“Voiceless dental and alveolar stops”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

词条 Voiceless dental and alveolar stops

释义

Features
Varieties
Occurrence
Dental or denti-alveolar Alveolar Variable
See also
Notes
References

{{Infobox IPA
|above=Voiceless alveolar stop
|ipa symbol=t
|ipa number=103
|decimal=116
|xsampa=t
|kirshenbaum=t
|braille=t
}}

The voiceless alveolar stop is a type of consonantal sound used in almost all spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents voiceless dental, alveolar, and postalveolar stops is {{angle bracket|{{IPA|t}}}}, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is t. The dental stop can be distinguished with the underbridge diacritic, {{angle bracket|{{IPA|t̪}}}}, the postalveolar with a retraction line, {{angle bracket|{{IPA|t̠}}}}, and the Extensions to the IPA have a double underline diacritic which can be used to explicitly specify an alveolar pronunciation, {{angle bracket|{{IPA|t͇}}}}.

The {{IPA|[t]}} sound is a very common sound cross-linguistically;{{sfnp|Liberman|Cooper|Shankweiler|Studdert-Kennedy|1967|p=?}} the most common consonant phonemes of the world's languages are {{IPA|[t]}}, {{IPA|[k]}} and {{IPA|[p]}}. Most languages have at least a plain {{IPA|[t]}}, and some distinguish more than one variety. Some languages without a {{IPA|[t]}} are Hawaiian (except for Niʻihau; Hawaiian uses a voiceless velar stop {{IPA|[k]}} for loanwords with {{IPA|[t]}}), colloquial Samoan (which also lacks an {{IPA|[n]}}), Abau, and Nǁng of South Africa.{{Citation needed|date=September 2007}}

Features

Here are features of the voiceless alveolar stop:

There are three specific variants of {{IPA|[t]}}:
- Dental, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue at the upper teeth, termed respectively apical and laminal.
- Denti-alveolar, which means it is articulated with the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge, and the tip of the tongue behind upper teeth.
- Alveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge, termed respectively apical and laminal.

Varieties

IPA	Description
{{IPA\|t}}	plain t
{{IPA\|t̪}}	dental t
{{IPA\|tʰ}}	aspirated t
{{IPA\|tʲ}}	palatalized t
{{IPA\|tʷ}}	labialized t
{{IPA\|t̚}}	t with no audible release
{{IPA\|t̬}}	voiced t
{{IPA\|t͈}}	tense t
{{IPA\|tʼ}}	ejective t

