air Mail scandal accidents and incidents |
释义 |
In 1934, all United States commercial air mail carrying contracts were cancelled due to controversy over how the contracts had been awarded. The United States Army Air Corps was charged with carrying air mail service, beginning 19 February 1934. Due in part to extremely bad weather, inadequate preparation of the mail pilots, and the inadequacies of pressing military aircraft into duties for which they were not designed, there ensued a series of accidents over the following three months, ending when commercial services were restored. In all, 66 major accidents, ten of them with fatalities, resulted in 13 crew deaths, creating an intense public furor. Only five of the 13 deaths actually occurred on flights carrying mail,[1] but directly and indirectly the air mail operation caused accidental crash deaths in the Air Corps to rise by 15 percent to 54 in 1934, compared to 46 in 1933 and 47 in 1935.[2] The press dubbed this the Air Mail scandal, or the Air Mail fiasco. This is a list of documented accidents and incidents involving Army Air Corps aircraft during that three month period of 1934. {{inc-transport|date=August 2008}}{{TOC right}}Accidents and incidentsFebruary
The first word of their fate was phoned to Salt Lake City by Orson Maxwell, miner, who drove in a sleigh from the scene of the crash to Oakley, several miles distant. The call was received here [March Field] about two hours after Maxwell discovered the bodies in the wrecked craft.[4] "Search had already started for them when a telephone call form [sic] Kamas, Utah last night told of their fate."[5] "Lieutenant White was a San Francisco resident and a University of California graduate."[5] He entered the army flying service in 1931. He was trained at Randolph and Kelly fields. [sic] Lieutenant Grenier, who was reported to have been piloting the plane, was a resident of Manchester, New Hampshire, and a graduate of the University of New Hampshire."[5] Grenier Army Air Field, Massachusetts, later Grenier Air Force Base, is named in Lt. Grenier's honor on 22 February 1942.[6]
Second Lieutenant James Y. Eastman, seventh bombardment group, March field [sic], was burned to death here last night when the twin engined Douglas bomber he was flying from Salt Lake City to Seattle in preparation to the war department carrying the mail, crashed and burned. It was misty at the time of the crash and witnesses said the plane was flying low just before the crash. According to Mrs. Clarence Wilson, eyewitness, the plane came skimming in low over the trees, its motor roaring. It passed over the house, she said, then suddenly crashed into the ground about one hundred feet beyond, bursting into flame. Mrs. Wilson immediately ran into the house and called the sheriff at Jerome, six miles from the scene. The Jerome fire department was rushed to the place. Eastman's body was dragged from the still burning plane and taken to the Jerome motuary [sic]. The victim was unmarried. His father is H. G. Eastman, who resides in Huntsville, Texas.[5]
Another army pilot on an experimental flight made a forced landing near Linden, New Jersey, when he ran out of fuel.[5] LINDEN, N. J., Feb. 17. - (UP) - Lieutenant Joseph W. Kelly, army pilot scheduled to fly the mails, escaped injury last night when he ran out of fuel and made a forced landing in a wooded section. Kelly was making an experimental flight from Columbus, Ohio, to Newark, New Jersey.[5]
An hour and a half after leaving Atlanta with the army's first airmail plane, Lieut. E. T. Gorman, of Mitchell [sic] Field crashed at the Greenville (S.C.) airport last night after attempting five landings. He was not hurt. Circling the field in an effort accurately to read the wind sock, Gorman came in down wind at too rapid speed and overran the apron. His plane struck a two-foot hedge at the end of the field and nosed over, bending the propeller and washing out one wheel of the undercarriage. The mail was transferred to the northbound Birmingham Special leaving here at 10:20 and consigned to Charlotte, where it was to be picked up by a plane sent down from Richmond and flown to Newark, N. J. Gorman arrived over the field at 9:35. It took him 10 minutes to land. After skimming over the field, he crashed into the hedge and left one wheel in a cotton field that bounds the airport on the southwest. The pilot took off from Atlanta with the first army mail plane to leave that city at 8:15, Eastern Standard time, with an 'average' load of mail. The takeoff was delayed 35 minutes awaiting a mail ship from New Orleans. The weather was clear and cold throughout his flight northward. The plane was due in Greenville at 9:15 but was late because of the delayed start. The schedule calls for northbound army mail planes to arrive at 9:15 p. m., and southbound ships at 5:15 a. m. Observation planes are being used.[9]
