“Alfred Ingemar Berndt”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Alfred-Ingemar Berndt (born 22 April 1905 in Bromberg (West Prussia); died 28 March 1945 at Veszprém, Hungary) was a German journalist, writer and close collaborator of National Socialist Propaganda Minister Joseph Goebbels. Berndt wrote an eyewitness account of the 1940 German invasion of the Low Countries and France, [https://books.google.com/books?isbn=1539810976 Tanks Break Through!], and is regarded as propagandistic creator of the "Desert Fox" myth attached to the German Field Marshal Erwin Rommel.

Youth and first political activities

Berndt's family was expelled and dispossessed from West Prussia in 1920, a result of the Versailles Treaty. The family moved to Berlin-Schöneberg, where Berndt in 1922, age 17, joined the National Socialist German Workers Party. In 1924 he joined the Frontbann, reorganized front organization of the Sturmabteilung or SA. After the prohibition of the Nazi Party expired in 1925, he re-joined definitively. He was instrumental in building the organization and structure of the Hitler Youth in Berlin.

In December 1928, after interrupted study of German literature and volunteer work for German newspapers, Berndt got a job at Wolffs Telegraphisches Bureau (WTB), the largest news agency in Germany. Berndt was able to disguise his Nazi leanings as serious journalism. He wrote under various pseudonyms as columnist and commentator, and became a writer for two Nazi papers, Der Angriff and Der Völkische Beobachter. In 1931 he became head of the writers’ division of the Kampfbund für deutsche Kultur, an organization of Nazi authors, high school teachers, journalists, and cultural personages. A central figure in a growing network of Nazi newsmen at home and abroad, he was jailed and imprisoned from time to time during the Weimar Republic on account of his politics. ^[1]

Hitler’s rise to power as a career booster

When Hitler became Chancellor in January 1933, Berndt’s position in the Kampfbund für deutsche Kultur led to his promotion in Wolffs Telegraphisches Bureau, which had become the Nazi press office, the Deutsche Nachrichtenbüro (DNB). In December 1933 he became chief editor of the DNB.

Berndt was responsible for the coordination of the Reichsverbandes der Deutschen Presse (RDP) and was deputy of the Reich Press Chief, Otto Dietrich. After the Night of the Long Knives in 1934, when Hitler’s men murdered many opponents, Berndt left the SA and joined the Schutzstaffel (SS).

Rise in the Propaganda Ministry

Pleased with his protégé, Goebbels promoted Berndt, October 1938, to Ministerial Director. At the instigation of Otto Dietrich, Berndt was replaced as head of the press department by Hans Fritzsche, December 1938.

Berndt then took on, at Goebbels' personal request, the department of literature (Division VIII), which had, among other tasks, responsibility for literary censorship and ideological control of writers and authors.

As propagandist during the war

On 30 August 1939, two days before the start of the Second World War, Berndt was appointed Head of Broadcasting of the Propaganda Ministry (Division III). In early November 1939 Goebbels learned of Berndt’s conflicts with the Reich Post Office, and rejected him as a negotiator for the Propaganda Ministry. In February 1940, Berndt reported that he had fulfilled his task of adapting the German broadcasting system to the requirements of war and war propaganda. He was released from all functions in the Propaganda Ministry and enlisted as a volunteer in the Wehrmacht. In the French campaign he was a sergeant in Heavy Tank Division 605. He was awarded the Iron Cross second class, 27 May 1940. On 6 June 1940 he received the Iron Cross First Class. He wrote about his experiences at the front ([https://books.google.com/books?isbn=1539810976 Tanks Break Through!], 1940). In August 1940 Berndt returned to the Propaganda Ministry, but left administrative work mainly to his previous deputies. Berndt was first head of the Propaganda Ministry Offices in Paris.^[5] In May 1941 he went back to the front; this time as a lieutenant on the staff of the German Afrika Korps under then Lieutenant General Erwin Rommel. Rommel had been enormously displeased with Oberleutnant Alfred Tschimpke, a propaganda reporter who had written a book about the 7th Panzer Division that Rommel commanded in France.^[6]^[7]

Head of the Propaganda Department Division II and Rommel’s adjutant

After the German invasion of the Soviet Union in June 1941, Goebbels ordered Berndt back to Berlin and promoted him to Ministerial Director and head of propaganda (Division II). Despite his heavy involvement in the Ministry, Berndt shuttled regularly between Berlin and Rommel’s headquarters until Rommel left North Africa. Berndt quickly became Rommel’s trusted aide, a propaganda press manager for his boss. Berndt worked hard to promote the myth of Rommel the "Desert Fox," as a role model par excellence for many Germans. In addition, Berndt took on the role of Rommel’s personal representative in Hitler’s headquarters. On 17 July 1943, Hitler personally honored Berndt for his contributions to the North African campaign with the German Cross in Gold.

