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词条 Voiced alveolar fricative
释义

  1. Voiced alveolar sibilant

     Features  Occurrence  Dentalized laminal alveolar  Non-retracted alveolar  Retracted alveolar  Variable 

  2. Voiced alveolar non-sibilant fricative

     Features  Occurrence 

  3. See also

  4. Notes

  5. References

The voiced alveolar fricatives are consonantal sounds. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents these sounds depends on whether a sibilant or non-sibilant fricative is being described.

  • The symbol the alveolar sibilant is {{angle bracket|{{IPA|z}}}}, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is z. The IPA letter {{angle bracket|z}} is not normally used for dental or postalveolar sibilants in narrow transcription unless modified by a diacritic ({{angle bracket|{{IPA|z̪}}}} and {{angle bracket|{{IPA|z̠}}}} respectively).
  • The IPA symbol for the alveolar non-sibilant fricative is derived by means of diacritics; it can be {{angle bracket|{{IPA|ð̠}}}} or {{angle bracket|{{IPA|ɹ̝}}}}.
Voiced coronal fricatives
DentalDenti-
alveolar		AlveolarPost-alveolar
Retracted Retroflex Palato-
alveolar		 Alveolo-
palatal
Sibilantplainz̪}}z̄}}z̠̠}}z̠}}ʐ}}ʒ}}ʑ}}
Non-sibilantð}}ð̠/ð̠̠/ɹ̝}}ɻ̝}}
tappedɾ̞/ɹ̝̆}}

Voiced alveolar sibilant

{{Infobox IPA
|ipa symbol=z
|ipa number=133
|decimal=122
|x-sampa=z
|kirshenbaum=z
|braille=z
}}{{Infobox IPA
|above=Voiced laminal dentalized alveolar sibilant
|ipa symbol=z̪
|ipa symbol2=z̟
}}{{Infobox IPA
|above=Voiced alveolar retracted sibilant
|decimal1=122
|decimal2=826
|ipa symbol=z̠
|showbelow=no
}}

The voiced alveolar sibilant is common across European languages, but is relatively uncommon cross-linguistically compared to the voiceless variant. Only about 28% of the world's languages contain a voiced dental or alveolar sibilant. Moreover, 85% of the languages with some form of {{IPA|[z]}} are languages of Europe, Africa, or Western Asia.

Features

{{sibilant}}
  • There are at least three specific variants of {{IPA|[z]}}:
    • Dentalized laminal alveolar (commonly called "dental"), which means it is articulated with the tongue blade very close to the upper front teeth, with the tongue tip resting behind lower front teeth. The hissing effect in this variety of {{IPA|[z]}} is very strong.[1]
    • Non-retracted alveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge, termed respectively apical and laminal. According to {{Harvcoltxt|Ladefoged|Maddieson|1996}} about half of English speakers use a non-retracted apical articulation.
    • Retracted alveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue slightly behind the alveolar ridge, termed respectively apical and laminal. Acoustically, it is close to {{IPAblink|ʒ}} or laminal {{IPAblink|ʐ}}.
{{voiced}}{{oral}}{{central articulation}}{{pulmonic}}{{clear}}

