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词条 Virgo Cluster
释义

  1. Characteristics

  2. Intracluster medium

  3. Galaxies

  4. See also

  5. Notes

  6. References

  7. External links

{{Galaxy cluster
| name = Virgo Cluster
| image = ESO-M87.jpg
| image_size = 250px
| caption = Virgo Cluster showing the diffuse light between member galaxies. Messier 87 is the largest galaxy (lower left).
| epoch = J2000
| ra = {{RA|12|27}}[1]
| dec = {{DEC|+12|43}}[1]
| constellation = Virgo & Coma Berenices
| member_no = ~1500[1]
| bmtype = III[1]
| brightest_member = Messier 49
| other_names =
}}

The Virgo Cluster is a cluster of galaxies whose center is 53.8 ± 0.3 Mly (16.5 ± 0.1 Mpc)[2]

away in the constellation Virgo. Comprising approximately 1300 (and possibly up to 2000) member galaxies,[3] the cluster forms the heart of the larger Virgo Supercluster, of which the Local Group (containing the Milky Way galaxy) is a member. The Local Group actually experiences the mass of the Virgo Supercluster as the Virgocentric flow. It is estimated that the Virgo Cluster's mass is 1.2{{e|15}} {{solar mass|link=y}} out to 8 degrees of the cluster's center or a radius of about 2.2 Mpc.[4]

Many of the brighter galaxies in this cluster, including the giant elliptical galaxy Messier 87, were discovered in the late 1770s and early 1780s and subsequently included in Charles Messier's catalogue of non-cometary fuzzy objects. Described by Messier as nebulae without stars, their true nature was not recognized until the 1920s.{{refn|group=upper-alpha|Following the entry for M91 in the Connoissance des Temps for 1784, Messier added the following note:

The constellation of Virgo, & especially the northern Wing is one of the constellations which encloses the most Nebulae: this Catalog contains thirteen which have been determined: viz. Nos. 49, 58, 59, 60, 61, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, & 91. All these nebulae appear to be without stars: one can see them only in a very good sky, & near their meridian passage. Most of these nebulae have been pointed to me by Mr. Méchain.[5]}}

The cluster subtends a maximum arc of approximately 8 degrees centered in the constellation Virgo. Although some of the cluster's most prominent members can be seen with smaller instruments, a 6-inch telescope will reveal about 160 of the cluster's galaxies on a clear night. Its brightest member is the elliptical galaxy Messier 49; however its most famous member is the elliptical galaxy Messier 87, which is located in the center of the cluster.[6]

Characteristics

The cluster is a fairly heterogeneous mixture of spirals and ellipticals.[7] {{As of|2004}}, it is believed that the spiral galaxies of the cluster are distributed in an oblong prolate filament, approximately four times as long as it is wide, stretching along the line of sight from the Milky Way.[8] The elliptical galaxies are more centrally concentrated than the spiral galaxies.[9]

The cluster is an aggregrate of at least three separate subclumps: Virgo A, centered on M87, a second centered on the galaxy M86, and Virgo B, centered on M49, with some authors including a Virgo C subcluster, centered on the galaxy M60 as well as a LVC (Low Velocity Cloud) subclump, centered on the large spiral galaxy NGC 4216.[10]

Of all of the subclumps, Virgo A, formed by a mixture of elliptical, lenticular, and (usually) gas-poor spiral galaxies,[11] is the dominant one, with a mass of approximately 1014 {{solar mass|link=y}}, which is approximately an order of magnitude larger than the other two subclumps.[12]

The three subgroups are in the process of merging to form a larger single cluster[12] and are surrounded by other smaller galaxy clouds, mostly composed of spiral galaxies, known as N Cloud, S Cloud, and Virgo E that are in the process of infalling to merge with them,[13] plus other farther isolated galaxies and galaxy groups (like the galaxy cloud Coma I) that are also attracted by the gravity of Virgo to merge with it in the future.[14] This strongly suggests the Virgo cluster is a dynamically young cluster that is still forming.[13]

Other two nearby aggregations known as M Cloud, W Cloud, and W' Cloud[10] seem to be background systems independent of the main cluster.[13]

The large mass of the cluster is indicated by the high peculiar velocities of many of its galaxies, sometimes as high as 1,600 km/s with respect to the cluster's center.