During his time as head of the Propaganda Department, Berndt dealt with the battle of Stalingrad, the capitulation of Tunis and the discovery of the mass graves of the Katyn massacre. He was also chairman of the Interdepartmental Air War Damages Committee, which was responsible for the coordination of relief and reconstruction after air raids.

Personal

"Burly, wavy-haired and dark-skinned, Berndt had the lumbering gait of a bear and a physiological oddity--six toes on one foot. (Goebbels had a right club foot.) Berndt was literate and personable, poked his nose in everywhere, and was put in charge of keeping the Rommel diary. Before joining Rommel's staff as a kind of Party "commissar," he was already a tough, ambitious Nazi zealot."^[8]

A murder and Eastern Front combat

In late spring 1944, the leaders of Nazi Germany devised a plan to lynch captured Allied airmen. Goebbels talked about the matter with Hitler. On 25 May 1944 in the Völkischer Beobachter, the propaganda minister published an article which stated that the government would not act against anyone lynching Allied airmen who had fired on civilians. Goebbels hoped that this article would set off a massive hunt for Allied pilots and deter airmen from flying missions against Germany. The result was 350 lynchings of Allied airmen.

Berndt took part in the murders. On 6 June 1944, when the Western Allies landed in Normandy (Operation Overlord), Berndt halted his car where a captured US Flight Lieutenant named Dennis was being held, and shot him dead in the street. ^[9]^[10]^[11]^[12]

After the successful landing of the Western Allies, a rift developed between Goebbels and Berndt. Berndt commented, after a visit to Rommel's headquarters on the western front, that he was extremely pessimistic about the military situation. Goebbels accused Berndt of defeatism, pulled him from the propaganda department and suspended him indefinitely from the Ministry.

Berndt responded by volunteering for combat. In September 1944, through the mediation of Heinrich Himmler, Berndt was elevated to the military rank of SS-Hauptsturmführer, the equivalent of captain, in the Waffen-SS. According to several eyewitnesses, Berndt, as commander of the second battalion of SS Panzer Regiment 5 "Viking," was killed at Veszprém, Hungary, during an attack by Soviet dive bombers on 28 March 1945. He was buried in 1945 to the west of Körmend, Hungary. His name is inscribed in the Szombathely German Military Cemetery, Vas, Hungary.^[13]^[14] His valise was found near Lake Schwerin and restored by the Bundesarchiv. It is now at the Bundesarchiv Military Archive in Freiburg.^[15]

Books

Berndt wrote, besides various prefaces and epilogues to publications by other authors, several hundred newspaper articles in various non-Nazi newspapers of the Weimar Republic and the Nazi Party newspapers. He was later occasionally active as a political commentator in the United Rundfunk program.

References

1. ^Willi A. Boelcke: Kriegspropaganda 1939–1941. Geheime Ministerkonferenzen im Reichspropagandaministerium. DVA, Stuttgart 1966, S. 77.
2. ^Germany Explains Curb on Criticism. New York Times. November 29, 1936 p 31.
3. ^Sigrid Schultz. Berlin charges Jews started anti-Nazi yarns. Chicago Tribune. 12 Feb 1938 p 7
4. ^A great American institution. Lancaster Eagle Gazette (Lancaster, Ohio) 12 March 1938
5. ^Lehrer, Steven. Wartime Sites in Paris. SF Tafel 2013 p 143 {{ISBN|1492292923}}
6. ^Desmond Young. Rommel the Desert Fox. Quill / William Morrrow; Reprint edition (February 18, 1987)
7. ^Alfred Tschimpke. Die Gespenster-Division (Die Wehrmacht im Zweiten Weltkrieg 2) Eher Verlag 1940
8. ^Irving, David. The Trail of the Fox. Harper Collins, New York 1990 p 101
9. ^Joseph Goebbels: Ein Wort zum Luftkrieg. according to Peter Longerich: Goebbels - Biographie. München 2010, S. 618.
10. ^Peter Longerich: Goebbels - Biographie. München 2010, S. 618.
11. ^Ralf Georg Reuth: Goebbels. Piper, München/Zürich 1990, {{ISBN|3-492-03183-8}}, S. 540.
12. ^Günter Neliba: Lynchjustiz an amerikanischen Kriegsgefangenen in der Opelstadt Rüsselsheim. Rekonstruktion eines der ersten Kriegsverbrecher-Prozesse in Deutschland nach Prozessakten (1945-1947). Brandes & Apsel, Frankfurt a.M. 2000, {{ISBN|3-86099-205-8}}, S. 28f.
13. ^[https://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=172059735 Alfred Ingemar Berndt on findagrave.com]
14. ^Szombathely Cemetery entry for Alfred Ingemar Berndt
15. ^[https://www.bundesarchiv.de/fachinformationen/02246/index.html.de Restorative treatment of the "estate" of Alfred Ingemar Berndt. A buried chest after the war hid another archival treasure.] (in German)