| 释义 |
- Voiceless palato-alveolar fricative Features Occurrence
- Voiceless postalveolar non-sibilant fricative Features Occurrence
- See also
- Notes
- References
Voiceless fricatives produced in the postalveolar region include the voiceless palato-alveolar fricative {{IPA|[ʃ]}}, the voiceless postalveolar non-sibilant fricative {{IPA|[ɹ̠̊˔]}}, the voiceless retroflex fricative {{IPA|[ʂ]}}, and the voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative {{IPA|[ɕ]}}. This article discusses the first two. Voiceless palato-alveolar fricative{{Infobox IPA
|ipa symbol=ʃ
|ipa number=134
|decimal1=643
|imagefile=Voiceless palato-alveolar fricative (vector).svg
|imagesize=150px
|x-sampa=S
|kirshenbaum=S
|braille=156
}}A voiceless palato-alveolar fricative or voiceless domed postalveolar fricative is a type of consonantal sound used in many languages, including English. In English, it is usually spelled {{angle bracket|sh}}, as in ship. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is {{angle bracket|{{IPA|ʃ}}}}, the letter esh introduced by Isaac Pitman (not to be confused with the integral symbol {{angle bracket|∫}}). The equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is S. An alternative symbol is {{angle bracket|š}}, an s with a caron or háček, which is used in the Americanist phonetic notation and the Uralic Phonetic Alphabet, as well as in the scientific and ISO 9 transliterations of Cyrillic. It originated with the Czech orthography of Jan Hus and was adopted in Gaj's Latin alphabet and other Latin alphabets of Slavic languages. It also features in the orthographies of many Baltic, Finno-Lappic, North American and African languages. FeaturesFeatures of the voiceless palato-alveolar fricative: {{sibilant}}{{palato-alveolar}}{{voiceless}}{{oral}}{{central articulation}}{{pulmonic}}Occurrence| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | | Adyghe | kbd-Cyrl|шыд}} | [ʃəd]}} | 'donkey' | | Albanian | sq|shtëpi}} | [ʃtəˈpi]}} | 'house' | | Arabic | Thelwall|1990|p=37}} | ar|شمس}} | Ar-شمس.ogg|[ʃams]|help=no}} | 'sun' | See Arabic phonology | | Armenian | Dum-Tragut|2009|p=18}} | hy|շուն}} | ʃun.ogg|[ʃun]|help=no}} | 'dog' | | Asturian | ast|xera}} | [ʃe.ɾa]}} | 'work' | | Azerbaijani | az-Latn|şeir}} | [ʃeiɾ]}} | 'poem' | | Assyrian Neo-Aramaic | ܫܟܠ | [ʃəkla]}} | 'picture' | | Bashkir | {{lang>gah-Cyrl|биш / biš}} | Ba-биш.ogg|[bʲiʃ]}} | 'five' | | Basque | eu|kaixo}} | [kajʃ̺o]}} | 'hello' | | Bengali | bn|সব}} | [ʃɔb]}} | 'all' | See Bengali phonology | | Breton | br|chadenn}} | [ˈʃa.dɛ̃n]}} | 'chain' | | Bulgarian | bg|юнашки}} | [juˈnaʃki]}} | 'heroically' | See Bulgarian phonology | | Czech | cs|kaše}} | [ˈkaʃɛ]}} | 'mash' | See Czech phonology | | Dutch{{Sfnp|Gussenhoven|1992|p=46}} | nl|sjabloon}} | Nl-sjabloon.ogg|[ʃäˈbloːn]|help=no}} | 'template' | [sʲ]}} or {{IPAblink|ɕ}} instead. See Dutch phonology | | English | a sheep | En-uk-a sheep.ogg|[ə ˈʃiːp]|help=no}} | 'a sheep' | See English phonology | | Esperanto | eo|ŝelko}} | [ˈʃelko]}} | 'suspenders' | See Esperanto phonology | | Faroese | fo|sjúkrahús}} | [ʃʉukrahʉus]}} | 'hospital' | See Faroese phonology | | French{{Sfnp|Fougeron|Smith|1993|p=73}} | fr|cher}} | Fr-cher.ogg|[ʃɛʁ]|help=no}} | 'expensive' | See French phonology | | Finnish | fi|šekki}} | [ʃekːi]}} | 'check' | See Finnish phonology | | Galician | gl|viaxe}} | [ˈbjaʃe]}} | 'trip' | See Galician phonology | | Georgian{{Sfnp|Shosted|Chikovani|2006|p=255}} | ka|შარი}} | [ˈʃɑɾi]}} | 'quibbling' | | German | Standard[1] | de|schön}} | [ʃʷø̈ːn]}} | 'beautiful' | Laminal or apico-laminal and strongly labialized.