MANSFIELD, O., Feb 19. - (UP) - An army biplane lay in a mass of wreckage on a farm near here today as a result of the first air mishap in Ohio as the army prepared to take over operation of the airmail service. Lost in a snowstorm while en route to take up his new assignment at Columbus, the pilot, Lieut, J. H. Gibson, was forced to 'bail out' when his gasoline supply ran low. He landed safely a mile and a half from the spot where his plane crashed.[10]
Failure of a wireless set to function properly contributed to the death of Lieut. Lowry, Capt. Fred Nelson of Selfridge Field said at Toledo. Far off his course in fog and snow on the Chicago-Cleveland run, Lowry tried to make a parachute jump near Deshler, O. His 'chute' caught on the rigging and he dangled there while the craft plunged into a creek bank. 'Any commercial pilot,' Capt. Nelson declared, 'would have been killed had he been up against the same circumstances which faced Lowry.' He added that 'radios have broken on commercial ships' and that 'you can't follow a radio beacon and stay on your course if your radio isn't working.'"[21]Of 30 Curtiss O-1G Falcons built, ten were refitted with a Curtiss V-1570 Conqueror engine and cockpit canopy and redesignated O-39s.
Caught in weather thick with rain and fog, Liet. Harold Diet [sic], crashed in a field near Marion Station, Md. last night (22 February) on his way from Newark, N. J. to Richmond, Va., with mail. He was carried to a hospital with severe head injuries. 'Take care of the mails,' he said to persons who had rushed to the place where his plane had been wrecked against a tree.[27] This pilot is also correctly reported as Harold L. Dietz, in Douglas O-38B, 31-437, coming down near Crisfield, Maryland,[28]at "about six o'clock" in the evening. "He was rushed to the McCready Hospital at Crisfield, suffering from a fractured skull and internal damages." He had departed Newark at 1600 hours after flights to the west had been suspended for several hours because of bad weather over the mountains with more coming in from that direction.[13]
LOS ANGELES, Feb. 27. - An army mail plane, piloted by Lieut. M. J. Walsh, finished its trip from Salt Lake City on its back and on the wrong airport today. The pilot put his plane down on the Grand Central air terminal instead of the United airport, the army's base of operation for the transportation of air mail.Spectators of the accident said Walsh apparently braked before the tail skid had touched the ground and the momentum carried the plane over in a neat somersault. Walsh was uninjured, but the ship was damaged. It was not explained why he landed at the wrong airport.[36] Walsh was flying Douglas O-38E, 34-16.[37] March
Barely airborne, the Keystone began to lose power. Reid fought to keep the lumbering plane in the air while Sell, in the rear cockpit, struggled with the fuel pump, trying to get the line cleared. At five hundred feet the engines quit and the bomber dropped in a stall. It slammed into a cypress swamp adjoining the field. When the splinters stopped flying, Reid and Marshall were clear of the plane and unhurt, but Private First Class Sell had not been so lucky. His head had been smashed by the impact. He was dead.[41] This source also reports the survivor's name as A. M. Marshall. Reid, of Albany, Georgia, a Reserve officer on active duty, was seriously shaken. Floyd M. Marshall, of Lincoln, Nebraska, had a broken arm.[42]
