| 词条 | Vitis rotundifolia |
| 释义 |
| name = Muscadine | image = Vitis rotundifolia.jpg | regnum = Plantae | unranked_divisio = Angiosperms | unranked_classis = Eudicots | unranked_ordo = Rosids | ordo = Vitales | familia = Vitaceae | genus = Vitis | subgenus = Muscadinia | species = V. rotundifolia | binomial = Vitis rotundifolia | binomial_authority = Michx. }} Vitis rotundifolia, or muscadine,[1] is a grapevine species native to the southeastern and south-central United States from Florida to Delaware, west to eastern Texas and Oklahoma.[2] It has been extensively cultivated since the 16th century.[3] The plants are well adapted to their native warm and humid climate; they need fewer chilling hours than better known varieties and they thrive on summer heat. Muscadine berries range from bronze to dark purple to black in color when ripe.[4] However, many wild varieties stay green through maturity. Muscadines have skin sufficiently thick and tough that eating the raw fruit is similar to eating a plum and may be an acquired taste.[5] Muscadines are typically used in making artisan wines, juice, and jelly. They are rich sources of polyphenols.[6] In a natural setting, muscadines are important plants for improving wildlife habitat by providing cover, browse, and fruit for a wide variety of animals.[7] TaxonomyAlthough in the same genus Vitis with the other grapevine species, muscadines belong to a separate subgenus, Muscadinia (the other grapevine species belong to subgenus Euvitis), and some have suggested giving it standing as a genus of its own. Some taxonomists have also suggested splitting two additional species off from Vitis rotundifolia, Vitis munsoniana and Vitis popenoei. All have 40 chromosomes, rather than 38, are generally not cross-compatible with Euvitis species, and most hybrids between the subgenera are sterile. A few, however, are at least moderately fertile, and have been used in breeding. A commercially available Euvitis x Muscadinia hybrid is the Southern Home cultivar.[8] CultivarsThere are about 152[9] muscadine cultivars grown in the Southern states.[10] These include bronze, black and red varieties and consist of common grapes and patented grapes.[11] Unlike most cultivated grapevines, many muscadine cultivars are pistillate, requiring a pollenizer to set fruit. A few, however, such as 'Carlos' and 'Noble', are perfect-flowered, produce fruit with their own pollen, and may also pollinate pistillate cultivars.[10] Cultivars include Black Beauty, Carlos, Cowart, Flowers, Fry, Granny Val, Ison, James, Jumbo, Magnolia, Memory (first found on T.S. Memory's farm in 1868 in Whiteville, NC), Mish, Nesbitt, Noble, Scuppernong, Summit, Supreme, and Thomas.[11][11] Produced by the University of Florida, the cultivar, 'Southern Home', contains both muscadine and subgenus Vitis in its background. Crops can be started in 3–5 years. Commercial yields of 20–45 tonnes per hectare (8–18 tons per acre) are possible. Muscadines grow best in fertile sandy loam and alluvial soils. They grow wild in well-drained bottom lands that are not subject to extended drought or waterlogging. They are also resistant to pests and diseases, including Pierce's disease, which can destroy other grape species. Muscadine is one of the grape species most resistant to Phylloxera, an insect that can kill roots of grapevines.[15] AppellationsAppellations producing Muscadine wines:[12]
Nutrients100 grams of muscadine grapes contain the following nutrients according to the USDA:[13]
Consumer researchConsumer research indicates that the thick skins and variable in-season quality of fresh muscadine grapes are significant deterrents to retail acceptance.[5][14]Resveratrol and other polyphenols{{see also|Wine and health}}As muscadine grapes are notable for their highly pigmented, thick skins in which the content of polyphenols is known to be high,[6] there is active research interest to define these phytochemicals. One report indicated that muscadine grapes contained high concentrations of resveratrol,[15] but subsequent studies have found no or little resveratrol in muscadine grapes.[16] Other muscadine polyphenols include:[6][17][18]