[1] See Standard German phonology | | Greek | Cypriot | el|ασιήμια}} | [ɐˈʃːimɲɐ]}} | 'ugliness' | /ʃ/}} and {{IPA|/ʒː/}} | | Pontic Greek | ςςερι | | Hebrew | he|שְׁלוֹם}} | He-Shalom.ogg|[ʃaˈlom]|help=no}} | 'peace' | See Modern Hebrew phonology | | Hindi | hi|शक}} | [ʃək]}} | 'doubt' | See Hindustani phonology | | Hungarian | hu|segítség}} | [ˈʃɛɡiːt͡ʃːeːɡ]}} | 'help' | See Hungarian phonology | | Ilocano | ilo|siák}} | [ʃak]}} | 'I' | | Irish | ga|sí}} | [ʃiː]}} | 'she' | See Irish phonology | | Italian | Canepari|1992|p=73}} | it|sali}} | [ˈʃäːli]}} | 'you go up' | s̺|s̺ʲ}} or {{IPAblink|ʂ}} instead.{{Sfnp|Canepari|1992|p=73}} It corresponds to {{IPAblink|s}} in standard Italian. See Italian phonology | | Rogers|d'Arcangeli|2004|p=117}} | it|fasce}} | [ˈfäʃːe]}} | 'bands' | See Italian phonology | | Kabardian | kbd-Cyrl|шыд}} | [ʃɛd]}} | 'donkey' | Contrasts with a labialized form | | Kabyle | kab|ciwer}} | [ʃiwər]}} | 'to consult' | | Kashubian[2] | nasz | see Kashubian language. | | Latvian | lv|šalle}} | [ˈʃalːe]}} | 'scarf' | See Latvian phonology | | Limburgish | Gussenhoven|Aarts|1999|p=156}} | li|sjat}} | [ʃɑ̽t]}} | 'darling' | Laminal post-alveolar with an unclear amount of palatalization.[3] | | Lingala | ln|shakú}} | [ʃakú]}} | 'grey parrot' | | Lithuanian | lt|šarvas}} | [ˈʃɐrˑvɐs]}} | 'armor' | See Lithuanian phonology | | Macedonian | mk|што}} | [ʃtɔ]}} | 'what' | See Macedonian phonology | | Malay | ms|syarikat}} | [ʃarikat]}} | 'company' | | Maltese | mt|xjismek}} | [ʃismek]}} | 'what is your name' | | Marathi | mr|शब्द}} | [ˈʃəbˈd̪ə]}} | 'word' | See Marathi phonology | | Mayan | Yucatec | ko'ox | [koʔoʃ] | 'let's go' | | Mopan | mop|kax}} | [kɑːʃ]}} | 'chicken' | | Mutsun | css|raṭmašte}} | [ɾɑʈmɑʃtɛ]}} | 'having acne' | | Neapolitan | nap|scugnizzo}} | [ʃkuˈɲːitt͡sə]}} | 'urchin' | | Occitan | Auvergnat | oc|maissant}} | [meˈʃɔ̃]}} | 'bad' | See Occitan phonology | | Gascon | oc|maishant}} | [maˈʃan]}} | | Limousin | oc|son}} | [ʃũ]}} | 'his' | | Persian | fa|شاه}} | [ʃɒːh]}} | 'king' | See Persian phonology | | Polish | Gmina Istebna | {{lang|pl|siano}} | {{IPA|[ˈʃän̪ɔ]}} | 'hay' | {{IPA|/ʂ/}} and {{IPA|/ɕ/}} merge into {{IPA|[ʃ]}} in these dialects. In standard Polish, {{IPA|/ʃ/}} is commonly used to transcribe what actually is a laminal voiceless retroflex sibilant | | Dubisz|Karaś|Kolis|1995|p=62}} | | Dubisz|Karaś|Kolis|1995|p=62}} | | Dubisz|Karaś|Kolis|1995|p=62}} | | Dubisz|Karaś|Kolis|1995|p=62}} | | Portuguese{{Sfnp|Cruz-Ferreira|1995|p=91}}{{Sfnp|Medina|2010}} | pt|xamã}} | [ʃɐˈmɐ̃]}} | 'shaman' | ɕ}}.{{sfnp|Mateus|d'Andrade|2000}}{{sfnp|Silva|2003|p=32}}{{sfnp|Guimarães|2004}} See Portuguese phonology | | Punjabi | pa|ਸ਼ੇਰ}} | [ʃeːɾ]}} | 'lion' | | Romani | Vlax | rmy|deš}} | [deʃ]}} | 'ten' | | Romanian | ro|șefi}} | [ʃefʲ]}} | 'bosses' | See Romanian phonology | | Sahaptin | šíš | [ʃiʃ]}} | 'mush' | | Scottish Gaelic | gd|seinn}} | [ʃeiɲ]}} | 'sing' | See Scottish Gaelic phonology | | Silesian | Gmina Istebna[4] | date=November 2013}} | These dialects merge {{IPA|/ʂ/}} and {{IPA|/ɕ/}} into {{IPA|[ʃ]}} | | Jablunkov[4] | date=December 2018}} | | Slovene | sl|šola}} | [ˈʃóːlä]}} | 'school' | See Slovene phonology | | Somali | so|shan}} | [ʃan]}} | 'five' | See Somali phonology | | Spanish | Chilean | {{lang|es|echador}} | {{Audio-IPA|Echador Voiceless palato-alveolar sibilant Northern Latin Spanish.wav|[e̞ʃäˈðo̞ɾ]|help=no}} | 'boastful' | Corresponds to {{IPA|[t͡ʃ]}} in other dialects. See Spanish phonology | |