Army Air Mail Pilot Otto Wienecke, flying from Newark, N. J., to Cleveland with the mail, crashed to his death in the midst of a heavy snow squall this morning on a farm northwest of Burton, near here. Chardon is about 20 miles directly east of Cleveland. The plane was destroyed, but ten bags of mail were salvaged and brought to the postoffice [sic] here. John Hess, a farmer in whose pasture the plane crashed, said he and several neighbors heard the plane's motors about 5 a. m. (EST). It apparently was sputtering, and Hess rushed out in time to see the crash. Coroner Philip Pease reported looking at the ship's altimeter and finding a reading of 600 feet. Hess said Wienecke apparently had no opportunity to save himself. His safety belt was still hooked when the farmer reached his side. Hess declared the snow was coming down in a heavy swirl at the time of the accident. Since the army took over the mail flights, six other army pilots have been killed, either while flying mail, making unofficial flights, or reporting to army posts.[43] Wienecke was buried on Long Island, New York, on 11 March, with six Lieutenants of the 5th Aero Squadron as pallbearers and honors rendered by a firing squad and bugler from Mitchel Field.[44]
The accident occurred about 150 yards from the Cheyenne airport. Eye witnesses said the ship developed motor trouble soon after taking off from the Cheyenne field. They said the two lieutenants, bound for Salt Lake City, circled over the city once after they took off from the field and then headed west. Their motor sputtered and the men circled again, apparently attempting to head back to the field. The plane struck the power line, turned a loop and crashed almost nose first into the ground. It made a hole three feet deep in the earth. A huge ball of fire burst from the ship and in a second it was a mass of flames, easily seen from the Cheyenne airport where employes [sic] had been watching the plane. Before aid could reach the two lieutenants they were burned to death. The flames drove back rescuers who tried to reach them. After first striking the earth the plane bounced about 50 yards, where it came to rest. The plane was not loaded with mail at the time of the crash, as the men had taken off on a night trial run to Salt Lake City. They recently had been transferred here as the army took over the air mail lines. Although Kerwin formerly lived in Cheyenne he was unfamiliar with the airport and transcontinental air line near here. Had the men been familiar with the country near the airport it was believed by aviation officials they could have made a safe landing. There are a number of smooth fields surrounding the airport. The ship was an open type used by the army for observation purposes.[48]
Hartsville, S. C., Mar. 10. (AP) – Three army mail fliers who became lost last night en route from Richmond to Miami when their radio went bad landed near here in rain and fog early today with only a slight damage to the ship and no injuries to its occupants. The craft was piloted by Lieut. Allen of Michigan. With him were Sgt. Harry Shilling, a native of Harrisburg, Pa., but now living in Richmond, and a corporal who was taken on the ship at Washington. Immediately after bringing the mail here and sending it to Florence 25 miles away, by motor, the men went to sleep in the rear of the postoffice [sic] and authorities refused to rouse them for questioning. Shilling, however, had said Allen – whose first name he did not know – was piloting the ship. The sergeant did not know the name of the corporal. Shilling said they left Richmond last night about 8:30 and expected to land at Florence, but their radio went bad and they cruised about until they found the landing field near here.[49]
SACRAMENTO, March 31. - Eastbound airmail was delayed approximately six hours here early today when an army plane piloted by Lieut. C. B. Stone snipped off the top of a power pole as he was preparing to land at the municipal airport. Lieutenant Stone was able to keep the plane under control and brought it to a safe landing. Because of slight damage to wings and struts, it was decided to bring a relief ship from Oakland to continue the trip eastward.[54] April
