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词条 Voiceless palatal fricative
释义

  1. Features

  2. Occurrence

     Palatal  Post-palatal 

  3. See also

  4. Notes

  5. References

{{Infobox IPA
|ipa symbol=ç
|ipa number=138
|decimal1=231
|x-sampa=C
|kirshenbaum=C
|braille=235
|braille2=c
|imagefile=Voiceless palatal fricative (vector).svg
|imagesize=150px
}}

The voiceless palatal fricative is a type of consonantal sound used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is {{angle bracket|{{IPA|ç}}}}, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is C. It is the non-sibilant equivalent of the voiceless alveolo-palatal sibilant.

The symbol ç is the letter c with a cedilla, as used to spell French and Portuguese words such as façade and ação. However, the sound represented by the letter ç in French and Portuguese orthography is not a voiceless palatal fricative but {{IPA|/s/}}, the voiceless alveolar fricative.

Palatal fricatives are relatively rare phonemes, and only 5% of the world's languages have {{IPA|/ç/}} as a phoneme.{{sfnp|Ladefoged|Maddieson|1996|pp=167–168}} The sound occurs, however, as an allophone of {{IPAslink|x}} in German, or, in other languages, of {{IPAslink|h}} in the vicinity of front vowels.

There is also the voiceless post-palatal fricative[1] in some languages, which is articulated slightly more back compared with the place of articulation of the prototypical voiceless palatal fricative, though not as back as the prototypical voiceless velar fricative. The International Phonetic Alphabet does not have a separate symbol for that sound, though it can be transcribed as {{angle bracket|{{IPA|ç̠}}}}, {{angle bracket|{{IPA|ç˗}}}} (both symbols denote a retracted {{angle bracket|{{IPA|ç}}}}) or {{angle bracket|{{IPA|x̟}}}} (advanced {{angle bracket|{{IPA|x}}}}). The equivalent X-SAMPA symbols are C_- and x_+, respectively.

Especially in broad transcription, the voiceless post-palatal fricative may be transcribed as a palatalized voiceless velar fricative ({{angle bracket|{{IPA|xʲ}}}} in the IPA, x' or x_j in X-SAMPA).

Features

Features of the voiceless palatal fricative:

{{fricative}}{{palatal}} The otherwise identical post-palatal variant is articulated slightly behind the hard palate, making it sound slightly closer to the velar {{IPAblink|x}}.{{voiceless}}{{oral}}{{central articulation}}{{pulmonic}}

Occurrence

Palatal

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Assameseas|সীমা/xima}}[çima]}} 'limit/border'
Damirchizadeh|1972|p=96}} Some dialects az|çörək|italic=yes}}[tʃœˈɾæç]}} 'bread' /c/}}.
Danish Basbøll|2005|pp=65–66}}da|pjaske|italic=yes}}[ˈpça̝sɡ̊ə]}} 'splash' ɕ}} instead.{{sfnp|Basbøll|2005|pp=65–66}} Before {{IPA|/j/}}, aspiration of {{IPA|/p, t, k/}} is realized as devoicing and fortition of {{IPA|/j/}}.{{sfnp|Basbøll|2005|pp=65–66}} Note, however, that the sequence {{IPA|/tj/}} is normally realized as an affricate {{IPAblink|t͡ɕ}}.{{sfnp|Grønnum|2005|p=148}} See Danish phonology
Dutch Collins|Mees|2003|p=191}}nl|wiegje|italic=yes}}[ˈʋiçjə]}} 'crib' /x/}} before {{IPA|/j/}} for some speakers.{{sfnp|Collins|Mees|2003|p=191}} See Dutch phonology
EnglishCox|Fletcher|2017|p=159}}hue{{IPA|[çʉː]}}'hue'Phonetic realization of the sequence {{IPA|/hj/}}.{{sfnp|Cox|Fletcher|2017|p=159}}{{sfnp|Roach|2009|p=43}}[2] See Australian English phonology and English phonology
Roach|2009|p=43}}[2]
Watson|2007|p=353}} like [laɪ̯ç] }} 'like' /k/}}; ranges from palatal to uvular, depending on the preceding vowel.{{sfnp|Watson|2007|p=353}} See English phonology
Germande|nicht|italic=yes}}De-nicht.ogg|[nɪçt]}} 'not' /x/}}, but phonemic for some speakers who have both {{IPA|/aːx/}} and {{IPA|/aːç/}} (< {{IPA|/aʁç/}}). See Standard German phonology.
Haidahai-Latn|xíl}}[çɪ́l]}}'leaf'
Hmong White (Dawb) {{lang|hmn-Latn|xya}}{{IPA|[ça]}}'seven'Corresponds to alveolo-palatal /ɕ/ in Dananshan dialect
Green (Njua)
Hungarian{{sfnp|Siptár|Törkenczy|2007|p=205}}hu|kapj|italic=yes}}[ˈkɒpç]}} 'get' (imperative) /j/}} between a voiceless obstruent and a word boundary. See Hungarian phonology
Icelandicis|hérna|italic=yes}}[ˈçɛrtn̥a]}} 'here' See Icelandic phonology
Irishga|a Sheáin|italic=yes}}[ə çaːnʲ]}} 'John' (voc.) See Irish phonology
Japanese{{sfnp|Okada|1999|p=118}}ja-Hani|人}}/{{lang|ja-Latn|hito}}[çi̥to̞]}} 'person' /h/}} before {{IPA|/i/}} and {{IPA|/j/}}. See Japanese phonology
Kabyle ḵtil [çtil]}} 'to measure'
Koreanko|힘}} /{{lang|ko-Latn|him}}[çim]}} 'strength' /h/}} word-initially before {{IPA|/i/}} and {{IPA|/j/}}. See Korean phonology
Norwegian Kristoffersen|2000|p=23}}no|kjekk|italic=yes}}[çe̞kː]}} 'handsome' ɕ}} instead; younger speakers in Bergen, Stavanger and Oslo merge it with {{IPAslink|ʂ}}.{{sfnp|Kristoffersen|2000|p=23}} See Norwegian phonology
PashtoHenderson|1983|p=595}}{{script/Arabic|پښه}}{{IPA|[pça]}}'foot'
Wardak dialect
RomanianPop|1938|p=30}}ro|fir|italic=yes}}[çir]}} 'thread' /f/}} before {{IPA|/i/}}.{{sfnp|Pop|1938|p=30}} Realized as {{IPAblink|f}} in standard Romanian. See Romanian phonology
Russian Yanushevskaya|Bunčić|2015|p=223}}ru|твёрдый}}/{{lang|ru-Latn|tvjordyj}}Ru-твёрдый.ogg|[ˈt̪ʋʲɵrd̪ɨ̞ç]}} 'hard' /j/}}.{{sfnp|Yanushevskaya|Bunčić|2015|p=223}} See Russian phonology
Scottish Gaelic{{sfnp|Oftedal|1956|p=?}}gd|eich|italic=yes}}[eç]}} 'horses'
Spanish Chilean[3] es|mujer|italic=yes}}[muˈçe̞ɾ]}} 'woman' x}} before front vowels. See Spanish phonology
Walloonwa|texhe|italic=yes}}[tɛç]}} 'to knit'
Welshcy|hiaith|italic=yes}}[çaɪ̯θ]}} 'language' /h/}} comes before {{IPA|/j/}} due to h-prothesis of the original word, i.e. {{IPA|jaɪ̯θ}} iaith 'language' becomes ei hiaith 'her language', resulting in {{IPA|/j/}} i → {{IPA|/ç/}} hi.{{sfnp|Ball|Watkins|1993|pp=300–301}}