Occurrence

Dental or denti-alveolar

Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
Aleut{{sfnp\|Ladefoged\|2005\|p=165}}		ale-Latn\|tiistax̂}}	[t̪iːstaχ]}}	'dough'	Laminal denti-alveolar.
Armenian	Dum-Tragut\|2009\|p=17}}	am\|տուն}}	tun.ogg \|[t̪un]}}	'house'	Laminal denti-alveolar.
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic		{{IPA\|[t̪lɑ]}}		'three'
Bashkir		{{lang>gah-Cyrl\|дүрт / dürt}}	Ba-дүрт.ogg\|[dʏ̫rt]}}	'four'	Laminal denti-alveolar
Belarusian{{sfnp\|Padluzhny\|1989\|p=47}}		be\|стагоддзе}}	[s̪t̪äˈɣod̪d̪͡z̪ʲe]}}	'century'	Laminal denti-alveolar. See Belarusian phonology
Basque		bas\|toki}}	[t̪oki]}}	'place'	Laminal denti-alveolar.
Bengali		তুমি	[t̪umi]}}	'you'	Laminal denti-alveolar, contrasts with aspirated form. See Bengali phonology
Catalan{{sfnp\|Carbonell\|Llisterri\|1992\|p=53}}		ca\|tothom}}	[t̪uˈt̪ɔm]}}	'everyone'	Laminal denti-alveolar. See Catalan phonology
Chinese	Lee\|Zee\|2009\|p=109}}	hak\|他}} {{lang\|hak\|ta3}}	[t̪ʰa˧]}}	'he/she'	Laminal denti-alveolar, contrasts with an unaspirated form.
Dinka{{sfnp\|Remijsen\|Manyang\|2009\|pp=115 and 121}}		mɛth	[mɛ̀t̪]}}	'child'	/t/}}.
Dutch	Belgian	nl\|taal}}	[t̪aːl̪]}}	'language'	Laminal denti-alveolar.
English	Collins\|Mees\|2003\|p=302}}	thin	{{IPA\|[t̪ʰɪn]}}	'thin'	Laminal denti-alveolar, corresponds to {{IPAblink\|θ}} in other dialects; in Dublin it may be {{IPAblink\|t͡θ}} instead.{{sfnp\|Collins\|Mees\|2003\|p=302}} See English phonology
	Indian
	Roca\|Johnson\|1999\|p=24}}
	Ulster^[1]	train	[t̪ɹeːn]}}	'train'	/t/}} before {{IPA\|/r/}}, in free variation with an alveolar stop.
Esperanto		eo\|Esperanto}}	[espeˈranto]}}	'Who hopes'	See Esperanto phonology
Finnish		fi\|tutti}}	[ˈt̪ut̪ːi]}}	'pacifier'	Laminal denti-alveolar. See Finnish phonology
French{{sfnp\|Fougeron\|Smith\|1993\|p=73}}		fr\|tordu}}	[t̪ɔʁd̪y]}}	'crooked'	Laminal denti-alveolar. See French phonology
Hindustani{{sfnp\|Ladefoged\|2005\|p=141}}		hi\|तीन}} / {{lang\|ur\|تین\|rtl=yes}}	[t̪iːn]}}	'three'	Laminal denti-alveolar. Contrasts with aspirated form. See Hindustani phonology
Indonesian{{sfnp\|Soderberg\|Olson\|2008\|p=210}}		id\|tabir}}	[t̪abir]}}	'curtain'	Laminal denti-alveolar.
Italian{{sfnp\|Rogers\|d'Arcangeli\|2004\|p=117}}		it\|tale}}	[ˈt̪ale]}}	'such'	Laminal denti-alveolar. See Italian phonology
Kashubian^[2]		{{example needed\|date=November 2013}}			Laminal denti-alveolar.
Kyrgyz{{sfnp\|Kara\|2003\|p=11}}		ky\|туз}}	[t̪us̪]}}	'salt'	Laminal denti-alveolar.
Latvian{{sfnp\|Nau\|1998\|p=6}}		lv\|tabula}}	[ˈt̪äbulä]}}	'table'	Laminal denti-alveolar. See Latvian phonology
Mapudungun{{sfnp\|Sadowsky\|Painequeo\|Salamanca\|Avelino\|2013\|pp=88–89}}		arn\|füṯa}}	[ˈfɘt̪ɜ]}}	'husband'	Sadowsky\|Painequeo\|Salamanca\|Avelino\|2013\|pp=88–89}}
Marathi		mr\|तबला}}	[t̪əbˈlaː]}}	'tabla'	Laminal denti-alveolar, contrasts with aspirated form. See Marathi phonology
Nunggubuyu{{sfnp\|Ladefoged\|2005\|p=158}}		darag	[t̪aɾaɡ]}}	'whiskers'	Laminal denti-alveolar.
Pazeh{{sfnp\|Blust\|1999\|p=330}}		{{IPA\|[mut̪apɛt̪aˈpɛh]}}		'keep clapping'	Dental.
Polish{{sfnp\|Jassem\|2003\|p=103}}		pl\|tom}}	Pl-tom.ogg\|[t̪ɔm]}}	'volume'	Laminal denti-alveolar. See Polish phonology
Cruz-Ferreira\|1995\|p=91}}	Many dialects	pt\|montanha}}	[mõˈt̪ɐɲɐ]}}	'mountain'	tʃ}}, {{IPAblink\|tɕ}} and/or {{IPAblink\|ts}} in certain environments. See Portuguese phonology
Punjabi		ਤੇਲ	[t̪eːl]}}	'oil'	Laminal denti-alveolar.
Russian{{sfnp\|Jones\|Ward\|1969\|p=99}}		ru\|толстый}}	[ˈt̪ʷo̞ɫ̪s̪t̪ɨ̞j]}}	'fat'	Laminal denti-alveolar. See Russian phonology
Scottish Gaelic^[3]		gd\|taigh}}	[t̪ʰɤj]}}	'house'
Slovene{{sfnp\|Pretnar\|Tokarz\|1980\|p=21}}		sl\|tip}}	[t̪íːp]}}	'type'	Laminal denti-alveolar.
Spanish{{sfnp\|Martínez-Celdrán\|Fernández-Planas\|Carrera-Sabaté\|2003\|p=255}}		es\|tango}}	[ˈt̪ãŋɡo̞]}}	'tango'	Laminal denti-alveolar. See Spanish phonology
Swedish{{sfnp\|Engstrand\|1999\|p=141}}		sv\|tåg}}	[ˈt̪ʰoːɡ]}}	'train'	Laminal denti-alveolar. See Swedish phonology
Temne{{sfnp\|Ladefoged\|Maddieson\|1996\|p=?}}		date=December 2018}}	--	Dental.
Turkish		tr\|at}}	[ät̪]}}	'horse'	Laminal denti-alveolar. See Turkish phonology
Ukrainian^[4]{{sfnp\|Danyenko\|Vakulenko\|1995\|p=4}}		uk\|брат}}	[brɑt̪]}}	'brother'	Laminal denti-alveolar. See Ukrainian phonology
Uzbek{{sfnp\|Sjoberg\|1963\|p=10}}		date=November 2013}}	--	Sjoberg\|1963\|p=10}}
Vietnamese{{sfnp\|Thompson\|1959\|pp=458–461}}		vi\|tuần}}	[t̪wən˨˩]}}	'week'	Laminal denti-alveolar, contrasts with aspirated form. See Vietnamese phonology
Zapotec	Merrill\|2008\|p=108}}	tant	[t̪ant̪]}}	'so much'	Laminal denti-alveolar.

