| 词条 | Vladislav Ardzinba |
| 释义 |
| name=Vladislav Ardzinba Владислав Арӡынба | nationality=Abkhaz | image=Владислав Ардзинба в Москве.jpeg | caption = Vladislav Ardzinba in Moscow in 1996 | imagesize=260px | order=1st | office=President of Abkhazia | term_start=26 November 1994 | term_end=12 February 2005 | vicepresident = Valery Arshba | predecessor= | successor=Sergei Bagapsh | order2=First Secretary of the Communist Party of Abkhazia | term_start2=8 November 1990 | term_end2=27 December 1991 | predecessor2= | successor2= | order3=Chairman of the Supreme Soviet of Abkhazia | term_start3=1990 | term_end3=1994 | predecessor3= | successor3= | order4=Deputy of the Supreme Soviet | term_start4=1987 | term_end4=1989 | predecessor4= | successor4= | birth_date={{Birth date|1945|5|14}} | birth_place=Lower Eshera, Sukhumi District, Abkhazian ASSR, Georgian SSR, USSR | death_date= {{death date and age|2010|3|4|1945|5|14}} | death_place= Moscow, Russia | spouse=Svetlana Jergenia | party= | signature=Vladislav Ardzinba Signature.svg }} Vladislav Ardzinba ({{lang-ab|Владислав Арӡынба}}, {{lang-ka|ვლადისლავ არძინბა}}; 14 May 1945 – 4 March 2010) was the first de facto President of Abkhazia. A historian by education, Ardzinba led Abkhazia to de facto independence in the 1992–1993 War with Georgia, but its de jure independence from Georgia remained internationally unrecognised during Ardzinba's two terms as President from 1994 to 2005. A noted specialist in Hittitology, he was a member of the first parliament to be elected democratically in the Soviet Union in 1989.[3] Early life and careerVladislav Ardzinba was born in the village of Lower Eshera, Sukhumi District, Abkhaz ASSR, Georgian SSR, Soviet Union{{Citation needed|date=March 2010}}. After graduating from the Historical Department of the Sukhumi Pedagogical Institute, Ardzinba studied at the Tbilisi State University where he received a doctoral degree{{Citation needed|date=March 2010}}. He then worked for eighteen years in Moscow specialising in ancient Middle Eastern civilizations under Yevgeniy Primakov, then head of the Institute of Oriental Studies in Moscow, and later Russian foreign and Prime Minister{{Citation needed|date=March 2010}}. He then returned to Sukhumi and he served there as the director of the Abkhazian Institute of Language, Literature and History from 1987 until 1989, when he was elected a Deputy to the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union from Gudauta{{Citation needed|date=March 2010}}. From there, he was involved closely with national issues, including Abkhazia, and quickly emerged as one of the most active proponents of the Abkhaz secessionist cause. While a deputy to the USSR Supreme Soviet, Ardzinba forged close ties with the hardliners in Moscow, particularly with the parliamentary chairman Anatoly Lukyanov and other members of the hardline communist groups in Moscow that were responsible for the August 1991 coup attempt.[3] Role in the Georgian-Abkhaz conflictHe was a member of the first parliament to be elected democratically in the Soviet Union in 1989.[3] On 4 December 1990, Ardzinba was elected Chairman of the Supreme Soviet of Abkhazia.[3] Ardzinba, a charismatic but excitable figure popular among the Abkhaz was believed by Georgians to have helped to instigate the violence of July 1989.[4] Ardzinba managed to consolidate his power relatively quickly and reneged on pre-election promises to increase the representation of Georgians in Abkhazia's autonomous structures; since then, Ardzinba tried to rule Abkhazia relatively single-handedly, but avoided, for the time being, overt conflict with the central authorities in Tbilisi. In mid-1991, he negotiated and accepted the Georgian concession on the reform of the electoral law that granted the Abkhaz wide over-representation in the Supreme Soviet. However, Ardzinba created the Abkhazian National Guard that was mono-ethnically Abkhaz, and initiated a practice of replacing ethnic Georgians in leading positions with Abkhaz. As the Georgian-Abkhaz tensions rose, Ardzinba's rhetoric mounted, as he claimed in late July 1992 that "Abkhazia is strong enough to fight Georgia."[5] In August 1992, a Georgian military force ousted Ardzinba and his group from Sukhumi. They took shelter in Gudauta, a home to the Soviet-era Russian military base. Ardzinba benefited from his contacts with the Russian hardliner circles and military leaders to garner critical support in the war against the Georgian government.[6] PresidencyAfter the hostilities ended in 1994 and the bulk of the Georgian population was forced out of Abkhazia, the Abkhazian parliament elected Ardzinba to the presidency, a move that was condemned by Georgia and the United Nations as illegal{{Citation needed|date=July 2011}}. He won the first direct polls on 3 October 1999, without an opponent and was re-elected as president of Abkhazia.