“Vittorio Vidali”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Vittorio Vidali (1900–1983), also known as Vittorio Vidale, Enea Sormenti, Jacobo Hurwitz Zender, Carlos Contreras, "Comandante Carlos" was an Italian Communist.

Early life

He was born in the small coastal town of Muggia, then part of the county of Istria in the Austro-Hungarian Empire, now part of Italy. As a teenager, he joined the socialist movement in the nearby port city of Trieste. Vidali is said to have been, aged only twenty, one of the founders of the Italian Communist Party, but was expelled from the country after Benito Mussolini ascended to power in 1922. He is described as a Bolshevik in the file kept on him by the police in Fascist Italy.

Comintern agent

After Italy, Vidali relocated to Moscow. While in the Soviet Union, he was officially rebuked for indulging in love affairs (Cacucci, 1999).^[1] With the International Red Aid as his cover,^[2] Vidali was sent by the Comintern to Mexico to discipline ^[3] the Mexican Communist Party. His time there brought Vidali's romantic involvement with photographer and communist activist Tina Modotti, who had previously been Diego Rivera's friend.

The Murder of Julio Mella

Vidali's interest in Modotti is believed{{citation needed|date=March 2015}} to be related to the killing of her then current lover, Cuban communist Julio Antonio Mella, a founder of the Comintern version of the Communist Party of Cuba (Tennant, 1999).^[4] Mella had fled Cuba in Gerardo Machado’s time, to join and then leave the Mexican Communist Party.

The famous operative is immortalized in Diego Rivera's mural In the Arsenal.^[5] The extreme right [as you face it] of the mural shows Tina Modotti holding a belt of ammunition. Vidali's face, partly hidden, stares suspiciously from under a black hat, as he peers over her shoulder, while Modotti gazes lovingly at Julio Antonio Mella (shown with light colored hat).

Given the closeness of Diego Rivera to the people involved, and the fact that the painting is said to slightly predate the murder,{{citation needed|date=March 2015}} some consider it to be evidence of Vidali's and Rivera's involvement in Mella's assassination{{citation needed|date=March 2015}}, also related to Rivera's subsequent expulsion from the Mexican Communist Party.

Vidali is believed to have used the revolver he commonly carried to murder Mella, rather than the M1911 pistol that Modotti kept in her house.{{citation needed|date=March 2015}} The assassination took place in Mexico City on January 10, 1929, one month after Mella was expelled from the Mexican Communist Party for association with Trotskyists. Mella had rejoined the party just two weeks prior to his death, although this circumstance -like much else related to Vidali- is murky.

Modotti was by Mella's side as he was shot, and was holding his arm in a manner which may be likened to their pose in Rivera's mural. Vidali's rivalry for Tina Modotti's affections may have been partial motive for the murder.{{citation needed|date=March 2015}}

The Mella assassination illustrates the complexity of the issues, and demonstrates Vidali and his superiors' skills at obfuscation and covering tracks. Officially, José Agustín López (said to have no particular political affiliations) was charged with Mella's murder, but two other known criminals, Jose Magriñat and Antonio Sanabria, were also suspected. The police investigators were given conflicting eyewitness reports. In one version, Mella and Modotti were walking alone, whereas another stated that Vidali was walking together with the two. Since Mella's wounds were from point-blank range, neither Modotti nor Vidali were injured, and, as Modotti had given a false name to the investigators, the police were suspicious of her alibi - she was arrested, but released soon after. Magriñat, himself in custody, was also set free: apparently a loose end, he was ultimately killed in Cuba (allegedly by communists) in 1933 (Albers, 2002).

The official position of the present Cuban government is still that Mella was killed on Machado's orders, but it too admits that Tina Modotti was a Stalinist operative in a number of countries. Yet even in Cuba there are those who seem to believe that Vidali was responsible.^[6] How Machado's men could have operated alone and independently in the highly politicized environment of Mexico City is not explained. Adding to the mystery, according to Abers (2002), both Magriñat and Rivera (who had just returned from Cuba) would have warned Mella that he was in danger.^[7]

The Spanish Civil War

After Mexico, Vidali left for Spain before the Spanish Civil War, arriving in May 1936 by the pseudonym of Carlos Contreras, and helping to prepare, supervise and coordinate the Antifascist Worker and Peasant Militias^[8] (MAOC), organized by the Spanish Communist Party since 1934.^[8] Because he had performed military training in the soviet Frunze Academy, Vidali and others comrades like Enrique Líster greater improved the preparetion of the militias.^[8] As a senior advisor for the Comintern in Spain,^[9] Vidali headed the 5th Regiment (Quinto Regimiento) being responsible for the political formation of MAOC's regiments.^[10] Vidali was shown addressing an assembly of military personnel in the 1937 pro-Republican propaganda film The Spanish Earth.