The Virgo cluster lies within the Virgo Supercluster, and its gravitational effect slows down the nearby galaxies. The large mass of the cluster has the effect of slowing down the recession of the Local Group from the cluster by approximately ten percent.

Intracluster medium

As with many other rich galaxy clusters, Virgo's intracluster medium is filled with a hot, rarefied plasma at temperatures of 30 million kelvins that emits X-Rays.[15] Within the intracluster medium (ICM) are found a large number of intergalactic stars[16][17] (up to 10% of the stars in the cluster),[25] including some planetary nebulae.[18] It is theorized that these were expelled from their home galaxies by interactions with other galaxies.[19] The ICM also contains some globular clusters,[20][21][22] possibly stripped off dwarf galaxies,[22] and even at least one star formation region.[23]

Galaxies

Below is given a table of bright or notable objects in the Virgo Cluster and the subunit of the cluster in which they are located. Note that in some cases a galaxy may be considered in a different subunit by other researchers (sources:[10][13][24][25])

Column 1: The name of the galaxy.

Column 2: The right ascension for epoch 2000.

Column 3: The declination for epoch 2000.

Column 4: The blue apparent magnitude of the galaxy.

Column 5: The galaxy type: E=Elliptical, S0=Lenticular, Sa,Sb,Sc,Sd=Spiral, SBa,SBb,SBc,SBd=Barred spiral, Sm,SBm,Irr=Irregular.

Column 6: The angular diameter of the galaxy (arcminutes).

Column 7: The diameter of the galaxy (thousands of light years).

Column 8: The recessional velocity (km/s) of the galaxy relative to the cosmic microwave background.

Column 9: Subcluster where the galaxy is located.

Cluster members
DesignationCoordinates (Epoch 2000)Apparent
magnitude
(blue)		TypeAngular sizeDiameter
(kly)		RV
(km/s)		Subcluster
RA Dec
Messier 98 12 13.8 14 54 10.9 SBb 9.8′ 150 184 Virgo A or N Cloud
NGC 4216 12 15.9 13 09 10.9 SBb 7.9′ 120 459 Virgo A, N Cloud, or LVC.
Messier 99 12 18.8 14 25 10.4 Sc 5.4′ 80 2735 Virgo A or N Cloud
NGC 4262 12 19.5 14 53 12.4 S0 1.9′ 30 1683 Virgo A
NGC 4388 12 25.5 12 39 11.8 SAb 6.2′ 85 2845 Virgo A
Messier 61 12 21.9 04 28 10.2 SBbc 6.2′ 100 1911 S Cloud
Messier 100 12 22.9 15 49 10.1 SBbc 7.6′ 115 1899 Virgo A
Messier 84 12 25.1 12 53 10.1 E1 6.0′ 90 1239 Virgo A
Messier 85 12 25.4 18 11 10.0 S0 7.1′ 105 1056 Virgo A
Messier 86 12 26.2 12 57 9.9 E3 10.2′ 155 37 Virgo A or own subgroup.
NGC 4435 12 27.7 13 05 11.7 S0 3.0′ 45 1111 Virgo A
NGC 4438 12 27.8 13 01 11.0 Sa 8.7′ 130 404 Virgo A
NGC 4450 12 28.5 17 05 10.9 Sab 5.1′ 80 2273 Virgo A
Messier 49 12 29.8 08 00 9.3 E2 9.8′ 150 1204 Virgo B
Messier 87 12 30.8 12 23 9.6 E0–1 9.8′ 150 1204 Virgo A
Messier 88 12 32.0 14 25 10.3 Sb 6.8′ 100 2599 Virgo A
NGC 4526 12 32.0 07 42 10.6 S0 7.1′ 105 931 Virgo B
NGC 4527 12 34.1 02 39 12.4 Sb 4.6′ 69 1730 S Cloud
NGC 4536 12 34.4 02 11 11.1 SBbc 7.2′ 115 2140 S Cloud
Messier 91 12 35.4 14 30 11.0 SBb 5.2′ 80 803 Virgo A
NGC 4550 12 35.5 12 13 12.5 S0 3.2′ 50 704 Virgo A
Messier 89 12 35.7 12 33 10.7 E0 5.0′ 75 628 Virgo A
NGC 4567 12 36.5 11 15 12.1 Sbc 2.8′ 40 2588 Virgo A
NGC 4568 12 36.6 11 14 11.7 Sbc 4.4′ 65 2578 Virgo A
Messier 90 12 36.8 13 10 10.2 SBab 10.5′ 160 87 Virgo A
NGC 4571 12 36.9 14 13 11.9 Sc 3.7′ 55 659 Virgo A
Messier 58 12 37.7 11 49 10.6 SBb 5.6′ 85 1839 Virgo A
Messier 59 12 42.9 11 39 10.8 E5 5.0′ 75 751 Virgo A or Virgo E
Messier 60 12 43.7 11 33 9.8 E2 7.2′ 110 1452 Virgo A, Virgo E, or Virgo C
NGC 4651 12 43.7 16 24 11.4 Sc 4.0′ 60 1113
NGC 4654 12 43.9 13 08 11.1 SBc 5.0′ 75 1349 Virgo A