Occurrence

Dentalized laminal alveolar

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
ArmenianKozintseva|1995|p=7}}am|զարդ}}zɑɾtʰ.ogg|[z̪ɑɾt̪ʰ]}} 'decoration'
Azerbaijani{{sfnp|Axundov|1983|pp=115, 136, 139-142}}az-Latn|zoğ}}[z̪o̞ɣ]}} 'sprout'
Belarusian{{sfnp|Padluzhny|1989|p=47}}be|база}}[ˈbäz̪ä]}} 'base' Contrasts with palatalized form. See Belarusian phonology
Bulgarian{{sfnp|Klagstad Jr.|1958|p=46}}bg|езеро}}[ˈɛz̪ɛro]}} 'lake' Contrasts with palatalized form.
Czech{{sfnp|Palková|1994|p=228}}cs|zima}}[ˈz̪ɪmä]}} 'winter' See Czech phonology
English Multicultural London[2] zoo [z̪ʏˑy̯]}} 'zoo' See English phonology
French{{sfnp|Adams|1975|p=288}}{{sfnp|Fougeron|Smith|1999|p=79}}fr|zèbre}}[z̪ɛbʁ]}} 'zebra' See French phonology
Hungarian{{sfnp|Szende|1999|p=104}}hu|zálog}}[ˈz̪äːl̪oɡ]}} 'pledge' See Hungarian phonology
Kashubian[3]{{example needed|date=November 2013}}
Kazakh{{sfnp|Kara|2002|p=10}}kk|заң/zan'}}[z̪ɑŋ]}} 'law'
Kyrgyz{{sfnp|Kara|2003|p=11}}ky|заң}}[z̪äŋ]}} 'law'
Latvian{{sfnp|Nau|1998|p=6}}lv|zars}}[z̪ärs̪]}} 'branch' See Latvian phonology
Macedonian{{sfnp|Lunt|1952|p=1}}mk|зошто}}[ˈz̪ɔʃt̪ɔ]}} 'why' See Macedonian phonology
Mirandesemwl|daprendizaige}}[d̪əpɾẽd̪iˈz̪ajʒ(ɯ̽)]}} 'learning' Contrasts seven sibilants altogether, preserving medieval Ibero-Romance contrasts.
Polish[1]{{sfnp|Rocławski|1976|pp=149}}pl|zero}}Pl-zero.ogg|[ˈz̪ɛrɔ]}} 'zero' See Polish phonology
Portuguese Most Brazilian speakers pt|Estados Unidos}}[isˈt̪ad̪uz̪‿ʉˈnid͡zᶶ(ˢ)]}} 'United States' See Portuguese phonology
Romanian[4]ro|zar}}[z̪är]}} 'dice' See Romanian phonology
Russian{{sfnp|Chew|2003|p=67}}ru|заезжать/zaezžat'}}Ru-заезжать.ogg|[z̪əɪˈʑʑætʲ]}} 'to pick up' Contrasts with palatalized form. See Russian phonology
Serbo-Croatian{{sfnp|Kordić|2006|p=5}}{{sfnp|Landau|Lončarić|Horga|Škarić|1999|p=66}}sh-Latn|zima}}[z̪ǐːmä]}} 'winter' See Serbo-Croatian phonology
Slovaksk|zima}}[ˈz̪imä]}} 'winter'
Slovene[5]sl|zima}}[ˈz̪ìːma]}} 'winter'
Turkish{{sfnp|Adams|1975|p=288}}{{sfnp|Zimmer|Orgun|1999|p=154}}tr|göz}}[ɟø̞̈z̪]}} 'eye' See Turkish phonology
Ukrainian[6]uk|зуб}}[z̪ub]}} 'tooth' See Ukrainian phonology
Upper Sorbian{{sfnp|Šewc-Schuster|1984|pp=22, 38, 39}} koza [ˈkoz̪ä]}} 'goat' See Upper Sorbian phonology
Uzbek{{sfnp|Sjoberg|1963|p=11}}date=November 2013}}
Vietnamese Thompson|1987|pp=5 and 7}}vi|da}}[z̪äː]}} 'skin' See Vietnamese phonology