Alveolar

Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
Adyghe		kbd-Cyrl\|тфы}}	Tfa.ogg\|[tfə]}}	'five'
Arabic	Modern Standard	ar\|تين\|rtl=yes}} {{transl\|ar\|tīn}}	[tiːn]}}	'fig'	Articulation may be alveolar or dental depending on the speaker's native dialect. See Arabic phonology
Arabic	Egyptian	arz\|توكة\|rtl=yes}} {{transl\|arz\|tōka}}	[ˈtoːkæ]}}	'barrette'	See Egyptian Arabic phonology
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic		ܒܬ	[bet̪a]}}	'house'	Most speakers. In the Tyari, Barwari and Chaldean Neo-Aramaic dialects θ is used.
Bengali		টাকা	[t̠aka]}}	'Taka'	True alveolar in eastern dialects, apical post-alveolar in western dialects. See Bengali phonology.
Czech		cs\|toto}}	[ˈtoto]}}	'this'	See Czech phonology
Danish	Basbøll\|2005\|p=61}}	da\|dåse}}	[ˈtɔ̽ːsə]}}	'can' (n.)	{{IPA\|d̥}}}} or {{angle bracket\|{{IPA\|d}}}}. Contrasts with the affricate {{IPAblink\|t͡s}} or aspirated stop {{IPA\|[tʰ]}} (depending on the dialect), which are usually transcribed in IPA with {{angle bracket\|{{IPA\|tˢ}}}} or {{angle bracket\|{{IPA\|t}}}}.{{sfnp\|Grønnum\|2005\|p=120}} See Danish phonology
Dutch{{sfnp\|Gussenhoven\|1992\|p=45}}		nl\|taal}}	[taːɫ]}}	'language'	See Dutch phonology
English	Most speakers	tick	{{Audio-IPA\|tick-pronunciation-audio.ogg\|[tʰɪk]\|help=no}}	'tick'	See English phonology
English	Wells\|1982\|p=515}}	tick	{{Audio-IPA\|tick-pronunciation-audio.ogg\|[tʰɪk]\|help=no}}	'tick'	Wells\|1982\|p=515}}
Finnish		fi\|parta}}	[ˈpɑrtɑ]}}	'beard'	Allophone of the voiceless dental stop. See Finnish phonology
Hebrew		he\|תמונה\|rtl=yes}}	[tmuna]}}	'image'	see Modern Hebrew phonology
Hungarian{{sfnp\|Szende\|1994\|p=91}}		hu\|tutaj}}	[ˈtutɒj]}}	'raft'	See Hungarian phonology
Japanese{{sfnp\|Okada\|1999\|p=117}}		ja-Hani\|特別}} / {{lang\|ja-Latn\|tokubetsu}}	[tokɯbetsɯ]}}	'special'	See Japanese phonology
Kabardian		kbd-Cyrl\|тхуы}}	Kbd-txho.oga\|[txʷə]}}	'five'
Korean		ko-Hang\|돌}} / {{lang\|ko-Latn\|dol}}	[tol]}}	'stone'	See Korean phonology
Luxembourgish{{sfnp\|Gilles\|Trouvain\|2013\|pp=67–68}}		lb\|dënn}}	[tən]}}	'thin'	d}}. It is usually transcribed {{IPA\|/d/}}, and it contrasts with voiceless aspirated form, which is usually transcribed {{IPA\|/t/}}.{{sfnp\|Gilles\|Trouvain\|2013\|pp=67–68}} See Luxembourgish phonology
Malay		ms\|tahun}}	[tähʊn]}}	'year'	See Malay phonology
Maltese		no\|tassew}}	[tasˈsew]}}	'true'
Mapudungun{{sfnp\|Sadowsky\|Painequeo\|Salamanca\|Avelino\|2013\|pp=88–89}}		arn\|füta}}	[ˈfɘtɜ]}}	'elderly'
Nunggubuyu{{sfnp\|Ladefoged\|2005\|p=158}}		darawa	[taɾawa]}}	'greedy'
Nuosu{{Which\|date=April 2015}}		ii\|ꄉ}} {{lang\|ii-Latn\|da}}	[ta˧]}}	'place'	Contrasts aspirated and unaspirated forms
Portuguese^[5]	Some dialects	pt\|troço}}	[ˈtɾɔsu]}}	'thing' (pejorative)	ɾ}}. In other dialects {{IPA\|/ɾ/}} takes a denti-alveolar allophone instead. See Portuguese phonology
Thai		th\|ตา}} ta	[taː˥˧]}}	'eye'	Contrasts with an aspirated form.
Vietnamese		vi\|ti}}	[ti]}}	'flaw'	See Vietnamese phonology
West Frisian		fy\|tosk}}	[ˈtosk]}}	'tooth'	See West Frisian phonology