Post-palatal

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Belarusiandate=May 2016}}{{IPA|xʲ}}}}. See Belarusian phonology
DutchCollins|Mees|2003|p=191}}{{lang|nl|acht|italic=yes}}{{IPA|[ɑx̟t]}}'eight'May be velar {{IPAblink|x}} instead.{{sfnp|Collins|Mees|2003|p=191}} See Dutch phonology
Collins|Mees|2003|p=191}}
Greek{{sfnp|Arvaniti|2007|p=20}}el|ψυχή}}/{{lang|el-Latn|psychí}}Ell-Psychi.ogg|[ps̠iˈç̠i]}} 'soul' See Modern Greek phonology
Limburgish Heijmans|Gussenhoven|1998|p=108}}li|ich|italic=yes}}[ɪ̞x̟]}} 'I' /x/}} before and after front vowels.{{sfnp|Heijmans|Gussenhoven|1998|p=108}}
Lithuanian{{sfnp|Mathiassen|1996|pp=22–23)}}{{sfnp|Ambrazas et al.|1997|p=36}}date=May 2016}}Ambrazas et al.|1997|p=35}} typically transcribed in IPA with {{angle bracket|{{IPA|xʲ}}}}. See Lithuanian phonology
Russian Yanushevskaya|Bunčić|2015|p=223}}ru|хинди}}/{{lang|ru-Latn|hindi}}[ˈx̟indʲɪ]}} 'Hindi' {{IPA|xʲ}}}}. See Russian phonology
Spanish{{sfnp|Canellada|Madsen|1987|p=21}}es|mujer|italic=yes}}[muˈx̟e̞ɾ]}} 'woman' /x/}} before front vowels.{{sfnp|Canellada|Madsen|1987|p=21}} See Spanish phonology
Ukrainianuk|хід}}/{{lang|uk-Latn|khid}}[x̟id̪]}} 'course' {{IPA|xʲ}}}}. See Ukrainian phonology
Uzbek{{sfnp|Sjoberg|1963|p=11}}date=November 2013}}x̠}}.{{sfnp|Sjoberg|1963|p=11}}

See also

  • Index of phonetics articles

Notes

1. ^Instead of "post-palatal", it can be called "retracted palatal", "backed palatal", "palato-velar", "pre-velar", "advanced velar", "fronted velar" or "front-velar". For simplicity, this article uses only the term "post-palatal".
2. ^1 {{citation|last=Wells|first=John C|authorlink=John C. Wells|accessdate=2016-03-13|title=A huge query|work=John Wells's phonetic blog|url=http://www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/home/wells/blog0901.htm|date=2009-01-29}}
3. ^Palatal phenomena in Spanish phonology Page 113

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}}{{Refend}}{{IPA navigation}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Voiceless Palatal Fricative}}

4 : Fricative consonants|Central consonants|Palatal consonants|Voiceless oral consonants
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