Fainter galaxies within the cluster are usually known by their numbers in the Virgo Cluster Catalog, particularly members of the numerous dwarf galaxy population.[26]

See also

  • Coma Cluster – another large, nearby cluster of galaxies
  • Eridanus Cluster
  • Fornax Cluster – a smaller nearby cluster of galaxies
  • Norma Cluster
  • List of galaxy clusters
  • Virgocentric flow

Notes

{{notelist-ua}}

References

1. ^1 2 3 {{cite web | title = NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database | work = Results for Virgo Cluster | url = http://nedwww.ipac.caltech.edu/ | accessdate = 2006-10-19}}
2. ^{{cite journal | author = Mei, Simona | author2 = Blakeslee, John P. | author3 = Côté, Patrick | author4 = Tonry, John L. | author5 = West, Michael J. | author6 = Ferrarese, Laura | author7 = Jordán, Andrés | author8 = Peng, Eric W. | author9 = Anthony, André | author10 = Merritt, Davi | title = The ACS Virgo Cluster Survey. XIII. SBF Distance Catalog and the Three-dimensional Structure of the Virgo Cluster | journal = The Astrophysical Journal | date = 2007 | volume = 655 | issue = 1 | pages = 144–162 | bibcode = 2007ApJ...655..144M | doi = 10.1086/509598|arxiv = astro-ph/0702510 }}
3. ^{{cite web |url=http://astronomy.swin.edu.au/cosmos/V/Virgo+Cluster |title=Virgo Cluster |website=Cosmos |publisher=Swinburne University of Technology}}
4. ^{{cite journal | author = Fouqué, P. | author2 = Solanes, J. M. | author3 = Sanchis, T. | author4 = Balkowski, C. | title = Structure, mass and distance of the Virgo cluster from a Tolman-Bondi model | journal = Astronomy and Astrophysics | date = 2001 | volume = 375 | issue = 3 | pages = 770–780 | bibcode = 2001A&A...375..770F | doi = 10.1051/0004-6361:20010833 | arxiv = astro-ph/0106261 }}
5. ^{{cite web |title=Messier 91 — Observations and Descriptions |url=http://messier.seds.org/Mdes/dm091.html |publisher=SEDS}}
6. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.messier-objects.com/virgo-cluster/|title=Virgo Cluster {{!}} Messier Objects|website=www.messier-objects.com|language=en-US|access-date=2018-06-24}}
7. ^{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1086/421490| last1 = Côté | first1 = Patrick| last2 = Blakeslee |first2 = John P.| last3 = Ferrarese |first3 = Laura| last4 = Jordán | first4 = Andrés| last5 = Mei | first5 = Simona| last6 = Merritt | first6 = David| author6-link = David Merritt| last7 = Milosavljević | first7 = Miloš| last8 = Peng | first8 = Eric W.| last9 = Tonry | first9 = John L.| title = The ACS Virgo Cluster Survey | journal = The Astrophysical Journal | volume = 153 | issue = 1 | pages = 223–242 | date=July 2004 | bibcode = 2004ApJS..153..223C | postscript = | arxiv = astro-ph/0404138 | display-authors = 9| last10 = West| first10 = Michael J.}}
8. ^{{cite journal | author = M. Fukugita | author2 = S. Okamura | author3 = N. Yasuda | title = Spatial distribution of spiral galaxies in the Virgo Cluster from the Tully-Fisher relation | journal = Astrophysical Journal | date = 1993 | volume = 412 | pages = L13–L16 | bibcode = 1993ApJ...412L..13F | doi = 10.1086/186928}}
