| 词条 | Al Hakam ibn Awana |
| 释义 |
The Umayyad Caliphate Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik appoint Al-Hakam as the next governor of Sindh after the death of Governor Tamim. Al-Hakam remains the governor of Sindh from 731-740.[1] Al-Hakam restored order to Sindh and Kutch and built secure fortifications at Al-Mahfuzah and Al-Mansur. He then proceeded to retake Indian kingdoms previously conquered by Al-Junayd. The Arab sources are silent on the details of the campaigns. However, several Indian sources record victories over the Arab forces. He led many campaign against the Indian kingdoms but eventually defeated because at that time the Indian kingdoms were powerful enough to repulse the Arab forces. Al-Hakam died during a battle with the Indian kingdoms.[2] References1. ^ Wink, André. Al-Hind, the Making of the Indo-Islamic World, Volume 1: Early Medieval India and the Expansion of Islam, 7th–11th Centuries. 3rd ed. Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1996. {{ISBN|90-04-09249-8}} {{s-start}}{{s-bef|before=Tamim ibn Zaid al-Utbi}}{{s-ttl|title=Governor of Sind|years=??-740}}{{s-aft|after=Amr ibn Muhammad al-Thaqafi}}{{s-end}}{{India-hist-stub}}{{Pakistan-hist-stub}}2. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zjP0i6FSfLwC&pg=PA203&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi0robDm7XYAhXFOY8KHUiVDDcQ6AEIIzAA#v=onepage&f=false|title=End of the Jihad State, The: The Reign of Hisham Ibn 'Abd al-Malik and the Collapse of the Umayyads|publisher=SUNY Press|pages=203-204|author=Khalid Yahya Blankinship}} 2 : Umayyad governors of Sind|7th-century births |
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