The rank order of total phenolic content among muscadine components was found to be seeds higher than skins higher than leaves higher than pulp.[6] References1. ^{{PLANTS|id=VIRO3|taxon=Vitis rotundifolia|accessdate=6 August 2015}} 2. ^Biota of North America Program 2014 county distribution map 3. ^{{ cite web |url=http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=VIRO3 |title=Profile for Vitis rotundifolia (muscadine) |work=PLANTS Database |publisher=USDA, NRCS |accessdate=October 18, 2011}} 4. ^{{cite book|last=Boning|first=Charles|title=Florida’s Best Fruiting Plants: Native and Exotic Trees, Shrubs, and Vines|year=2006|publisher=Pineapple Press, Inc.|location=Sarasota, Florida|isbn=1561643726|page=155}} 5. ^1 {{cite journal|pmid=27741360|year=2016|author1=Brown|first1=K|title=Consumer Acceptability of Fresh-Market Muscadine Grapes|journal=Journal of Food Science|volume=81|issue=11|pages=S2808|last2=Sims|first2=C|last3=Odabasi|first3=A|last4=Bartoshuk|first4=L|last5=Conner|first5=P|last6=Gray|first6=D|doi=10.1111/1750-3841.13522}} 6. ^1 2 3 {{cite journal |vauthors=Pastrana-Bonilla E, Akoh CC, Sellappan S, Krewer G |title=Phenolic content and antioxidant capacity of muscadine grapes |journal=Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry |volume=51 |issue=18 |pages=5497–503 |date=August 2003 |pmid=12926904 |doi=10.1021/jf030113c}} 7. ^Williams, Rick and Tim Baxley. Managing Native Vegetation for Wildlife. University of Florida IFAS Extension. 8. ^{{cite journal|url=http://hortsci.ashspublications.org/content/29/11/1371.full.pdf|title=‘Southern Home’: An InterspecificHybrid Grape with Ornamental Value|journal=HortScience|volume=29|issue=11|pages=1371–1372|year=1994|authors=J.A. Mortensen, J.W. Harris, D.L. Hopkins, P.C. Andersen}} 9. ^{{cite web|title=Vitis International Variety Catalog|url=http://www.vivc.de/index.php?r=site%2Findex|website=VIVC|publisher=https://www.julius-kuehn.de/|accessdate=7 February 2018}} 10. ^1 {{cite web|title=Muscadine Grape Breeding Program: General Information|url=http://www.caes.uga.edu/extension-outreach/commodities/muscadine-grape-breeding/cultivars.html|website=Muscadine Grape Breeding Program: General Information|publisher=University of Georgia College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences|accessdate=11 October 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150907063540/http://www.caes.uga.edu/commodities/fruits/muscadines/cultivars/gen_info.html|archivedate=7 September 2015|language=English}} 11. ^Growing Muscadine Grapes in Oklahoma 12. ^{{cite web |url=http://wine.appellationamerica.com/grape-varietal/Muscadine.html |title=Appellations Growing Muscadine Grapes|accessdate=2007-12-01 |work=Appellation America}} 13. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.ars.usda.gov/is/AR/archive/nov97/musc1197.htm|publisher= United States Department of Agriculture|title= America's First Grape – The Muscadine|date=November 1997}} 14. ^1 2 {{cite journal|pmid=27542461|year=2017|author1=Xu|first1=C|title=Fruit quality, nutraceutical and antimicrobial properties of 58 muscadine grape varieties (Vitis rotundifolia Michx.) grown in United States|journal=Food Chemistry|volume=215|pages=149–56|last2=Yagiz|first2=Y|last3=Zhao|first3=L|last4=Simonne|first4=A|last5=Lu|first5=J|last6=Marshall|first6=M. R.|doi=10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.07.163}} 15. ^{{cite journal|authors=Ector BJ, Magee JB, Hegwood CP, Coign MJ.|url=http://www.ajevonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/47/1/57|title= Resveratrol Concentration in Muscadine Berries, Juice, Pomace, Purees, Seeds, and Wines|journal=American Journal of Enology and Viticulture|year=1996|volume=47|pages=57–62}} 16. ^Pastrana-Bonilla E, Akoh CC, Sellappan S, Krewer G. "Phenolic content and antioxidant capacity of muscadine grapes". J Agric Food Chem. 2003 Aug 27;51(18):5497-503. {{PMID|12926904}}. quote: Contrary to previous results, ellagic acid and not resveratrol was the major phenolic in muscadine grapes. 17. ^{{cite journal |vauthors=Talcott ST, Lee JH |title=Ellagic acid and flavonoid antioxidant content of muscadine wine and juice |journal=Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry |volume=50 |issue=11 |pages=3186–92 |date=May 2002 |pmid=12009984 |doi=10.1021/jf011500u}} 18. ^{{cite journal |vauthors=Lee JH, Johnson JV, Talcott ST |title=Identification of ellagic acid conjugates and other polyphenolics in muscadine grapes by HPLC-ESI-MS |journal=Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry |volume=53 |issue=15 |pages=6003–10 |date=July 2005 |pmid=16028988 |doi=10.1021/jf050468r}} External links{{Commons category|Vitis rotundifolia}}
15 : Vitis|Fruits originating in North America|Flora of the North-Central United States|Flora of the Northeastern United States|Flora of the Southeastern United States|Flora of the South-Central United States|Flora of the Plains-Midwest (United States)|Flora of the Appalachian Mountains|Red wine grape varieties|Table grape varieties|Crops originating from the United States|Plants described in 1803|American wine|Cuisine of the Southern United States|Plants used in Native American cuisine |
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