9. ^{{Cite web|url=https://ned.ipac.caltech.edu/level5/ESSAYS/Binggeli/binggeli.html|title=Virgo Cluster|website=ned.ipac.caltech.edu|access-date=2018-06-24}}
10. ^1 2 {{cite journal |last=Boselli |first1=A. |last2=Voyer |first2=E. |last3=Boissier |first3= S. |last4=Cucciati |first4= O. |last5=Consolandi |first5=G. |last6=Cortese |first6=L. |last7=Fumagalli |first7=M. |last8=Gavazzi |first8=G. |last9=Heinis |first9=S. |last10=Roehlly |first10=Y. |last11=Toloba |first11=E. |date=2014 |title=The GALEX Ultraviolet Virgo Cluster Survey (GUViCS). IV. The role of the cluster environment on galaxy evolution |journal=Astronomy & Astrophysics |volume=570 |id=A69 |arxiv=1407.4986 |doi=10.1051/0004-6361/201424419 |bibcode=2014A&A...570A..69B |pages=A69}}
11. ^{{cite journal |last1=Chamaraux |first1=P. |last2=Balkowski |first2=C. |last3=Gerard |first3=E. |date=1980 |title=The H I deficiency of the Virgo cluster spirals |journal=Astronomy & Astrophysics |volume=83 |issue=1–2 |pages=38–51 |bibcode=1980A&A....83...38C}}
12. ^1 The Virgo Super Cluster: home of M87 (with frames)
13. ^1 2 3 {{cite journal | author=Gavazzi, G. | author2=Boselli, A. | author3=Scodeggio, M. | author4=Pierini, D. | author5=Belsole, E. | title=The 3D structure of the Virgo cluster from H-band Fundamental Plane and Tully-Fisher distance determinations | journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society | date=1999 | volume=304 | pages=595–610 |arxiv = astro-ph/9812275 |bibcode = 1999MNRAS.304..595G |doi = 10.1046/j.1365-8711.1999.02350.x | issue=3 }}
14. ^{{cite journal | author=Tully, R. B. | author2=Shaya, E. J. | title=Infall of galaxies into the Virgo cluster and some cosmological constraints | journal=Astrophysical Journal | date=1984 | volume=281 | pages=31–55 |bibcode = 1984ApJ...281...31T |doi = 10.1086/162073 }}
15. ^{{cite journal | author=Lea, S. M. | author2=Mushotzky, R. | author3=Holt, S. S. | title=Einstein Observatory solid state spectrometer observations of M87 and the Virgo cluster | journal=Astrophysical Journal | date=1982 | issue=1 | volume=262 | pages=24–32 |bibcode = 1982ApJ...262...24L |doi = 10.1086/160392 }}
16. ^{{cite journal | author=Ferguson, H. | title=Intergalactic Stars in the Virgo Cluster | journal=HST Proposal | date=1997 | bibcode=1997hst..prop.7411F| pages=7411 }}
17. ^{{Cite journal|last=Ferguson|first=Henry C.|last2=Tanvir|first2=Nial R.|last3=von Hippel|first3=Ted|date=January 1998|title=Detection of intergalactic red-giant-branch stars in the Virgo cluster|journal=Nature|language=En|volume=391|issue=6666|pages=461–463|doi=10.1038/35087|issn=0028-0836|arxiv=astro-ph/9801228|bibcode=1998Natur.391..461F}}
18. ^{{cite journal | author=Feldmeier, J. | author2=Ciardullo, R. | author3=Jacoby, G. | title=Intracluster Planetary Nebulae in the Virgo Cluster. I. Initial Results | journal=Astrophysical Journal | date=1998 | volume=503 | issue=1 | pages=109–117 |arxiv = astro-ph/9803062 |bibcode = 1998ApJ...503..109F |doi = 10.1086/305981 }}
19. ^1 {{cite journal | author=Ferguson, Henry C. | author2=Tanvir, Nial R. | author3=von Hippel, Ted | title=Detection of intergalactic red-giant-branch stars in the Virgo cluster | journal=Nature | date=1998 | volume=391 | pages=461–463 |arxiv = astro-ph/9801228 |bibcode = 1998Natur.391..461F |doi = 10.1038/35087 | issue=6666 }}
