“Voiced pharyngeal fricative”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The voiced pharyngeal approximant or fricative is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is [ʕ], and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is ?\\. Epiglottals and epiglotto-pharyngeals are often mistakenly taken to be pharyngeal.

Although traditionally placed in the fricative row of the IPA chart, [ʕ] is usually an approximant. The IPA symbol itself is ambiguous, but no language is known to make a phonemic distinction between fricatives and approximants at this place of articulation. The approximant is sometimes specified as [ʕ̞] or as [ɑ̯].

Features

Occurrence

Pharyngeal consonants are not widespread. Sometimes, a pharyngeal approximant develops from a uvular approximant. Many languages that have been described as having pharyngeal fricatives or approximants turn out on closer inspection to have epiglottal consonants instead. For example, the candidate {{IPA|/ʕ/}} sound in Arabic and standard Hebrew (not modern Hebrew – Israelis generally pronounce this as a glottal stop) has been variously described as a voiced epiglottal fricative, an epiglottal approximant,^[1] or a pharyngealized glottal stop.^[2]

Language

Word

IPA

Meaning

Notes

Abaza

kbd-Cyrl|гӀапынхъамыз}}

[ʕaːpənqaːməz]}}

'March'

Arabic

ar|ثعبان‏|rtl=yes}}

[θuʕbaːn]}}

'snake'

See Arabic phonology

Assyrian Neo-Aramaic

aii-Syrc|tara}}

[tər'ʕɑː]}}

'door'

Only upheld in educated and religious speech. Majority of the speakers will utter the word as [tərɑː].

Avar

av-Cyrl|гӀоркь}}

[ʕortɬʼː]}}

'handle'

Chechen

Ӏан / {{lang>ce-Latn|jan}}

ʕan.ogg|[ʕan]}}

'winter'

Coeur d'Alene

/stʕin/

'antelope'

^[3]

Coptic

ⲁϣⲁⲓ / ʕšai

[əʕˈʃai]}}

'to multiply'

Danish

Standard^[4]

da|ravn|italic=yes}}

[ʕ̞ɑ̈wˀn}}]

'raven'

[4] also described as uvular {{IPAblink>ʁ}}.^[5] See Danish phonology

Dutch

Limburg^[6]

nl|rad|italic=yes}}

[ʕ̞ɑt]}}

'wheel'

[6] Realization of {{IPA>/r/}} varies considerably among dialects. See Dutch phonology

German

Some speakers^[7]

de|Mutter|italic=yes}}

[ˈmutɔʕ̞]}}

'mother'

An approximant; occurs in East Central Germany, Southwestern Germany, parts of Switzerland and in Tyrol.^[7] See Standard German phonology

Swabian dialect^[8]

swg|ändard|italic=yes}}

[ˈend̥aʕ̞d̥]}}

'changes'

[8] It's an allophone of {{IPA>/ʁ/}} in nucleus and coda positions;^[8] pronounced as a uvular approximant in onsets.^[8]

Hebrew

Iraqi

[ʕibˈriːθ]}}

'Hebrew language'

See Modern Hebrew phonology

Sephardi

[ʕivˈɾit]}}

Yemenite

Hebrew Language.ogg|[ʕivˈriːθ]}}

Kabyle^[9]

kab-Latn|ɛemmi}}

[ʕəmːi]}}

'my (paternal) uncle'

Kurdish

ku-Latn|‘ewr}}

[ʕæwr]}}

'cloud'

Many Sorani and some Kurmanji dialects have this sound.

Marshallese

mh|enana}}

[ɛ̯ɛnæ͡ɑʕnæ͡ɑʕ]}}

'it is bad'

Occitan

Southern Auvergnat

oc-Latn|pala}}

[ˈpaʕa]}}

'shovel'

See Occitan phonology

Somali

so|cunto|italic=yes}}

[ʕuntɔ]}}

'food'

See Somali phonology

Sioux

Stoney

marazhud

[maʕazud]}}

'rain'

Syriac

Turoyo

syc|ܐܰܪܥܳܐ|rtl=yes}}

[arʕo]}}

'Earth'

Tends to be absent from Eastern Syriac varieties.

Ukrainian^[10]

uk|гора}}

[ʕoˈrɑ]}}

'mountain'

ɦ}}. See Ukrainian phonology

See also

Notes

1. ^{{Harvcoltxt|Ladefoged|Maddieson|1996|pp=167–168}}
2. ^{{Harvcoltxt|Thelwall|1990}}
3. ^Doak, I. G. (1997). Coeur d'Alene grammatical relations (Doctorate dissertation). Austin, TX: University of Texas at Austin.
4. ^¹{{Harvcoltxt|Ladefoged|Maddieson|1996|p=323}}
5. ^{{Harvcoltxt|Basbøll|2005|p=62}}
6. ^¹{{Harvcoltxt|Collins|Mees|2003|p=201}} Note that authors do not specify the area where this sound is used and whether it is confined to Dutch or Belgian Limburg, or it is used in both areas.
7. ^¹{{Harvcoltxt|Dudenredaktion|Kleiner|Knöbl|2015|p=51}}
8. ^¹²³{{citeweb|title=Pharyngeals and "lax" vowel quality|author=Markus Hiller|publisher=Institut für Deutsche Sprache|place=Mannheim|url=http://www.ncl.ac.uk/linguistics/assets/documents/MarcusHiller.pdf|access-date=2015-02-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140528010540/http://www.ncl.ac.uk/linguistics/assets/documents/MarcusHiller.pdf|archive-date=2014-05-28|dead-url=yes|df=}}
9. ^{{Harvcoltxt|Bonafont|2006|p=9}}
10. ^{{Harvcoltxt|Danyenko|Vakulenko|1995|p=12}}

Features

Occurrence

See also

Notes

References