ALTOONA, Pa., April 5. - Second Lieut. John Leland McAlister of Langley Field, Va., leaped to his death late today a few seconds before his army ship crashed into the side of Healy's mountain, one of the rugged peaks that stud the area known as the 'graveyard of aviators.'Three farmers in a field about five miles west of the Duncansville (Altoona) airport saw the reserve officer suddenly rise in the plane as it roared toward the rocky mountainside and leap from the cockpit, less than 200 feet in the air. Slashing their way through the dense underbrush and rolling terrain of "Maple hollow," the farmers found the body resting against a tree, 80 feet from the wreckage of the plane, which had rolled 100 feet down the mountainside. Unable to determine the cause, airmen said the pilot might have been trying to fly between Healy's mountain and Pomeroy mountain, realized something had happened to his controls and decided to risk an almost certain death by such a short leap rather than dash against the bare mountainside. The pilot's log stated he left his home port, Langley field [sic], this morning and made stops at Bolling field [sic] and Middletown, Pa. The last entry was 3 p. m., on leaving Middletown. He was ferrying the empty ship to Cleveland for use in the mail service. Langley Field authorities said that McAlister joined the Air Corps as an assistant engineering officer one year ago, and that he was assigned to air mail duty recently.[55] He was flying Curtiss P-6E Hawk, 32-270.[56][57]
References1. ^Hamilton, Virginia Van der Veer. "Barnstorming the U.S. Mail", American Heritage August 1974; Volume 25, Issue 5, pp. 32–35 2. ^Correll, John L., "The Air Mail Fiasco", AIR FORCE Magazine, March 2008, Vol. 91, No. 3 http://www.airforcemag.com/MagazineArchive/Documents/2008/March%202008/0308airmail.pdf 3. ^1 2 Associated Press, "Lives of Four Army Aviators Lost Already", The Greenville Piedmont, Greenville, South Carolina, Friday 23 February 1934, Volume 103, Number 31, page one. 4. ^Staff, "Army Air Mail Fliers Killed In Utah Crash - March Field Officer Is Victim As Plane Cracks Up in Blinding Snow Storm", The San Bernardino Daily Sun, San Bernardino, California, Saturday 17 February 1934, Volume 40, page 11. 5. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 United Press, "Blinding Snowstorm Causes Army Plane To Crash in Utah", Madera Daily Tribune and Madera Mercury, Madera, California, Saturday 17 February 1934, Volume LXIII, Number 90, page 1. 6. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.joebaugher.com/usaf_serials/1930.html |title=1930–1937 USAAS Serial Numbers |work=Joebaugher.com |accessdate=2010-05-08}} 7. ^http://www.joebaugher.com/usaf_serials/1930.html 8. ^Glines, Col. Carroll V., "When the Air Corps Carried the Mail", Air Force and Space Digest, Washington, D.C., Volume 51, Number 7, page 86. 9. ^Anderson, South Carolina, "Bad Break Given New Mail Fliers", The Record, Tuesday 20 February 1934, Volume 3, pages 1,2. 10. ^United Press, "Army Planes Start Carrying The Mail With Storm Many Areas", Madera Daily Tribune and Madera Mercury, Madera, California, Monday 19 February 1934, Volume LXIII, Number 91, page 1. 11. ^United Press, "Storms Delay Army Flyers - Army Air Mail Craft Fight With Elements To Get Mail Through", Madera Daily Tribune and Madera Mercury, Madera, California, Tuesday 20 February 1934, Volume LXIII, Number 92, page 1. 12. ^1 2 Copp, DeWitt S., "A Few Great Captains: The Men and Events That Shaped the Development of U.S. Air Power", The Air Force Historical Foundation, Doubleday & Company, Inc., Garden City, New York, Library of Congress catalog card number 78-22310, {{ISBN|0-385-13310-3}}, page 190. 13. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 {{cite web|author=Michael Robert Patterson |url=http://www.arlingtoncemetery.net/flpatrick.htm |title=Frederick Irving Patrick, First Lieutenant, United States Army |work=Arlingtoncemetery.net |accessdate=2013-10-02}} 14. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.accident-report.com/world/namerica/US/OH.html |title=USAAF/USAF Accidents for Ohio |work=Accident-Report.com |accessdate=2013-10-02}} 15. ^1 2 3 {{cite web|url=http://www.joebaugher.com/usaf_serials/1930.html |title=1930–1937 USAAC Serial Numbers |work=Joebaugher.com |accessdate=2013-10-02}} 16. ^1 2 Associated Press, "Pilots Crash Carrying Mail – Four Army Fliers Killed, Several Injured in Their New Task", The Columbia Record, Columbia, South Carolina, Friday 23 February 1934, Volume XXXVII, Number 261, page 1. 17. ^1 2 United Press, "Crashes Of Mail Planes Fatal To Two Army Fliers", The Record, Anderson, South Carolina, Friday 23 February 1934, Volume 3, page 1. 