“Voiced palatal stop”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

词条 Voiced palatal stop

释义

Features
Occurrence
Palatal or alveolo-palatal Post-palatal Variable
See also
Notes
References

{{Infobox IPA
|ipa symbol = ɟ
|ipa number = 108
|decimal = 607
|imagefile = Voiced palatal stop (vector).svg
|imagesize = 150px
|x-sampa = J\\
|kirshenbaum = J
|braille = 35
|braille2 = 245
}}

The voiced palatal stop, or voiced palatal plosive, is a type of consonantal sound in some vocal languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is {{angle bracket|{{IPA|ɟ}}}}, a barred dotless {{angle bracket|j}} that was initially created by turning the type for a lowercase letter {{angle bracket|f}}. The equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is J\\.

If the distinction is necessary, the voiced alveolo-palatal stop may be transcribed {{angle bracket|{{IPA|ɟ̟}}}}, {{angle bracket|{{IPA|ɟ˖}}}} (both symbols denote an advanced {{angle bracket|{{IPA|ɟ}}}}) or {{angle bracket|{{IPA|d̠ʲ}}}} (retracted and palatalized {{angle bracket|{{IPA|d}}}}), but they are essentially equivalent since the contact includes both the blade and body (but not the tip) of the tongue. The equivalent X-SAMPA symbols are J\\_+ and d_-' or d_-_j, respectively. There is also a non-IPA letter {{angle bracket|{{IPA|ȡ}}}} ("d" with the curl found in the symbols for alveolo-palatal sibilant fricatives {{angle brackets|{{IPA link|ɕ}}, {{IPA link|ʑ}}}}), used especially in Sinological circles.

{{IPA|[ɟ]}} is a less common sound worldwide than {{IPA|[d͡ʒ]}} because it is difficult to get the tongue to touch just the hard palate without also touching the back part of the alveolar ridge.{{sfnp|Ladefoged|2005|p=162}} It is also common for the symbol {{angle bracket|{{IPA|ɟ}}}} to be used to represent a palatalized voiced velar stop or palato-alveolar/alveolo-palatal affricates, as in Indic languages. That may be considered appropriate when the place of articulation needs to be specified, and the distinction between stop and affricate is not contrastive.

There is also the voiced post-palatal stop^[1] in some languages, which is articulated slightly more back than the place of articulation of the prototypical voiced palatal stop but not as back as the prototypical voiced velar stop. The IPA does not have a separate symbol, which can be transcribed as {{angle bracket|{{IPA|ɟ̠}}}}, {{angle bracket|{{IPA|ɟ˗}}}} (both symbols denote a retracted {{angle bracket|{{IPA|ɟ}}}}), {{angle bracket|{{IPA|ɡ̟}}}} or {{angle bracket|{{IPA|ɡ˖}}}} (both symbols denote an advanced {{angle bracket|{{IPA|ɡ}}}}). The equivalent X-SAMPA symbols are J\\_- and g_+, respectively.

Especially in broad transcription, the voiced post-palatal stop may be transcribed as a palatalized voiced velar stop ({{angle bracket|{{IPA|ɡʲ}}}} in the IPA, g' or g_j in X-SAMPA).

Features

Features of the voiced palatal stop:

{{plosive}}{{palatal}} The otherwise identical post-palatal variant is articulated slightly behind the hard palate, making it sound slightly closer to the velar {{IPAblink|ɡ}}.{{voiced}}{{oral}}{{central articulation}}{{pulmonic}}

