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词条 Voiceless glottal fricative
释义

  1. Features

  2. Occurrence

  3. See also

  4. Notes

  5. References

{{for|consonants followed by the superscript ʰ|Aspirated consonant}}{{Infobox IPA
|ipa symbol=h
|ipa number=146
|decimal1=104
|x-sampa=h
|kirshenbaum=h
|braille=h
}}

The voiceless glottal fricative, sometimes called voiceless glottal transition, and sometimes called the aspirate,[1][2] is a type of sound used in some spoken languages that patterns like a fricative or approximant consonant phonologically, but often lacks the usual phonetic characteristics of a consonant. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is {{angle bracket|{{IPA|h}}}}, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is h, although {{IPA|[h]}} has been described as a voiceless vowel because in many languages, it lacks the place and manner of articulation of a prototypical consonant as well as the height and backness of a prototypical vowel:

{{bq|[{{IPA|h}} and {{IPA|ɦ}}] have been described as voiceless or breathy voiced counterparts of the vowels that follow them [but] the shape of the vocal tract […] is often simply that of the surrounding sounds. […] Accordingly, in such cases it is more appropriate to regard {{IPA|h}} and {{IPA|ɦ}} as segments that have only a laryngeal specification, and are unmarked for all other features. There are other languages [such as Hebrew and Arabic] which show a more definite displacement of the formant frequencies for {{IPA|h}}, suggesting it has a [glottal] constriction associated with its production.[3]}}Lamé contrasts voiceless and voiced glottal fricatives.[4]

Features

Features of the "voiceless glottal fricative":

  • In some languages, it has the constricted manner of articulation of a fricative. However, in many if not most it is a transitional state of the glottis, with no manner of articulation other than its phonation type. Because there is no other constriction to produce friction in the vocal tract in the languages they are familiar with, many phoneticians{{who|date=June 2013}} no longer consider {{IPA|[h]}} to be a fricative. However, the term "fricative" is generally retained for historical reasons.
  • It may have a glottal place of articulation. However, it may have no fricative articulation, in which case the term 'glottal' only refers to the nature of its phonation, and does not describe the location of the stricture nor the turbulence. All consonants except for the glottals, and all vowels, have an individual place of articulation in addition to the state of the glottis. As with all other consonants, surrounding vowels influence the pronunciation {{IPA|[h]}}, and {{IPA|[h]}} has sometimes been presented as a voiceless vowel, having the place of articulation of these surrounding vowels.
{{voiceless}}{{oral}}{{central-lateral}}{{pulmonic}}