In Mexico and Italy

Back in Mexico, Vidali was definitely involved in the May 24, 1940 failed frontal assault on Trotsky's residence in Mexico City, along with Grigulevich and Mexican painter David Alfaro Siqueiros. Vidali is thought to have been involved with the insertion of assassin Ramón Mercader into Trotsky's inner circle - Mercader was to kill Trotsky later that year.

Vittorio Vidali returned to Trieste in 1947, when the Free Territory of Trieste was established. He soon became one of the most influential members of the Communist Party of the Free Territory of Trieste. In 1948, after the Tito-Stalin split, he became the leader of the party and carried out the de-Titoisation of Trieste's Communist organizations. He also got rid of the Yugoslav influence on the Communist Party of the Free Territory of Trieste, establishing strong links with the Italian Communists. During this period, he also clashed with the local Slovene minority that had been influential among Trieste's Communist before his arrival. After 1954, when Trieste became part of Italy again, Vidali served as a member of Italian Parliament.

Image

The circumstances relating to Vittorio Vidali, Ramón Mercader and the other agents (Trotsky's murder, the lethal purges of agents in the Soviet Union and Fulgencio Batista's Cuba (such as Sandalio Junco ^[11]^[12]), as well as Vidali's travels through Cuba before and after Fidel Castro's coming to power, and his presence in Turkey, Mexico, Spain, have drawn comparison with a James Bond story.^[13] Tina Modotti is said to have told Valentín González in Spain, after he had decided not to kill Vidali, words to the effect: "You should have shot him, I hate him". Yet she continued: "I have to follow him until I die" (which she in fact did).^[13]

Bibliography

Printed sources

References

1. ^Cacucci is misread, this happened in another time, under Stalin´s government
2. ^It is not proved that this job was a cover
3. ^Was sent to work with the party, source for stating that he was to "discipline" the MCP
4. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.cubantrotskyism.net/PhD/chap4.html |title=Archived copy |accessdate=December 7, 2005 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060505174827/http://www.cubantrotskyism.net/PhD/chap4.html |archivedate=May 5, 2006 }}
5. ^¹{{cite web|url=http://www.chapingo.mx/academicos/capilla/Nrev/ND1.htm |title=Archived copy |accessdate=January 22, 2006 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060112033759/http://www.chapingo.mx/academicos/capilla/Nrev/ND1.htm |archivedate=January 12, 2006 }}
6. ^{{cite web |author=Claudio Albertani |url=http://www.fundanin.org/albertani3.htm |title=Vittorio Vidali, Tina Modotti, el stalinismo y la revolución |website=Fundanin.org |date= |accessdate=2016-07-15 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303203817/http://www.fundanin.org/albertani3.htm |archivedate=2016-03-03 |df= }}
7. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.answers.com/topic/julio-antonio-mell |title=The Most Trusted Place for Answering Life's Questions |publisher=Answers |date= |accessdate=2016-07-15}}
8. ^¹²Stanley G Payne, Spanish Civil War, The Soviet Union, and Communism, Yale Press, 2004
9. ^Alejandro de Quesada, The Spanish Civil War 1936-39 (2), Osprey Publishing, 2015
10. ^Antony Beevor, The Battle for Spain, 2006
11. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.po.org.ar/edm/edm20/losor.htm |title=Archived copy |accessdate=December 6, 2005 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20051218154655/http://po.org.ar/edm/edm20/losor.htm |archivedate=December 18, 2005 }}
12. ^ {{dead link|date=July 2016}}
13. ^¹{{cite web |author=Julián Gorkin |url=http://www.fundanin.org/gorkin3.htm |title=Los asesinos de Trotski |website=Fundanin.org |date= |accessdate=2016-07-15 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303202139/http://www.fundanin.org/gorkin3.htm |archivedate=2016-03-03 |df= }}
14. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.cubantrotskyism.net/PhD/central.html |title=Archived copy |accessdate=December 7, 2005 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20050921075534/http://www.cubantrotskyism.net/PhD/central.html |archivedate=September 21, 2005 }}