18. ^Greenville, South Carolina, "Army's First Mail Pilot To Die", The Greenville Piedmont, Greenville, South Carolina, Saturday 24 February 1934, Volume 103, Number 32, page one. 19. ^1 2 Associated Press, "Army Air Mail Pilot Dies As Plane Crashes – Flier Saves Part of Mail Before Falling; Others Are Forced Down", The Columbia Record, Columbia, South Carolina, Thursday 22 February 1934, Volume XXXVII, Number 260, page 1. 20. ^Associated Press, "Army Air Mail Pilot Dies As Plane Crashes – Flier Saves Part of Mail Before Falling; Others Are Forced Down", The Columbia Record, Columbia, South Carolina, Thursday 22 February 1934, Volume XXXVII, Number 260, page 9. 21. ^Associated Press, "Pilots Crash Carrying Mail – Four Army Fliers Killed, Several Injured in Their New Task", The Columbia Record, Columbia, South Carolina, Friday 23 February 1934, Volume XXXVII, Number 261, pages 1,9. 22. ^Associated Press, "Army Air Mail Pilot Dies As Plane Crashes – Flier Saves Part of Mail Before Falling; Others Are Forced Down", The Columbia Record, Columbia, South Carolina, Thursday 22 February 1934, Volume XXXVII, Number 260, pages 1, 9. 23. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.accident-report.com/world/namerica/US/PA.html |title=USAAF/USAF Accidents for Pennsylvania |work=Accident-Report.com |accessdate=2013-10-02}} 24. ^United Press, "Army Air Mail Is Near Schedules - Officials Working Overtime Perfect Army Air System", Madera Daily Tribune and Madera Mercury, Madera, California, Friday 23 February 1934, Volume LXIII, Number 94, page 1. 25. ^http://www.joebaugher.com/usaf_serials/1930.html 26. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.aviationarchaeology.com/src/1940sB4/1934.htm |title=1934 USAAC Accident Reports |work=Aviationarchaeology.com |accessdate=2013-10-02}} 27. ^1 Associated Press, "Lives of Four Army Aviators Lost Already", The Greenville Piedmont, Greenville, South Carolina, Friday 23 February 1934, Volume 103, Number 31, page 7. 28. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.accident-report.com/world/namerica/US/MD.html |title=USAAF/USAF Accidents for Maryland |work=Accident-Report.com |accessdate=2013-10-02}} 29. ^Associated Press, "Army Flier's Life Saved By Chute", The Greenville Piedmont, Greenville, South Carolina, Monday 26 February 1934, Volume 103, Number 34, page 1. 30. ^Associated Press, "Another Army Flier Crashes", The Greenville Piedmont, Greenville, South Carolina, Friday 23 February 1934, Volume 103, Number 31, page one. 31. ^Associated Press, "Planes And Vessels Search Sea For Body Of Army Mail Flier", The Greenville Piedmont, Greenville, South Carolina, Saturday 24 February 1934, Volume 103, Number 32, page one. 32. ^Associated Press, "Air Mail Pilot Lost In Ocean – Planes and Vessels Seeking Body After Crash Late Friday Afternoon – Two Other Fliers saved – Forced to Land in Waves Off Rockaway Point; U. A. L. Plane Is Overdue", The Columbia Record, Columbia, South Carolina, Saturday 24 February 1934, Volume XXXVII, Number 262, pages 1, 8. 33. ^"United Press, "Air Liner Is Missing", Madera Daily Tribune and Madera Mercury, Madera, California, Saturday 24 February 1934, Volume LXIII, Number 95, page 1. 34. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.accident-report.com/world/namerica/US/NY.html |title=USAAF/USAF Accidents for New York |work=Accident-Report.com |accessdate=2013-10-02}} 35. ^Associated Press, "Two Rescued, One Drowns", The San Bernardino Daily Sun, San Bernardino, California, Friday 2 March 1934, Volume 40, page 2. 36. ^Associated Press, "Army Pilot Mistakes Airport, Overturns", The San Bernardino Daily Sun, San Bernardino, California, Wednesday 28 February 1934, Volume 40, page 2. 37. ^http://www.accident-report.com/world/namerica/US/CA.html 38. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.accident-report.com/world/namerica/US/FL.html |title=USAAF/USAF Accidents for Florida |work=Accident-Report.com |accessdate=2013-10-02}} 39. ^Copp, DeWitt S., "A Few Great Captains: The Men and Events That Shaped the Development of U.S. Air Power", The Air Force Historical Foundation, Doubleday & Company, Inc., Garden City, New York, Library ofCongress catalog card number 78-22310, {{ISBN|0-385-13310-3}}, page 208. 