“Virola”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Virola is a genus of medium-sized trees native to the South American rainforest and closely related to other Myristicaceae, such as nutmeg. Species are known commonly as epená, patricá, or cumala. They have glossy, dark green leaves and clusters of tiny yellow flowers, and may emit a pungent odor.

Traditional use

Several species of this genus have been used to create hallucinogenic snuff powders.^[1]

Chemical constituents

The tops of Virola oleifera have been shown to produce lignan-7-ols and verrucosin that have antifungal action regarding Cladosporium sphaerospermum in doses as low as 25 micrograms. Lignan-7-ols oleiferin-B and oleiferin-G worked for Cladosporium cladosporioides starting as low as 10 micrograms.^[2]

Species

Gallery

Legal status

United States

Louisiana

Except for ornamental purposes, growing, selling or possessing Virola spp. is prohibited by Louisiana State Act 159.

See also

References

Notes

1. ^Torres, C. M., et al. (1991). Snuff powders from pre-Hispanic San Pedro de Atacama: Chemical and contextual analysis. Current Anthropology, 640-649.
2. ^Sartorelli, P. : Young, M.C.M. : Kato, M.J., Antifungal lignans from the arils of Virola oleifera. Phytochemistry-Oxford. Oxford : Elsevier Science Ltd. Mar 1998. v. 47 (6) p. 1003-1006.
3. ^{{cite web |url = http://www3.isrl.uiuc.edu/~openkey/BRIT/cgi-bin/list_taxon_files.cgi?Genus=Virola |title = Genus Species list for John's species database |publisher = www3.isrl.uiuc.edu |accessdate = 2008-04-06 |last = |first = |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20050430103110/http://www3.isrl.uiuc.edu/~openkey/BRIT/cgi-bin/list_taxon_files.cgi?Genus=Virola |archive-date = 2005-04-30 |dead-url = yes |df = }}
4. ^{{GRIN | Virola calophylla | 400361 | accessdate = 2008-04-29}}
5. ^{{cite web|url=http://mobot.mobot.org/cgi-bin/search_vast?name=Virola+macrocarpa|title=Virola macrocarpa A.C. Sm.|publisher=mobot.mobot.org|accessdate=2008-05-03|last=|first=}}
6. ^{{cite web|url=http://mobot.mobot.org/cgi-bin/search_vast?name=Virola+megacarpa|title=Virola megacarpa A.H. Gentry|publisher=mobot.mobot.org|accessdate=2008-05-03|last=|first=}}
7. ^{{cite web|url=http://mobot.mobot.org/cgi-bin/search_vast?name=Virola+michelii|title=Virola michelii Heckel|publisher=mobot.mobot.org|accessdate=2008-05-03|last=|first=}}
8. ^{{cite web|url=http://mobot.mobot.org/cgi-bin/search_vast?name=Virola+multicostata|title=Virola multicostata Ducke|publisher=mobot.mobot.org|accessdate=2008-05-03|last=|first=}}
9. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.discoverlife.org/mp/20q?search=Virola+multiflora|title=Discover Life - Myristicaceae: Virola multiflora (Standl. ) A. C. Sm. - Fruta dorada|publisher=www.discoverlife.org|accessdate=2008-05-03|last=|first=}}
10. ^{{cite web|url=http://mobot.mobot.org/cgi-bin/search_vast?name=Virola+surinamensis|title=Virola surinamensis (Rol. ex Rottb.) Warb.|publisher=mobot.mobot.org|accessdate=2008-05-03|last=|first=}}
11. ^{{cite web|url=http://mobot.mobot.org/cgi-bin/search_vast?name=Virola+venosa|title=Virola venosa (Benth.) Warb.|publisher=mobot.mobot.org|accessdate=2008-05-03|last=|first=}}

External links

[https://web.archive.org/web/20111003163708/http://sura.ots.ac.cr/local/florula3/species.php?key_species_code=LS001443&key_family=Myristicaceae&key_genus=Virola&specie_name=koschnyi Sura.ots.ac.cr: Virola koschnyi] — photos and info.

[https://web.archive.org/web/20090622101624/http://www.gardening.eu/arc/plants/Aromatic-plants/Virola-theiodora-Spruce-ex-Benth.-Warb/72884/index_a.asp Gardening.eu: Info on Growing Virola]