| New Mexican | | Northern Mexico[5] | | Panamanian | | Southern Andalusia | | Rioplatense | es|ayer}} | [äˈʃe̞ɾ]}} | 'yesterday' | ʒ}} instead. See Spanish phonology and yeísmo | | Swahili | shule | [ʃule] | 'school' | | Tagalog | tl|siya}} | [ʃa]}} | 'he/she' | See Tagalog phonology | | Toda[6] | {{IPA|[pɔʃ]}} | 'language' | | Tunica | tun-Latn|šíhkali}} | [ˈʃihkali]}} | 'stone' | | Turkish | tr|güneş}} | [ɟyˈne̞ʃ]}} | 'sun' | See Turkish phonology | | Ukrainian{{sfnp|Danyenko|Vakulenko|1995|p=4}} | uk|шахи}} | ['ʃɑxɪ]}} | 'chess' | See Ukrainian phonology | | Urdu | ur|شکریہ}} | [ʃʊkˈriːaː]}} | 'thank you' | See Hindustani phonology | | Uyghur | ug|شەھەر}} | [ʃæhær]}} | 'city' | | Walloon | wa|texhou}} | [tɛʃu]}} | 'knit fabric' | | Welsh | Standard | cy|siarad}} | [ˈʃɑːrad]}} | 'speak' | See Welsh phonology | | Southern dialects | cy|mis}} | [miːʃ]}} | 'month' | | West Frisian | fy|sjippe}} | [ˈʃɪpə]}} | 'soap' | See West Frisian phonology | | Western Lombard | Canzés | lmo|fescia}} | [feʃa]}} | 'nuisance' | | Yiddish | yi|וויסנשאַפֿטלעכע}} | [vɪsn̩ʃaftləxə]}} | 'scientific' | See Yiddish phonology | | Yorùbá | yo|ṣi}} | [ʃi]}} | 'open' | | Zapotec languages | Merrill|2008|p=108}} | zts|xana}} | [ʃana]}} | 'how?' |
In various languages, including English and French, it may have simultaneous labialization, i.e. {{IPA|[ʃʷ]}}, although this is usually not transcribed. Classical Latin did not have {{IPA|[ʃ]}}, though it does occur in most Romance languages. For example, {{angle bracket|ch}} in French {{lang|fr|chanteur}} "singer" is pronounced {{IPA|/ʃ/}}. {{lang|fr|Chanteur}} is descended from Latin {{lang|la|cantare}}, where {{angle bracket|c}} was pronounced {{IPA|/k/}}. The {{angle bracket|sc}} in Latin {{lang|la|scientia}} "science" was pronounced {{IPA|/sk/}}, but has shifted to {{IPA|/ʃ/}} in Italian {{lang|it|scienza}}. Similarly, Proto-Germanic had neither {{IPA|[ʃ]}} nor {{IPAblink|ʂ}}, yet many of its descendants do. In most cases, this {{IPA|[ʃ]}} or {{IPA|[ʂ]}} descends from a Proto-Germanic {{IPA|/sk/}}. For instance, Proto-Germanic *skipą ("hollow object, water-borne vessel larger than a boat") was pronounced {{IPA|/ˈski.pɑ̃/}}. The English word "ship" {{IPA|/ʃɪp/}} has been pronounced without the {{IPA|/sk/}} the longest, the word being descended from Old English "{{lang|ang|scip}}" {{IPA|/ʃip/}}, which already also had the {{IPA|[ʃ]}}, though the Old English spelling etymologically indicated that the old {{IPA|/sk/}} had once been present. This change took longer to catch on in West Germanic languages other than Old English, though it eventually did. The second West Germanic language to undergo this sound shift was Old High German. In fact, it has been argued that Old High German's {{IPA|/sk/}} was actually already {{IPA|[s̠k]}}, because a single {{IPAblink|s}} had already shifted to {{IPAblink|s̠}}. Furthermore, by Middle High German, that {{IPA|/s̠k/}} had shifted to {{IPA|[ʃ]}}. After High German, the shift most likely then occurred in Low Saxon. After Low Saxon, Middle Dutch began the shift, but it stopped shifting once it reached {{IPA|/sx/}}, and has kept that pronunciation since. Then, most likely through influence from German and Low Saxon, North Frisian experienced the shift. Then, Swedish quite swiftly underwent the shift, which resulted in the very uncommon {{IPAblink|ɧ}} phoneme, which, aside from Swedish, is only used in Colognian, a variety of High German, though