Non-retracted alveolar

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Adyghekbd-Cyrl|зы}}1 zee.ogg|[ˈzə]}} 'one'
Albaniansq|zjarr|italic=yes}}[zjar]}} 'fire'
Arabic Thelwall|1990|p=37}}ar|زائِر|rtl=yes}}[ˈzaːʔir]}}'visitor' See Arabic phonology
Assameseas|জলকীয়া}}[zɔlɔkija]}} 'chili'
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic ܙܓ [ziɡa]}} 'bell'
Bengalibn|নামাজ}}[namaz]}} 'Salah' See Bengali phonology
Bretonbr|iliz|italic=yes}}[iliz]}} 'church'
Chechenзурма / {{lang>ce-Latn|zurma}}[zuɾma]}} 'music'
Dutch{{sfnp|Gussenhoven|1999|p=75}}{{sfnp|Collins|Mees|2003|p=190}}nl|zaad}}[z̻aːt̻]}} 'seed' Gussenhoven|1999|p=75}}{{sfnp|Collins|Mees|2003|p=190}} See Dutch phonology
English zoo zoo-pronunciation-audio-nonmulticultural.ogg|[zuː]|help=no}} 'zoo' Absent from some Scottish and Asian dialects. See English phonology
Esperantoeo|kuzo|italic=yes}}[ˈkuzo]}} 'cousin' See Esperanto phonology
Georgian{{sfnp|Shosted|Chikovani|2006|p=255}}ka|ზარი}}[ˈzɑɾi]}} 'bell'
Greek Adams|1975|p=283}}el|ζάλη}}/záli[ˈz̻ali]}} 'dizziness' See Modern Greek phonology
Hebrewhe|זאב|rtl=yes}}[zeˈʔev]}} 'wolf' See Modern Hebrew phonology
Hindihi|ज़मीन}}[zəmiːn]}} 'land' See Hindustani phonology
Italian Canepari|1992|p=73}}it|caso|italic=yes}}[ˈkäːz̺ʲo]}} 'case' Canepari|1992|p=73}} may be {{IPAblink|ʐ}} or {{IPAblink|ʒ}} instead.{{sfnp|Canepari|1992|p=73}} See Italian phonology
Japanese{{sfnp|Okada|1999|p=117}}ja-Hani|全部}}/{{lang|ja-Latn|zenbu}}[zembɯ]}} 'everything' See Japanese phonology
Kabardiankbd-Cyrl|зы}}1 zee.ogg|[ˈzə]}} 'one'
Kalaw Lagaw Yamwp-Latn|zilamiz}}[zilʌmiz]}} 'go'
Kashmirihi|ज़ानुन}}/{{lang|ur|زانُن|rtl=yes}}[zaːnun]}} 'to know'
Malay beza [bezə]}} 'difference'
Maltesemt|żelu|italic=yes}}[zelu]}} 'zeal'
Marathimr|जर}}[zər]}} 'if' See Marathi phonology.
Occitan Limousin jòune [ˈzɒwne]}} 'young' See Occitan phonology
Persianگوز[guz]'fart'
Portuguese{{sfnp|Cruz-Ferreira|1995|p=91}}pt|casa|italic=yes}}[ˈkazɐ]}} 'house' See Portuguese phonology
Punjabiਜ਼ਿੰਦਗੀ[zɪnˈd̪əgi]}}'life'
Spanish Andalusian {{lang|es|comunismo|italic=yes}}{{IPA|[ko̞muˈnizmo̞]}}'Communism'Allophone of {{IPA|/s/}} before voiced consonants, when it is not debuccalized to {{IPA|[{{IPAplink|h}} ~ {{IPAplink|ɦ}}]}}. Present in dialects which realize {{IPA|/s/}} as a non-retracted alveolar fricative. Before {{IPA|/d/}} it is dental {{IPA|[z̪]}}.
Latin American
Mexican es|zapato|italic=yes}}[zäˈpät̪o̞]}} 'shoe' /s/}} in other Mexican dialects, and to {{IPA|/θ/}} in Peninsular Spanish. See Spanish phonology
Swahilisw|lazima|italic=yes}}[lɑzimɑ]}} 'must'
Urduur|زمین|rtl=yes}}[zəmiːn]}} 'land' See Hindustani phonology
West Frisian{{sfnp|Sipma|1913|p=16}}fy|sizze|italic=yes}}[ˈsɪzə]}} 'to say' It never occurs in word-initial positions. See West Frisian phonology
Yiii|ꍂ}}/{{lang|ii|ssy|italic=yes}}[zɿ˧]}} 'generation'
Yiddishyi-Latn|zien|italic=yes}}[zin]}} 'son'
ZapotecMerrill|2008|p=108}} guanaz [ɡʷanaz]}} 'went to grab'