[7] He installed an autocratic regime[8] and remained politically untouchable until his health seriously deteriorated in 2003. He once stated that independence from Georgia is not negotiable, and he has tried to align the state with Russia, whose political and economic support was essential to the republic. As a leader of the Abkhaz side he met the two successive Russian presidents, Boris Yeltsin and Vladimir Putin, as well as a President of Georgia, Eduard Shevardnadze. Under his rule, human rights records were extremely poor as most of the pre-war Georgian population of Abkhazia were deprived the right to return, and those who remained were subjected to systematic ethnic cleansing{{Citation needed|date=July 2011}}. Ardzinba aroused some further criticism from the international community after issuing a decree banning Jehovah's Witnesses in 1995{{Citation needed|date=July 2011}}. During the last years of his presidency Ardzinba faced criticism for both failing to bring stability to Abkhazia and his increasingly low public profile. He had not appeared in public since 2002. As a result, the role of governing the state had been increasingly left to Prime Minister Raul Khajimba. He had been in extremely poor health and underwent treatment in Moscow for some time. Despite increasing calls from the opposition (particularly the Amtsakhara movement) for him to resign he had stated that he would finish his term, which was supposed to end in October 2004, but in fact did not end until 12 February 2005, due to disputes over the election of his successor. There were also calls for him to be impeached. However, although the Abkhaz Constitution allows for impeachment, the process would likely have not been completed before the end of his term, so no serious steps were taken to bring it about. He was unable to run for a third term due to constitutional restrictions, and it is unlikely that his health would have enabled him to do so even if this was allowed. He was replaced by the winner of the presidential election of 12 January 2005, Sergei Bagapsh. A previous election had been held in late 2004 after the murder of opposition leader Garri Aiba, but the result was controversial. DeathBy 2010, Ardzinba's health was in decline and had been for some time.[9][13] Ardzinba died on 4 March 2010, at the age of 64.[3] He was in the Central Clinical Hospital in Moscow at the time.[3] He had been escorted there the previous week.[10] The cause of death was not released to the public.[3][11] He is survived by his wife and daughter.[3] The President of Abkhazia, Sergei Bagapsh, paid tribute: "His service to the Abkhaz people was boundless".[12] Three days of mourning were declared in Abkhazia in remembrance of Ardzinba.[13] References1. ^ Conflict in the Caucasus: Georgia, Abkhazia, and the Russian Shadow (App Labour History Series; No. 3) by S. A. Chervonnaia and Svetlana Mikhailovna Chervonnaia 2. ^The Conflict in Abkhazia: Dilemmas in Russian 'Peacekeeping' Policy By Dov Lynch, p 153 3. ^Cornell, Svante E, Autonomy and Conflict: Ethnoterritoriality and Separatism in the South Caucasus – Case in Georgia, pp. 168, 180, 182. Department of Peace and Conflict Research, Report No. 61. Uppsala. {{ISBN|91-506-1600-5}}. 4. ^Stuart J. Kaufman (2001), Modern Hatreds: The Symbolic Politics of Ethnic War, p. 117. Cornell University Press, {{ISBN|0-8014-8736-6}}. 5. ^Cornell, p. 180. 6. ^Cornell, p. 180 7. ^The International Crisis Group. Abkhazia Today. Europe Report N°176, pp. 5, 12. 15 September 2006. 8. ^Tunç Aybak (2001), Politics of the Black Sea: Dynamics of Cooperation and Conflict, p. 193. I.B. Tauris, {{ISBN|1-86064-454-6}}. 9. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.speroforum.com/site/article.asp?id=28398&t=Vladislav+Ardzinba%2C+First+Leader+of+Abkhazia%2C+Dies|title=Vladislav Ardzinba, First Leader of Abkhazia, Dies|accessdate=5 March 2010|publisher=Spero News}} 10. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://in.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idINIndia-46656820100304|title=First leader of Georgian rebel region Abkhazia dies|date=4 March 2010|accessdate=5 March 2010|publisher=Reuters India}} 11. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.etaiwannews.com/etn/news_content.php?id=1195020&lang=eng_news|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604144857/http://www.etaiwannews.com/etn/news_content.php?id=1195020&lang=eng_news|dead-url=yes|archive-date=4 June 2011|title=Vladislav Ardzinba, first leader of Abkhazia, dies|date=4 March 2010|accessdate=5 March 2010|publisher=Taiwan News}} 12. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 {{cite web|url=http://www.themoscowtimes.com/news/article/first-abkhaz-leader-ardzinba-dead-at-64/401021.html|title=First Abkhaz Leader Ardzinba Dead at 64|date=5 March 2010|accessdate=5 March 2010|publisher=The Moscow Times}} 13. ^http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&sl=ru&tl=en&u=http://www.natpress.net/stat.php%3Fid%3D5105&rurl=translate.google.com&twu=1&usg=ALkJrhjeajqUnl8iXwwPFoL8pxehtZtGSg – Translated from Russian to English by Google External links{{Commons category}}
10 : People from Sukhumi District|Linguists from Abkhazia|Abkhaz historians|Hittitologists|Presidents of Abkhazia|1945 births|2010 deaths|Candidates in the 1994 Abkhazian presidential election|Candidates in the 1999 Abkhazian presidential election|Independence activists |
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