40. ^Associated Press, "Army Private Dies In Air Mail Wreck", The Greenville Piedmont, Greenville, South Carolina, Friday 9 March 1934, Volume 103, Number 44, page 1. 41. ^1 Copp, DeWitt S., "A Few Great Captains: The Men and Events That Shaped the Development of U.S. Air Power", The Air Force Historical Foundation, Doubleday & Company, Inc., Garden City, New York, Library of Congress catalog card number 78-22310, {{ISBN|0-385-13310-3}}, page 208. 42. ^Associated Press, "Crashes in woods", Chicago Daily Tribune, Chicago, Illinois, Saturday 10 March 1934, Volume XCIII, Number 60, page 2. 43. ^Associated Press, "Ship Crashes During Heavy Snow In Ohio", The Greenville Piedmont, Greenville, South Carolina, Friday 9 March 1934, Volume 103, Number 44, page 1. 44. ^Associated Press, "Flyer Killed In Army Air Mail Crash Is Buried", Chicago Daily Tribune, Chicago, Illinois, Monday 12 March 1934, Volume XCIII, Number 61, page 8. 45. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.accident-report.com/world/namerica/US/WY.html |title=USAAF/USAF Accidents for Wyoming |work=Accident-Report.com |accessdate=2013-10-02}} 46. ^1 2 3 Glines, Col. Carroll V., "When the Air Corps Carried the Mail", Air Force and Space Digest, Washington, D.C., Volume 51, Number 7, page 87. 47. ^Associated Press, "Storm Over Air Mail Given New Life When More Aviators Killed", The Greenville Piedmont, Greenville, South Carolina, Saturday 10 March 1934, Volume 103, Number 45, page 1. 48. ^Associated Press, "Trio Of Fatal Wrecks Come In Single Day - Unfamiliarity of Pilots Blamed For Cheyenne Wreck In Which Burning Ship Kills Two", The San Bernardino Daily Sun, San Bernardino, California, Saturday 10 March 1934, Volume 40, page 2. 49. ^Associated Press, "Plane Forced Down In S.C. By Heavy Fog", The Greenville Piedmont, Greenville, South Carolina, Saturday 10 March 1934, Volume 103, Number 45, page 1. 50. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.accident-report.com/world/namerica/US/IA.html |title=USAAF/USAF Accidents for Iowa |work=Accident-Report.com |accessdate=2013-10-02}} 51. ^1 2 3 4 5 Associated Press, "Army Flier Dies in Crash While Flying Mail in Bad Storm - Twelfth Army Birdman Perishes After He Is Thought Lost Over Iowa Farmlands", The San Bernardino Daily Sun, San Bernardino, California, Saturday 31 March 1934, Volume 40, page 1. 52. ^Acme Photo, "Where 12th Army Air Mail Pilot Died", Chicago Daily Tribune, Chicago, Illinois, Monday 2 April 1934, Volume XCIII, Number 79, page 8. 53. ^Associated Press, "12th Army Death To Spur Returning Mail To Private Carriers – Crash In Iowa Last Night Takes Another Life; New Contract Conditions Now Before Firms", The Greenville Piedmont, Saturday 31 March 1934, Volume 103, Number 63, page 1. 54. ^Associated Press, "Plane Accident Delays Air Mail", The San Bernardino Daily Sun, San Bernardino, California, Sunday 1 April 1934, Volume 40, page 1. 55. ^Associated Press, "Death Claims Army Flier In Ship's Crash - Three Farmers See Aviator Try In Vain to Avoid Wreck on Side of Eastern Hill - Assigned To Mails Duty - Last Minute Jump Fails to Save Lieutenant's Life, Cause of Tragedy Undetermined", The San Bernardino Daily Sun, San Bernardino, California, Friday 6 April 1934, Volume 40, page 1. 56. ^http://www.accident-report.com/world/namerica/US/PA.html 57. ^http://www.joebaugher.com/usaf_serials/1930.html 58. ^http://www.abcdlist.nl/douglas_longbeach_01.html 59. ^Werrell, Kenneth P., " 'Fiasco' Revisited: The Air Corps & the 1934 Air Mail Episode", Air Power History, Spring 2010, Volume 57, Number 1, p. 19 60. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.accident-report.com/world/namerica/slist/newark.html |title=USAAF/USAF Accidents for New Jersey |work=Accident-Report.com |accessdate=2010-05-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101005072939/http://accident-report.com/world/namerica/slist/newark.html |archive-date=2010-10-05 |dead-url=yes |df= }} 61. ^https://dmairfield.com/people/oldfield_bb/index.html 62. ^http://www.accident-report.com/Yearly/34a.html 8 : Political scandals in the United States|20th-century aviation|Aviation accidents and incidents in 1934|20th-century military history of the United States|United States military scandals|United States Postal Service|Airmail|Postal history of the United States |
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