“Voiceless labiodental affricate”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

词条

Voiceless labiodental affricate

释义

Features
Occurrence
Notes
References

A voiceless labiodental affricate ({{IPA|[p̪͡f]}} in IPA) is a rare affricate consonant that is initiated as a labiodental stop {{IPA|[p̪]}} and released as a voiceless labiodental fricative {{IPA|[f]}}.

The XiNkuna dialect of Tsonga has this affricate, as in {{IPA|[tiɱp̪͡fuβu]}} "hippopotamuses" and aspirated {{IPA|[ɱp̪͡fʰuka]}} "distance" (compare {{IPA|[ɱfutsu]}} "tortoise", which shows that the stop is not epenthetic), as well as a voiced labiodental affricate, {{IPA|[b̪͡v]}}, as in {{IPA|[ʃileb̪͡vu]}} "chin". There is no voiceless labiodental fricative {{IPA|[f]}} in this dialect of Tsonga, only a voiceless bilabial fricative, as in {{IPA|[ɸu]}} "finished". (Among voiced fricatives, both {{IPA|[β]}} and {{IPA|[v]}} occur, however.)

German has a similar sound {{IPA|/p͡f/}} in Pfeffer {{IPA|{{nowrap|/ˈp͡fɛfər/}}}} ('pepper') and Apfel {{IPA|/ˈap͡fəl/}} ('apple'). Phonotactically, this sound does not occur after long vowels, diphthongs or {{IPA|/l/}}. It differs from a true labiodental affricate in that it starts out bilabial but then the lower lip retracts slightly for the frication.

The sound occurs occasionally in English, in compound words where one syllable ends with "p" and the next starts with "f", like in "helpful" or "stepfather".

Features

Features of the voiceless labiodental affricate:

There are two variants of the stop component:
- bilabial, which means it is articulated with both lips. The affricate with this stop component is called bilabial-labiodental.
- labiodental, which means it is articulated with the lower lip and the upper teeth.
The fricative component of this affricate is labiodental, articulated with the lower lip and the upper teeth.

Occurrence

Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
Bavarian		bar\|hupfa}}	[ˈhup͡fɑ]}}	'to jump'
German	Mangold\|2005\|p=45}}	de\|Pfirsiche}}	De-Pfirsiche.ogg\|[ˈp͡fɪɐ̯zɪçə]}}	'peaches'	Mangold\|2005\|p=45}} See Standard German phonology
German	Swiss dialects{{sfnp\|Fleischer\|Schmid\|2006\|p=244}}{{sfnp\|Marti\|1985\|p=?}}	gsw\|Soipfe}}	[ˈz̥oi̯p͡fə]}}	'soap'	Bilabial-labiodental. The example word is from the Zurich dialect.
Italian	Canepari\|1992\|p=71}}	it\|infatti}}	[iɱˈp̪͡fät̪̚t̪i]}}	'indeed'	/f/}} after nasals.{{sfnp\|Canepari\|1992\|p=71}} See Italian phonology
Luxembourgish{{sfnp\|Gilles\|Trouvain\|2013\|p=72}}		lb\|Kampf}}	[ˈkʰɑmp͡f]}}	'fight'	Gilles\|Trouvain\|2013\|p=72}} See Luxembourgish phonology
Tsonga	XiNkuna dialect	timpfuvu	[tiɱp̪͡fuβu]}}	'hippopotami'	Contrasts with aspirated form.

Notes

References

{{citation

|last=Canepari
|first=Luciano
|year=1992
|title=Il MªPi – Manuale di pronuncia italiana
|trans-title=Handbook of Italian Pronunciation
|language=Italian
|location=Bologna
|publisher=Zanichelli
|isbn=88-08-24624-8
}}

{{citation

|last=Fleischer
|first=Jürg
|last2=Schmid
|first2=Stephan
|year=2006
|title=Zurich German
|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association
|volume=36
|issue=2
|doi=10.1017/S0025100306002441
|url=http://www.uta.edu/faculty/cmfitz/swnal/projects/CoLang/courses/Transcription/Fleischer_and_Schmidt.pdf
}}

{{citation

|last1=Gilles
|first1=Peter
|last2=Trouvain
|first2=Jürgen
|year=2013
|title=Luxembourgish
|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association
|volume=43
|issue=1
|pages=67–74
|doi=10.1017/S0025100312000278
|url=http://orbilu.uni.lu/bitstream/10993/1143/1/Illustrations_Luxembourgish%20-%2017%20-%20revised%20version%20after%202nd%20revision%20-%20mit%20Bilder.pdf
}}

{{citation

|last=Mangold
|first=Max
|authorlink=Max Mangold
|year=2005
|orig-year=First published 1962
|title=Das Aussprachewörterbuch
|edition=6th
|place=Mannheim
|publisher=Dudenverlag
|ISBN=978-3-411-04066-7
}}

{{citation

|last=Marti
|first=Werner
|date=1985
|title=Berndeutsch-Grammatik
|location=Bern
|publisher=Francke
|isbn=3-7720-1587-5
}}{{refend}}{{IPA navigation}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Voiceless Labiodental Affricate}}

5 : Affricates|Pulmonic consonants|Voiceless oral consonants|Labiodental consonants|Central consonants

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