Occurrence

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Adyghe Shapsug ady-Cyrl|хыгь}}[həɡʲ]}} 'now' [x]}} in other dialects.
Albaniansq|hire|italic=yes}}[hiɾɛ]}}{{fix|text=stress?|date=September 2015}} 'the graces'
Arabic Modern Standard[5] ar|هائل|rtl=yes}}[ˈhaːʔɪl]}} 'enormous' See Arabic phonology
Armenian Eastern[6] hy|հայերեն}}hɑjɛɾɛn.ogg|[hɑjɛɾɛn]}} 'Armenian'
Assyrian Neo-Aramaicaii-Latn|ܗܝܡܢܘܬܐ}}[hajmaːnuːtʰa]}} 'faith'
Asturianast-Latn|guaḥe|italic=yes}}[ˈɣwahe̞]}} 'child' Mainly present in eastern dialects.
Avarav-Cyrl|гьа}}[ha]}} 'oath'
Basque North-Eastern dialects[7] eu|hirur|italic=yes}}[hiɾur]}} 'three' ɦ}} instead.
Bengalibn|হাওয়া}}[hao̯a]}} 'wind'
Berberber-Latn|aherkus|italic=yes}}[ahərkus]}} 'shoe'
Chechence-Cyrl|хIара}} / {{lang|ce-Latn|hara}}[hɑrɐ]}} 'this'
Chinese Cantonese yue-Hani|海}} / {{lang|yue-Latn|hói}}Yue-hoi2.ogg|[hɔːi̯˧˥]|help=no}}'sea' See Cantonese phonology
Mandarin cmn-Hani|海}} / {{lang|cmn-Latn|hǎi}}Zh-hǎi.ogg|[haɪ̯˨˩˦]|help=no}}[x]}} for some speakers. See Standard Chinese phonology
Danish[4]da|hus|italic=yes}}[ˈhuːˀs]}} 'house' ɦ}} when between vowels.[4] See Danish phonology
English high [haɪ̯]}} 'high' See English phonology and H-dropping
Esperantoeo|hejmo|italic=yes}}[hejmo]}} 'home' See Esperanto phonology
Eastern Lombard Val Camonica lmo|Bresa}}[brɛhɔ]}} 'Brescia' Corresponds to /s/ in other varieties.
Estonianet|hammas|italic=yes}}[hɑmˑɑs]}} 'tooth' See Estonian phonology
Faroesefo|hon|italic=yes}}[hoːn]}} 'she'
Finnishfi|hammas|italic=yes}}[hɑmːɑs]}} 'tooth' See Finnish phonology
French Belgian fr|hotte|italic=yes}}[ˈhɔt]}} 'pannier' Found in the region of Liège. See French phonology
Georgian[8]ka|ჰავა}}[hɑvɑ]}} 'climate'
German[9]de|Hass|italic=yes}}[has]}} 'hatred' See Standard German phonology
Greek Cypriot[10] el|μαχαζί}}[mahaˈzi]}} 'shop' /x/}} before {{IPA|/a/}}.
Hawaiian[11]haw|haka|italic=yes}}[haka]}} 'shelf' See Hawaiian phonology
Hebrewhe|הַר|rtl=yes}}[har]}} 'mountain' See Modern Hebrew phonology
Hindi Standard[12] hi|हम}}[ˈhəm]}} 'we' See Hindustani phonology
Hmonghmn|hawm|italic=yes}}[haɨ̰]}} 'to honor'
Hungarianhu|helyes|italic=yes}}[hɛjɛʃ]}} 'right' See Hungarian phonology
Italian Tuscan[13] it|i capitani|italic=yes}}[iˌhäɸiˈθäːni]}} 'the captains' /k/}}.[13] See Italian phonology
Japaneseja|すはだ}} / {{lang|ja-Latn|suhada|italic=yes}}[su͍hada]}} 'bare skin' See Japanese phonology
Koreanko|하루}} / {{lang|ko-Latn|haru|italic=yes}}[hɐɾu]}} 'day' See Korean phonology
Kabardiankbd-Cyrl|тхылъхэ}}[tχɪɬhɑ]}} 'books'
Lakotalkt|ho|italic=yes}}[ho]}} 'voice'
Laolo|ຫ້າ}}[haː˧˩]}} 'five'
Leoneseast|guaje|italic=yes}}[ˈwahe̞]}} 'boy'
Lezgianlez-Cyrl|гьек}}[hek]}} 'glue'
Limburgish Some dialects[14][15] li|hòs|italic=yes}}[hɔːs]}} 'glove' ɦ}} in other dialects. The example word is from the Weert dialect.
Luxembourgish[16]lb|hei|italic=yes}}[hɑ̝ɪ̯]}} 'here' See Luxembourgish phonology
Malayms|hari|italic=yes}}[hari]}} 'day'
Mutsuncss|hučekniš|italic=yes}}[hut͡ʃɛkniʃ]}} 'dog'
Navajonv-Latn|hastiin}}[hàsd̥ìːn]}} 'mister'
Norwegianno|hatt|italic=yes}}[hɑtː]}} 'hat' See Norwegian phonology
Pashtops|هو|rtl=yes}}[ho]}} 'yes'
Persianfa|هفت|rtl=yes}}[hæft]}} 'seven' See Persian phonology
Pirahãmyp-Latn|hi|italic=yes}}[hì]}} 'he'
Portuguese Many Brazilian dialects[17] pt-BR|marreta|italic=yes}}[maˈhetɐ]}} 'sledgehammer' Allophone of {{IPA|/ʁ/}}. {{IPA|[h, ɦ]}} are marginal sounds to many speakers, particularly out of Brazil. See Portuguese phonology
Most dialects pt|Honda|italic=yes}}[ˈhõ̞dɐ]}} 'Honda'
Minas Gerais (mountain dialect) pt|arte|italic=yes}}[ˈahtʃ]}} 'art'
Colloquial Brazilian[18][19] {{lang>pt-BR|chuvisco}}[ɕuˈvihku]}} 'drizzle' /s/}} or {{IPA|/ʃ/}} (depending on dialect) in the syllable coda. Might also be deleted.
Romanianro|hăț|italic=yes}}[həts]}} 'bridle' See Romanian phonology
Serbo-Croatian Croatian[20] sh-Latn|hmelj}}[hmê̞ʎ̟]}} 'hops' /x/}} when it is initial in a consonant cluster.[20] See Serbo-Croatian phonology
Spanish[21] Andalusian es|higo|italic=yes}}[ˈhiɣo̞]}} 'fig' Corresponds to Old Spanish /h/, which was developed from Latin /f/ but muted in other dialects.
Many dialects es|obispo|italic=yes}}[o̞ˈβ̞ihpo̞]}} 'bishop' /s/}}. See Spanish phonology
Some dialects es|jaca|italic=yes}}[ˈhaka]}} 'pony' /x/}} in other dialects.
Swedishse|hatt|italic=yes}}[ˈhatː]}} 'hat' See Swedish phonology
Sylhetisyl|ꠢꠣꠝꠥꠇ}}[hamux]}} 'snail'
Thaith|ห้า}}[haː˥˩]}} 'five'
Turkishtr|halı}}[häˈɫɯ]}} 'carpet' See Turkish phonology
Ubykh{{IPA|[dwaha]}} 'prayer' See Ubykh phonology
Urdu Standard[5] ur|ہم|rtl=yes}}[ˈhəm]}} 'we' See Hindi-Urdu phonology
Vietnamese[22]vi|hiểu|italic=yes}}[hjew˧˩˧]}} 'understand' See Vietnamese phonology
Welshcy|haul|italic=yes}}[ˈhaɨl]}} 'sun' See Welsh orthography
West Frisianfy|hoeke|italic=yes}}[ˈhukə]}} 'corner'
Yiii-Yiii|ꉐ}} / {{lang|ii|hxa|italic=yes}}[ha˧]}} 'hundred'