20. ^{{cite book | author=Takamiya, Marianne | author2=West, Michael | author3=Côté, Patrick | author4=Jordán, Andrés | author5=Peng, Eric | author6=Ferrarese, Laura | title=IGCs in the Virgo Cluster | journal=Globular Clusters – Guides to Galaxies, Eso Astrophysics Symposia, Volume | date=2009 | pages=361–365 | bibcode=2009gcgg.book..361T| doi=10.1007/978-3-540-76961-3_83 | series=Eso Astrophysics Symposia | isbn=978-3-540-76960-6 }}
21. ^{{cite journal | author=Durrell, Patrick R. | author2=Accetta, K. | author3=Feldmeier, J. J. | author4=Mihos, J. C. | author5=Ciardullo, R. | author6=Peng, E. W. | author7=Members of the NGVS team | title=Searching for Intracluster Globular Clusters in the Virgo Cluster | date=2010 | journal=Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society | volume=42 |pages=567 | bibcode=2010AAS...21547814D}}
22. ^1 {{cite journal | author=Lee, Myung Gyoon | author2=Park, Hong Soo | author3=Hwang, Ho Seong | title=Detection of a Large-Scale Structure of Intracluster Globular Clusters in the Virgo Cluster | journal=Science | date=2010 | volume=328 | pages=334– |arxiv = 1003.2499 |bibcode = 2010Sci...328..334L |doi = 10.1126/science.1186496 | issue=5976 | pmid=20223950 }}
23. ^{{cite journal | author=Gerhard, Ortwin | author2=Arnaboldi, Magda | author3=Freeman, Kenneth C. | author4=Okamura, Sadanori | title=Isolated Star Formation: A Compact H II Region in the Virgo Cluster | journal=The Astrophysical Journal | date=2002 | volume=580 | pages=L121–L124 |arxiv = astro-ph/0211341 |bibcode = 2002ApJ...580L.121G |doi = 10.1086/345657 | issue=2 }}
24. ^{{cite web | title = Galaxy On Line Database Milano Network |website = GOLDMine | url = http://goldmine.mib.infn.it/ | accessdate = 2012-08-06}}
25. ^{{cite web | title = The Virgo Cluster | url = http://www.atlasoftheuniverse.com/galgrps/vir.html | accessdate = 2013-04-06}}
26. ^{{cite journal | last1 = Binggeli | first1 = Bruno | author1-link = | last2 = Sandage | first2 = Allan | author2-link = Allan Sandage | last3 = Tammann | first3 = Gustav | author3-link = Gustav Andreas Tammann | title = Studies of the Virgo Cluster. II – A Catalog of 2096 Galaxies in the Virgo Cluster Area | journal = Astronomical Journal | volume = 90 | number = | pages = 1681–1759 | publisher = American Astronomical Society | date = 1985 | bibcode = 1985AJ.....90.1681B | url = http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1985AJ.....90.1681B | accessdate = 30 November 2016 | doi = 10.1086/113874}}

External links

  • The Virgo Cluster at An Atlas of the Universe, map (and table) of the 160 largest galaxies
  • California Institute of Technology site on Virgo cluster.
  • The Virgo Cluster of Galaxies, SEDS Messier pages
  • Partial Virgo cluster centered on M87 (Dark Atmospheres)
  • The Virgo Cluster Catalog
{{Sky|12|27|00||12|43|00|59000000}}{{Earth's location}}

4 : Virgo Cluster|Virgo Supercluster|Virgo (constellation)|Coma Berenices (constellation)
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