Variable

Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
English	Lass\|2002\|p=120}}	talk	[toːk]}}	'talk'	Laminal denti-alveolar for some speakers, alveolar for other speakers.{{sfnp\|Lass\|2002\|p=120}}{{sfnp\|Scobbie\|Gordeeva\|Matthews\|2006\|p=4}}{{sfnp\|Wells\|1982\|p=388}}
	Scobbie\|Gordeeva\|Matthews\|2006\|p=4}}		[tʰɔk]}}
	Wells\|1982\|p=388}}		[tʰɒːk]}}
German	Mangold\|2005\|p=47}}	de\|Tochter}}	[ˈtɔxtɐ]}}	'daughter'	Mangold\|2005\|p=47}} See Standard German phonology
Greek{{sfnp\|Arvaniti\|2007\|p=10}}		el\|τρία tria}}	[ˈtɾiä]}}	'three'	Arvaniti\|2007\|p=10}} See Modern Greek phonology
Norwegian	Kristoffersen\|2000\|p=22}}	no\|dans}}	[t̻ɑns]}}	'dance'	/d/}}. It may be partially voiced {{IPAblink\|d\|d̥}}, and it contrasts with voiceless aspirated form, which is usually transcribed {{IPA\|/t/}}.{{sfnp\|Kristoffersen\|2000\|p=22}} See Norwegian phonology
Persian^[6]		fa\|توت\|rtl=yes}}	[t̪ʰuːt̪ʰ]}}	'berry'	Varies between laminal denti-alveolar and apical alveolar.^[6] See Persian phonology
Slovak{{sfnp\|Kráľ\|1988\|p=72}}{{sfnp\|Pavlík\|2004\|pp=98–99}}		sk\|to}}	[t̻ɔ̝]}}	'that'	Kráľ\|1988\|p=72}}{{sfnp\|Pavlík\|2004\|pp=98–99}} See Slovak phonology

Notes

1. ^{{cite web|title=Week 18 (ii). Northern Ireland|url=http://www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/home/wells/x202-18a-ni.pdf}}
2. ^{{cite web|title=Fonetyka i fonologia|author=Jerzy Treder|url=http://www.rastko.net/rastko-ka/index2.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=227&pop=1&page=0&Itemid=26|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304000614/http://www.rastko.net/rastko-ka/index2.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=227&pop=1&page=0&Itemid=26|archivedate=2016-03-04|df=}}
3. ^Bauer, Michael. Blas na Gàidhlig: The Practical Guide to Gaelic Pronunciation. Glasgow: Akerbeltz, 2011.
4. ^{{cite arXiv|author1=S. Buk |author2=J. Mačutek |author3=A. Rovenchak |year=2008|title=Some properties of the Ukrainian writing system|eprint=0802.4198}}
5. ^Palatalization in Brazilian Portuguese revisited {{pt}}
6. ^¹{{Harvcoltxt|Mahootian|2002|pp=287–289}}

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{{Accents of English|hide1=y}}

4 : Alveolar consonants|Pulmonic consonants|Voiceless oral consonants|Central consonants

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