Occurrence

Palatal or alveolo-palatal

Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
Albanian{{sfnp\|Newmark\|Hubbard\|Prifti\|1982\|p=10}}		sq\|gjuha\|italic=yes}}	[ˈɟuha]}}	'tongue'	[d͡ʒ]}} in Gheg Albanian
Arabic	Watson\|2002\|p=16}}	{{lang\|ar\|جمل\|rtl=yes}}	{{IPA\|[ˈɟamal]}}	'camel'	Corresponds to {{IPA\|[{{IPAplink\|d͡ʒ}} ~ {{IPAplink\|ʒ}} ~ {{IPAplink\|ɡ}}]}} in other varieties. See Arabic phonology
	Watson\|2002\|p=16}}
	Watson\|2002\|p=16}}
Basque		eu\|anddere\|italic=yes}}	[äɲɟe̞ɾe̞]}}	'doll'
Catalan	Recasens\|Espinosa\|2005\|p=1}}	ca\|guix\|italic=yes}}	[ˈɟi̞ɕ]}}	'chalk'	/ɡ/}} in other varieties. See Catalan phonology
Chinese	Taiwanese Hokkien	Hani\|攑手}} / {{lang\|sh-Latn\|gia̍h-tshiú}}	[ɟiaʔ˧ʔ t͡ɕʰiu˥˩]}}	'(to) raise a hand'
Chinese	Taizhou dialect	共	[ɟyoŋ]}}	'together'
Corsican		co\|fighjulà\|italic=yes}}	[viɟɟuˈla]}}	'to watch'
Czech		cs\|dělám\|italic=yes}}	[ˈɟɛlaːm]}}	'I do'	See Czech phonology
Dinka		din\|jir\|italic=yes}}	[ɟir]}}	'blunt'
Ega{{sfnp\|Connell\|Ahoua\|Gibbon\|2002\|p=100}}		{{IPA\|[ɟé]}}		'become numerous'
French{{sfnp\|Recasens\|2013\|pp=11–13}}		fr\|gui\|italic=yes}}	[ɟi]}}	'mistletoe'	Ranges from alveolar to palatal with more than one closure point. See French phonology
Friulian		fur\|gjat\|italic=yes}}	[ɟat]}}	'cat'
Ganda		jjajja	[ɟːaɟːa]}}	'grandfather'
Hungarian{{sfnp\|Ladefoged\|2005\|p=164}}		hu\|gyám}}	[ɟäːm]}}	'guardian'	See Hungarian phonology
Irish		ga\|Gaeilge\|italic=yes}}	[ˈɡeːlʲɟə]}}	'Irish language'	See Irish phonology
Latvian		lv\|ģimene\|italic=yes}}	[ˈɟime̞ne̞]}}	'family'	See Latvian phonology
Macedonian		mk\|раѓање}}	[ˈraɟaɲɛ]}}	'birth'	See Macedonian phonology
Norwegian	Skjekkeland\|1997\|pp=105–107}}	{{lang\|no\|fadder\|italic=yes}}	{{IPA\|[fɑɟːeɾ]}}	'godparent'	See Norwegian phonology
Norwegian	Skjekkeland\|1997\|pp=105–107}}	{{lang\|no\|fadder\|italic=yes}}	{{IPA\|[fɑɟːeɾ]}}	'godparent'	See Norwegian phonology
Occitan	Auvergnat	oc-Latn\|diguèt\|italic=yes}}	[ɟiˈɡɛ]}}	'said' (3rd pers. sing.)	See Occitan phonology
Occitan	Limousin	dissèt	[ɟiˈʃɛ]}}	'said' (3rd pers. sing.)	See Occitan phonology
Portuguese	Some Brazilian speakers	pt\|pedinte\|italic=yes}}	[piˈɟ̟ĩc̟i̥]}}	'beggar'	/d/}} before {{IPAslink\|i}} that is common in Brazil.^[2] See Portuguese phonology
Slovak{{sfnp\|Hanulíková\|Hamann\|2010\|p=374}}		sk\|ďaleký\|italic=yes}}	[ˈɟ̟äɫɛ̝kiː]}}	'far'	Hanulíková\|Hamann\|2010\|p=374}} See Slovak phonology
Turkish		tr\|güneş\|italic=yes}}	[ɟyˈne̞ʃ]}}	'sun'	See Turkish phonology
Vietnamese	North-central dialect	vi\|da\|italic=yes}}	[ɟa˧]}}	'skin'	See Vietnamese phonology