Retracted alveolar

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Catalan{{sfnp|Carbonell|Llisterri|1992|p=54}}{{sfnp|Torreblanca|1988|p=347}}ca|zel|italic=yes}}[ˈz̺ɛɫ]}} 'zeal' Apical. See Catalan phonology
Galician mesmo [ˈme̞z̺mo̞]}} 'same' /s/}} before voiced consonants. Before {{IPA|/d/}} it is pronounced dentally {{IPA|[z̪]}}.
Greek{{sfnp|Arvaniti|2007|p=12}}el|μάζα}}/{{transl|el|ISO|máza}}[ˈmɐz̠ɐ]}} 'mass' See Modern Greek phonology
ItalianAdams|1975|p=286}}{{lang|it|caso}}{{IPA|[ˈkäːz̠o]}}'case'Adams|1975|p=286}} most of Umbria{{sfnp|Adams|1975|p=286}} (save Perugia and the extreme south){{sfnp|Adams|1975|p=286}} and Le Marche south of the Potenza.{{sfnp|Adams|1975|p=286}}
Adams|1975|pp=285-286}}{{sfnp|Canepari|1992|p=71-72}}Canepari|1992|p=72}} Present in many areas north of the La Spezia–Rimini Line.{{sfnp|Canepari|1992|p=71}}{{sfnp|Adams|1975|p=285}} See Italian phonology
Adams|1975|p=286}}Adams|1975|p=286}}
Low German{{sfnp|Adams|1975|p=289}}date=June 2014}}
Maldivian zaraafaa [z̺aˈraːfaː]}} 'giraffe'
Mirandesemwl|eisistir|italic=yes}}[e̞jz̺is̺ˈtiɾ]}} 'to exist' ch}} {{IPAslink|tʃ}}, {{angle bracket|x}} {{IPAslink|ʃ}}, {{angle bracket|g}}/{{angbr|j}} {{IPAslink|ʒ}}, {{angle bracket|c}}/{{angbr|ç}} {{IPAslink|s̪}}, {{angle bracket|z}} {{IPA|/z̪/}}, {{angle bracket|s}}/{angbr|ss} {{IPAslink|s̺}}, {angle bracket|s} {{IPA|/z̺/}}
Occitan Gascon casèrna [kaz̺ɛrno]}} 'barracks' See Occitan phonology
Languedocien véser [bez̺e]}} 'to see'
Portuguese Coastal Northern European date=November 2012}}/z/}}. See Portuguese phonology
Inland Northern European date=November 2012}}/z/}}. See Portuguese phonology
Spanish Andean mismo{{IPA|[ˈmiz̺mo̞]}}'same'Apical. Allophone of {{IPA|/s/}} before voiced consonants. Before {{IPA|/d/}} it is pronounced dentally {{IPA|[z̪]}}. See Spanish phonology
Castilian
Paisa Region

Variable

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
German Mangold|2005|p=50}}de|sauber|italic=yes}}[ˈzäʊ̯bɐ]}} 'clean' Mangold|2005|p=50}} See Standard German phonology
ItalianCanepari|1992|p=68}}{{lang|it|caso|italic=yes}}{{IPA|[ˈkäːzo]}}'case'Canepari|1992|p=68}} See Italian phonology
Canepari|1992|p=72}}Canepari|1992|pp=68 and 72}} Both variants may be labiodentalized.{{sfnp|Canepari|1992|p=72}} See Italian phonology

Voiced alveolar non-sibilant fricative

{{Infobox IPA
|above = Voiced alveolar non-sibilant fricative
|decimal1 = 240
|decimal2 = 800
|ipa symbol = ð̠
|ipa symbol2 = ð͇
|ipa symbol3 = ɹ̝
|ipa symbol4 = d̞
|showbelow = no
}}{{Infobox IPA
|above=Voiced alveolar tapped fricative
|ipa symbol=ɾ̞
|ipa symbol2=ɹ̝̆
|ipa number=124 430
}}