not as a replacement for the standard High German {{IPA|/ʃ/}} but a coronalized {{IPA|/ç/}}. However, the exact realization of Swedish {{IPA|/ɧ/}} varies considerably among dialects; for instance, in Northern dialects it tends to be realized as {{IPAblink|ʂ}}. See sj-sound for more details. Finally, the last to undergo the shift was Norwegian, in which the result of the shift was {{IPA|[ʃ]}}. The sound in Russian denoted by {{angle bracket|ш}} is commonly transcribed as a palato-alveolar fricative but is actually a laminal retroflex fricative.{{Citation needed |date=September 2015}} Voiceless postalveolar non-sibilant fricative{{Infobox IPA
|above=Voiceless postalveolar non-sibilant fricative
|ipa number=151 414 402A 429
|ipa symbol=ɹ̠̊˔
|ipa symbol2=ɹ̝̊˗
|x-sampa=r\\_-_0_r
}}The voiceless postalveolar non-sibilant fricative is a consonantal sound. As the International Phonetic Alphabet does not have separate symbols for the post-alveolar consonants (the same symbol is used for all coronal places of articulation that aren't palatalized), this sound is usually transcribed {{angle bracket|{{IPA|ɹ̠̊˔}}}} (retracted constricted voiceless {{IPA|[ɹ]}}). The equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is r\\_-_0_r. Features{{fricative}} However, it does not have the grooved tongue and directed airflow, or the high frequencies, of a sibilant.- Its place of articulation is postalveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue behind the alveolar ridge.
{{voiceless}}{{oral}}{{central articulation}}{{pulmonic}}Occurrence| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | | English | Irish[7] | tree | [tɹ̠̊˔iː]}} | 'tree' | /r/}} after word-initial {{IPA|/t/}}, unless it is preceded by {{IPA|/s/}} within the same syllable.[7] See English phonology | | Roach|2004|pp=240–241}} | crew | [kɹ̠̊˔ʊu̯]}} | 'crew' | /r/}} after the word-initial fortis plosives {{IPA|/p, k/}}, unless they are preceded by {{IPA|/s/}} within the same syllable.{{sfnp|Roach|2004|p=240}} See English phonology |
See also- Index of phonetics articles
- Voiced postalveolar fricative
- Cedilla
Notes1. ^1 {{Harvcoltxt|Mangold|2005|p=51}}
2. ^{{cite web|title=Fonetyka i fonologia|first=Jerzy|last=Treder|url=http://www.rastko.net/rastko-ka/content/view/227/26/|publisher=Rastko|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141102210548/http://www.rastko.net/rastko-ka/content/view/227/26/|archivedate=2014-11-02|df=}}
3. ^{{Harvcoltxt|Gussenhoven|Aarts|1999|p=156}}. The authors state that {{IPA|/ʃ/}} is "pre-palatal, articulated with the blade of the tongue against the post-alveolar place of articulation". This makes it unclear whether this sound is palato-alveolar (somewhat palatalized post-alveolar) or alveolo-palatal (strongly palatalized post-alveolar).
4. ^1 {{Harvcoltxt|Dąbrowska|2004|p=?}}
5. ^{{Harvcoltxt|Cotton|Sharp|2001|p=15}}
6. ^{{Harvcoltxt|Ladefoged|2005|p=168}}
7. ^1 {{citeweb|title=Irish English and Ulster English|page=3 |url= http://ifla.uni-stuttgart.de/institut/mitarbeiter/jilka/teaching/dialectology/d9_Ireland.pdf | publisher = Uni Stuttgart | format = PDF | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20140421050911/http://ifla.uni-stuttgart.de/institut/mitarbeiter/jilka/teaching/dialectology/d9_Ireland.pdf |archivedate=21 April 2014}}
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{{refend}}{{IPA navigation}} 6 : Postalveolar consonants|Fricative consonants|Pulmonic consonants|Voiceless oral consonants|Central consonants|Labial–coronal consonants |