“Voiceless retroflex fricative”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The voiceless retroflex sibilant fricative is a type of consonantal sound used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is {{angle bracket|{{IPA|ʂ}}}}. Like all the retroflex consonants, the IPA letter is formed by adding a rightward-pointing hook to the bottom of the ess (the letter used for the corresponding alveolar consonant). A distinction can be made between laminal, apical, and sub-apical articulations. Only one language, Toda, appears to have more than one voiceless retroflex sibilant, and it distinguishes subapical palatal from apical postalveolar retroflex sibilants; that is, both the tongue articulation and the place of contact on the roof of the mouth are different.

Features

Occurrence

In the following transcriptions, diacritics may be used to distinguish between apical {{IPA|[ʂ̺]}} and laminal {{IPA|[ʂ̻]}}.

The commonality of {{IPA|[ʂ]}} cross-linguistically is 6% in a phonological analysis of 2155 languages ^[1]

Language

Word

IPA

Meaning

Notes

Abkhaz

ab|амш}}

[amʂ]}}

'day'

See Abkhaz phonology

Adyghe

kbd-Cyrl|пшъашъэ}}

Pshahsa.ogg|[pʂ̻aːʂ̻a]}}

'girl'

Laminal.

Faroese

fo|fýrs}}

[fʊʂ]}}

'eighty'

Hindustani

Hindi

hi|ऋषि}}

[rɪʂi]}}

'sage'

Italian

Canepari|1992|p=73}}

it|sali}}

[ˈʂäːli]}}

'you go up'

Canepari|1992|p=73}} may be {{IPAblink|s̺|s̺ʲ}} or {{IPAblink|ʃ}} instead.{{sfnp|Canepari|1992|p=73}} It corresponds to {{IPAblink|s}} in standard Italian. See Italian phonology

Khanty

Most northern dialects

kca|шаш}}

[ʂɑʂ]}}

'knee'

/ʈ͡ʂ/}} in the southern and eastern dialects.

Lower Sorbian^[2]^[3]

dsb|glažk}}

[ˈɡläʂk]}}

'glass'

Malayalam

ml|കഷ്ടി}}

[kəʂʈi]}}

'scarce'

Mandarin

cmn-Hani|石}}/{{lang|cmn-Latn|shí}}

[ʂ̺ɻ̩˧˥]}}

'stone'

Apical. See Mandarin phonology

Mapudungun{{sfnp|Sadowsky|Painequeo|Salamanca|Avelino|2013|p=90}}

arn|trukur}}

[ʈ͡ʂʊ̝ˈkʊʂ]}}

'fog'

/ʐ/}} in post-nuclear position.{{sfnp|Sadowsky|Painequeo|Salamanca|Avelino|2013|p=90}}

Marathi

mr|ऋषी}}

[ruʂi]}}

'sage'

Norwegian

no|Norsk}}

[nɔʂk]}}

'Norwegian'

/ɾs/}} in many dialects, including Urban East Norwegian. See Norwegian phonology

Pashto

Southern dialect

ښودل

[ʂ̺odəl]}}

'to show'

Polish

Standard^[4]

pl|szum}}

Pl-szum.ogg|[ʂ̻um]}}

'rustle'

rz}}. When written so, it can be instead pronounced as the voiceless raised alveolar non-sonorant trill by few speakers.^[5] It is transcribed {{IPA|/ʃ/}} by most Polish scholars. See Polish phonology

Southeastern Cuyavian dialects^[6]

'they hid'

Some speakers. It's a result of hypercorrecting the more popular merger of {{IPA|/ʂ/}} and {{IPA|/s/}} into {{IPAblink|s̪|s}} (see szadzenie).

Suwałki dialect^[7]

Romanian

Pop|1938|p=31}}

'barn'

Apical.{{sfnp|Pop|1938|p=31}} See Romanian phonology

Pop|1938|p=31}}

Russian^[4]

ru|шут}}

[ʂut̪]}}

'jester'

See Russian phonology

Serbo-Croatian

sh-Cyrl|шума}} / {{lang|sh-Latn|šuma}}

[ʂûmä]}}

'forest'

Typically transcribed as /ʃ/. See Serbo-Croatian_phonology

Slovak^[8]

sk|šatka}}

[ˈʂätkä]}}

'kerchief'

Swedish

sv|fors}}

[fɔʂ]}}

'rapids'

/rs/}} in many dialects, including Central Standard Swedish. See Swedish phonology

Tamil

ta|கஷ்டம்}}

[kəʂʈəm]}}

'difficult'

Telugu

te|కష్టం}}

[kʌʂʈəm]}}

'difficult'

Toda^[9]

'(clan name)'

Subapical

Torwali^[10]

ݜےݜ

[ʂeʂ]}}

'thin rope'

Ubykh

'head'

See Ubykh phonology

Upper Sorbian

Some dialects^[11]^[12]

date=June 2015}}

ʃ}} in standard language.^[2] See Upper Sorbian phonology

Vietnamese

Southern dialects^[13]

vi|sữa}}

[ʂɨə˧ˀ˥]}}

'milk'

See Vietnamese phonology

ii|ꏂ}}/{{lang|ii-Latn|shy}}

[ʂ̺ɿ̄˧]}}

'gold'

Yurok

segep

[ʂɛɣep]

'coyote'

Zapotec

Tilquiapan^[14]

date=December 2018}}

—

/ʃ/}} before {{IPA|[a]}} and {{IPA|[u]}}.

See also

Notes

1. ^Phoible.org. (2018). PHOIBLE Online - Segments. [online] Available at: http://phoible.org/parameters.
2. ^¹{{Harvcoltxt|Šewc-Schuster|1984|pp=40–41}}
3. ^{{Harvcoltxt|Zygis|2003|pp=180–181, 190–191}}
4. ^¹{{Harvcoltxt|Hamann|2004|p=65}}
5. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.gwarypolskie.uw.edu.pl/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=218&Itemid=58|title=Gwary polskie - Frykatywne rż (ř)|first=Halina|last=Karaś|publisher=|access-date=2013-11-06|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6F54JFFro?url=http://www.gwarypolskie.uw.edu.pl/index.php?option=com_content|archive-date=2013-03-13|dead-url=yes|df=}}
6. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.gwarypolskie.uw.edu.pl/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=862&Itemid=17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113203509/http://www.gwarypolskie.uw.edu.pl/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=862&Itemid=17|dead-url=yes|archive-date=2013-11-13|title=Gwary polskie - Gwara regionu|first=Barbara|last=Taras|publisher=}}
7. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.gwarypolskie.uw.edu.pl/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=79&Itemid=58|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113204558/http://www.gwarypolskie.uw.edu.pl/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=79&Itemid=58|dead-url=yes|archive-date=2013-11-13|title=Gwary polskie - Szadzenie|first=Halina|last=Karaś|publisher=}}
8. ^{{Harvcoltxt|Hanulíková|Hamann|2010|p=374}}
9. ^{{Harvcoltxt|Ladefoged|2005|p=168}}
10. ^{{Harvcoltxt|Lunsford|2001|pp=16–20}}
11. ^{{Harvcoltxt|Šewc-Schuster|1984|p=41}}
12. ^{{Harvcoltxt|Zygis|2003|p=180}}
13. ^{{Harvcoltxt|Thompson|1959|pp=458–461}}
14. ^{{Harvcoltxt|Merrill|2008|p=109}}

Features

Occurrence

See also

Notes

References