The voiced alveolar non-sibilant fricative is a consonantal sound. As the International Phonetic Alphabet does not have separate symbols for the alveolar consonants (the same symbol is used for all coronal places of articulation that aren't palatalized), it can represent this sound as in a number of ways including {{angle bracket|{{IPA|ð̠}}}} or {{angle bracket|{{IPA|ð͇}}}} (retracted or alveolarized {{IPA|[ð]}}, respectively), {{angle bracket|{{IPA|ɹ̝}}}} (constricted {{IPA|[ɹ]}}), or {{angle bracket|{{IPA|d̞}}}} (lowered {{IPA|[d]}}).

Few languages also have the voiced alveolar tapped fricative, which is simply a very brief apical alveolar non-sibilant fricative, with the tongue making the gesture for a tapped stop but not making full contact. This can be indicated in the IPA with the lowering diacritic to show full occlusion did not occur. Flapped fricatives are theoretically possible but are not attested.{{sfnp|Laver|1994|p=263}}

Features

{{fricative}} However, it does not have the grooved tongue and directed airflow, or the high frequencies, of a sibilant.{{alveolar}}{{voiced}}{{oral}}{{central articulation}}{{pulmonic}}{{clear}}

Occurrence

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Aragonese Mott|2007|pp=104, 112}}an|aire|italic=yes}}[ˈäi̯ɾ̞e̞]}} 'air' /ɾ/}}.{{sfnp|Mott|2007|pp=104, 112}}
Czech{{sfnp|Ladefoged|Maddieson|1996|pp=228-230 and 233}}cs|čtyři|italic=yes}}[ˈt͡ʃtɪɹ̝ɪ]}} 'four' Ladefoged|Maddieson|1996|pp=228-230 and 233}} or a tap fricative instead.{{sfnp|Šimáčková|Podlipský|Chládková|2012|p=226}} It contrasts with {{IPA|/r/}} and {{IPA|/ʒ/}}. See Czech phonology
Dahalo[7]{{IPA|[káð̠i]}} 'work' /d̠/}}, and may be an approximant {{IPAblink|ð̠˕}} or simply a plosive {{IPAblink|d}} instead.[8]
Danish[9] Few speakers[10] da|ved|italic=yes}}[ve̝ð̠]}} 'at' [9] Allophone of {{IPA>/d/}} in the syllable coda; much more often realized as an approximant.[10] See Danish phonology
Dutch[11]nl|voor|italic=yes}}[vöːɹ̝]}} 'for' /r/}}; distribution unclear. See Dutch phonology
EnglishWatson|2007|pp=352-353}} maid [meɪð̠] }} 'maid' /d/}}. See English phonology
Ladefoged|Maddieson|1996|p=236}}{{sfnp|Ogden|2009|p=92}} round [ɹ̝æʊ̯nd]}} 'round' Ogden|2009|p=92}} present in some urban dialects.{{sfnp|Ladefoged|Maddieson|1996|p=236}} See South African English phonology
Icelandic[12][13]is|bróðir}}[ˈprou̯ð̠ir]}} 'brother' Usually apical,[12][13] may be closer to an approximant. See Icelandic phonology
ItalianCanepari|1992|p=72}}it|caso|italic=yes}}[ˈkäːð̠o]}} 'case' /z/}} for some young speakers. Either non-sibilant, or "not sibilant enough".{{sfnp|Canepari|1992|p=72}} See Italian phonology
Canepari|1992|pp=64-65}}it|terra|italic=yes}}[ˈt̪ɛɹ̝ä]}} 'earth' /rr/}} in standard Italian.{{sfnp|Canepari|1992|pp=64-65}} See Italian phonology
Manxgv|mooar|italic=yes}}[muːɹ̝]}} 'big' /r/}}.
Spanish{{sfnp|Mott|2007|p=112}}es|aire|italic=yes}}[ˈäi̯ɾ̞e̞]}} 'air' /ɾ/}}.{{sfnp|Mott|2007|p=112}} See Spanish phonology
Swedish Engstrand|1999|pp=141}}{{sfnp|Engstrand|2004|p=167}}sv|vandrare|italic=yes}}[²vän̪ːd̪ɹ̝äɹɛ]}} 'wanderer' /r/}} around the Stockholm area. See Swedish phonology
Tacana[14]{{example needed|date=January 2016}} Tapped.[14]
Turkish{{sfnp|Yavuz|Balcı|2011|p=25}}tr|rüya|italic=yes}}[ˈɾ̞ÿjä]}} 'dream' /ɾ/}}.{{sfnp|Yavuz|Balcı|2011|p=25}} See Turkish phonology