Post-palatal

Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
Catalan{{sfnp\|Rafel\|1999\|p=14}}		ca\|guix\|italic=yes}}	[ˈɡ̟i̞ɕ]}}	'chalk'	/ɡ/}} before front vowels.{{sfnp\|Rafel\|1999\|p=14}} See Catalan phonology
Greek{{sfnp\|Arvaniti\|2007\|p=20}}		el\|μετάγγιση / metággisi}}	[me̞ˈtɐŋ̟ɟ̠is̠i]}}	'transfusion'	Arvaniti\|2007\|p=20}} See Modern Greek phonology
Italian	Canepari\|1992\|p=62}}	it\|ghianda\|italic=yes}}	[ˈɡ̟jän̪ːd̪ä]}}	'acorn'	/ɡ/}} before {{IPA\|/i, e, ɛ, j/}}.{{sfnp\|Canepari\|1992\|p=62}} See Italian phonology
Portuguese		pt\|amiguinho\|italic=yes}}	[ɐmiˈɡ̟ĩɲu]}}	'little buddy'	/ɡ/}} before front vowels. See Portuguese phonology
Romanian{{sfnp\|Sarlin\|2014\|p=17}}		ro\|ghimpe\|italic=yes}}	[ˈɡ̟impe̞]}}	'thorn'	/ɡ/}} before {{IPA\|/i, e, j/}} and the phonetic realization of {{IPA\|/ɡʲ/}}.{{sfnp\|Sarlin\|2014\|p=17}} See Romanian phonology
Russian	Yanushevskaya\|Bunčić\|2015\|p=223}}	ru\|герб}} / {{lang\|ru-Latn\|gerb}}	[ɡ̟e̞rp]}}	'coat of arms'	{{IPA\|ɡʲ}}}}. See Russian phonology
Spanish{{sfnp\|Canellada\|Madsen\|1987\|p=20}}		es\|guía\|italic=yes}}	[ˈɡ̟i.ä]}}	'guidebook'	/ɡ/}} before front vowels.{{sfnp\|Canellada\|Madsen\|1987\|p=20}} See Spanish phonology
Yanyuwa{{sfnp\|Ladefoged\|Maddieson\|1996\|pp=34-35}}		{{IPA\|[ɡ̠uɡ̟uɭu]}}		'sacred'	Ladefoged\|Maddieson\|1996\|pp=34-35}} Contrasts plain and prenasalized versions.

Variable

Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
English{{sfnp\|Gimson\|2014\|p=181}}{{sfnp\|Mannell\|Cox\|Harrington\|2009}}		geese	geese-pronunciation-audio.ogg\|[ɡ̟iːs]\|help=no}}	'geese'	/ɡ/}} before front vowels and {{IPA\|/j/}}. Varies between post-palatal and palatal.{{sfnp\|Gimson\|2014\|p=181}}{{sfnp\|Mannell\|Cox\|Harrington\|2009}} See English phonology

Notes

1. ^Instead of "post-palatal", it can be called "retracted palatal", "backed palatal", "palato-velar", "pre-velar", "advanced velar", "fronted velar" or "front-velar". For simplicity, this article uses only the term "post-palatal".
2. ^Palatalization in Brazilian Portuguese revisited

References

{{Citation

|last=Arvaniti
|first=Amalia
|year=2007
|title=Greek Phonetics: The State of the Art
|pages=97–208
|journal=Journal of Greek Linguistics
|volume=8
|url=http://www.kent.ac.uk/secl/ell/staff/amalia-arvaniti/docs/Greek%20Phonetics%20-%20The%20State%20of%20the%20Art.pdf
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131211020607/http://www.kent.ac.uk/secl/ell/staff/amalia-arvaniti/docs/Greek%20Phonetics%20-%20The%20State%20of%20the%20Art.pdf
|dead-url=yes
|archive-date=2013-12-11
|doi=10.1075/jgl.8.08arv
|citeseerx=10.1.1.692.1365
}}

{{Citation

|last=Canellada
|first=María Josefa
|last2=Madsen
|first2=John Kuhlmann
|title=Pronunciación del español: lengua hablada y literaria
|place=Madrid
|publisher=Castalia
|year=1987
|isbn=978-8470394836
}}

{{Citation

|last=Canepari
|first=Luciano
|year=1992
|title=Il MªPi – Manuale di pronuncia italiana
|trans-title=Handbook of Italian Pronunciation
|language=Italian
|location=Bologna
|publisher=Zanichelli
|isbn=978-88-08-24624-0
}}