See also

  • Voiced glottal fricative
  • Voiceless nasal glottal fricative
  • Index of phonetics articles

Notes

1. ^{{Harvcoltxt|Smyth|1920|loc=§16: description of stops and h}}
2. ^{{Harvcoltxt|Wright|Wright|1925|loc=§7h: initial h}}
3. ^{{Harvcoltxt|Ladefoged|Maddieson|1996|pp=325–326}}
4. ^1 2 {{Harvcoltxt|Grønnum|2005|p=125}}
5. ^1 {{Harvcoltxt|Thelwall|1990|p=38}}
6. ^{{Harvcoltxt|Dum-Tragut|2009|p=13}}
7. ^{{Harvcoltxt|Hualde|Ortiz de Urbina|2003|p=24}}
8. ^{{Harvcoltxt|Shosted|Chikovani|2006|p=255}}
9. ^{{Harvcoltxt|Kohler|1999|pp=86–87}}
10. ^{{Harvcoltxt|Arvaniti|1999|p=175}}
11. ^{{Harvcoltxt|Ladefoged|2005|p=139}}
12. ^{{Harvcoltxt|Thelwall|1990|p=38}}
13. ^1 {{Harvcoltxt|Hall|1944|p=75}}
14. ^{{Harvcoltxt|Heijmans|Gussenhoven|1998|p=107}}
15. ^{{Harvcoltxt|Peters|2006|p=117}}
16. ^{{Harvcoltxt|Gilles|Trouvain|2013|pp=67–68}}
17. ^{{Harvcoltxt|Barbosa|Albano|2004|pp=5–6}}
18. ^{{pt icon}} Pará Federal University – The pronunciation of /s/ and its variations across Bragança municipality's Portuguese
19. ^{{pt icon}} Rio de Janeiro Federal University – The variation of post-vocallic /S/ in the speech of Petrópolis, Itaperuna and Paraty
20. ^1 {{Harvcoltxt|Landau|Lončarić|Horga|Škarić|1999|p=68}}
21. ^{{Harvcoltxt|Martínez-Celdrán|Fernández-Planas|Carrera-Sabaté|2003|p=258}}
22. ^{{Harvcoltxt|Thompson|1959|pp=458–461}}

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}}{{refend}}{{IPA navigation}}

4 : Glottal consonants|Approximant-fricative consonants|Pulmonic consonants|Voiceless oral consonants
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