See also

  • Tongue shape
  • Apical consonant
  • Laminal consonant
  • Index of phonetics articles

Notes

1. ^1 {{Harvcoltxt|Puppel|Nawrocka-Fisiak|Krassowska|1977|p=149}}, cited in {{Harvcoltxt|Ladefoged|Maddieson|1996|p=154}}
2. ^{{cite web|title=english speech services {{!}} Accent of the Year / sibilants in MLE|url=http://englishspeechservices.com/blog/accent-of-the-year-sibilants-in-mle/|accessdate=2 December 2015}}
3. ^{{cite web|title=Fonetyka i fonologia|author=Jerzy Treder|url=http://www.rastko.net/rastko-ka/index2.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=227&pop=1&page=0&Itemid=26|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304000614/http://www.rastko.net/rastko-ka/index2.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=227&pop=1&page=0&Itemid=26|archivedate=2016-03-04|df=}}
4. ^{{cite web|author=Ovidiu Drăghici|title=Limba Română contemporană. Fonetică. Fonologie. Ortografie. Lexicologie|url=http://cis01.central.ucv.ro/litere/idd/cursuri/an_1/limba_rom_cont/lrc_an1_draghici.pdf|accessdate=April 19, 2013}}{{dead link|date=December 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
5. ^{{Harvcoltxt|Pretnar|Tokarz|1980|p=21}}
6. ^{{Cite journal|last1=Buk|first1=Solomija|last2=Mačutek|first2=Ján|last3=Rovenchak|first3=Andrij|year=2008|title=Some properties of the Ukrainian writing system|journal=Glottometrics|issue=16|pages=63–79|arxiv=0802.4198|bibcode=2008arXiv0802.4198B}}
7. ^{{Harvcoltxt|Maddieson|Spajić|Sands|Ladefoged|1993|p=34}}
8. ^{{Harvcoltxt|Maddieson|Spajić|Sands|Ladefoged|1993|pp=28, 34}}
9. ^1 {{Harvcoltxt|Jespersen|1897–1899|p=?}}, cited in {{Harvcoltxt|Ladefoged|Maddieson|1996|pp=144}}
10. ^1 {{Harvcoltxt|Bauer|Dienhart|Hartvigson|Jakobsen|1980|p=?}}, cited in {{Harvcoltxt|Ladefoged|Maddieson|1996|pp=144}}: "Only in a very distinct Danish - as from the stage of the Royal Theater - do we get a fricative."
11. ^{{Harvcoltxt|Collins|Mees|2003|p=199}}. Authors do not say where exactly it is used.
12. ^1 {{Harvcoltxt|Pétursson|1971|p=?}}, cited in {{Harvcoltxt|Ladefoged|Maddieson|1996|p=145}}
13. ^1 {{Harvcoltxt|Grønnum|2005|p=139}}
14. ^1 {{cite web|title=UPSID r[F|url=http://web.phonetik.uni-frankfurt.de/S/S0777.html|access-date=24 January 2016}}

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4 : Alveolar consonants|Fricative consonants|Central consonants|Voiced oral consonants
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