{{Citation

|last=Connell
|first=Bruce
|last2=Ahoua
|first2=Firmin
|last3=Gibbon
|first3=Dafydd
|year=2002
|title=Ega
|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association
|volume=32
|issue=1
|pages=99–104
|doi=10.1017/S002510030200018X
}}

{{Citation

|last=Gimson
|first=Alfred Charles
|editor-last=Cruttenden
|editor-first=Alan
|year=2014
|title=Gimson's Pronunciation of English
|publisher=Routledge
|edition=8th
|isbn=9781444183092
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M2nMAgAAQBAJ
}}

{{Citation

|last=Hanulíková
|first=Adriana
|last2=Hamann
|first2=Silke
|year=2010
|title=Slovak
|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association
|volume=40
|issue=3
|pages=373–378
|doi=10.1017/S0025100310000162
|url=http://www.fon.hum.uva.nl/silke/articles/Hanulikova&Hamann_2010.pdf
}}

{{Citation

|last=Kolgjini
|first=Julie M.
|year=2004
|title=Palatalization in Albanian: An acoustic investigation of stops and affricates
|type=Ph.D.
|publisher=The University of Texas at Arlington
}}

{{Citation

|last=Ladefoged
|first=Peter
|authorlink=Peter Ladefoged
|year=2005
|title=Vowels and Consonants
|edition=Second
|publisher=Blackwell
}}

{{SOWL}}
{{Citation

|last=Mannell
|first=R.
|last2=Cox
|first2=F.
|last3=Harrington
|first3=J.
|year=2009
|title=An Introduction to Phonetics and Phonology
|publisher=Macquarie University
|url=http://clas.mq.edu.au/speech/phonetics/transcription/phonetic_transcription/phonetic_transcription.html
}}

{{Citation

|last=Newmark
|first=Leonard
|last2=Hubbard
|first2=Philip
|last3=Prifti
|first3=Peter R.
|year=1982
|title=Standard Albanian: A Reference Grammar for Students
|isbn=978-0-8047-1129-6
|publisher=Stanford University Press
|url=https://books.google.com/?id=hqlYbhnII3QC&pg=PA1&dq=Standard+Albanian:+A+Reference+Grammar+for+Students&q=
}}

{{Citation

|last=Rafel
|first=Joaquim
|title=Aplicació al català dels principis de transcripció de l'Associació Fonètica Internacional
|year=1999
|place=Barcelona
|publisher=Institut d'Estudis Catalans
|edition=3rd
|url=http://publicacions.iec.cat/repository/pdf/00000042%5C00000071.pdf
|isbn=978-84-7283-446-0
}}

{{Citation

|last=Recasens
|first=Daniel
|last2=Espinosa
|first2=Aina
|year=2005
|title=Articulatory, positional and coarticulatory characteristics for clear /l/ and dark /l/: evidence from two Catalan dialects
|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association
|volume=35
|issue=1
|pages=1–25
|doi=10.1017/S0025100305001878
}}

{{Citation

|last=Sarlin
|first=Mika
|year=2014
|orig-year=First published 2013
|title=Romanian Grammar
|edition=2nd
|chapter=Sounds of Romanian and their spelling
|place=Helsinki
|publisher=Books on Demand GmbH
|isbn=978-952-286-898-5
|pages=16–37
|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nKWpBAAAQBAJ
}}

{{Citation

|last=Skjekkeland
|first=Martin
|year=1997
|title=Dei norske dialektane: Tradisjonelle særdrag i jamføring med skriftmåla
|publisher=Høyskoleforlaget (Norwegian Academic Press)
}}

{{Citation

|last=Watson
|first=Janet
|year=2002
|title=The Phonology and Morphology of Arabic
|place=New York
|publisher=Oxford University Press
}}

{{Citation

|last1=Yanushevskaya
|first1=Irena
|last2=Bunčić
|first2=Daniel
|year=2015
|title=Russian
|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association
|volume=45
|issue=2
|pages=221–228
|doi=10.1017/S0025100314000395
}}{{Refend}}{{IPA navigation}}

4 : Palatal consonants|Plosives|Central consonants|Voiced oral consonants

随便看

开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。