“Al-Walid ibn Tarif al-Shaybani”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Al-Walid ibn Tarif al-Shaybani ({{lang-ar|الوليد بن طريف الشيباني}}) was an eighth-century Kharijite leader. In 794 he launched a rebellion against the Abbasid Caliphate, but was defeated and killed in 795.

Career

In several sources al-Walid is referred to as a member of the Banu Taghlib, but Abu al-Faraj al-Isfahani and Ibn Khallikan call him a Shaybani, and in the opinion of Clifford Edmund Bosworth the latter identification is the correct one.{{sfn|Al-Tabari|1989|loc=p. 143 n. 524}} He was considered a chief of the Kharijites, and reportedly acquired a reputation for audacity and bravery. During his lifetime he usually resided in the area of Nasibin and al-Khabur, in the region of the Jazira.{{sfn|Ibn Khallikan|1868|p=668}}

In 794 al-Walid revolted against the Abbasid caliph Harun al-Rashid and quickly gathered a large number of supporters around him. He soon overran much of the Jazira and killed the governor of Diyar Rabi'a when the latter marched against him, then invaded Diyar Mudar and besieged 'Abd al-Malik ibn Salih in Raqqa. The Kharijites subsequently moved on to Arminiya and besieged Khilat, whose inhabitants agreed to ransom themselves in exchange for their liberty, and proceeded to invade Adharbayjan, Hulwan, the Sawad of Iraq and the districts on the west bank of the Tigris, enriching themselves along the way. They then returned to the Jazira, causing devastation to the province, and gained additional followers for their cause.^[1]

In an effort to stop the Kharijites, Harun al-Rashid sent two armies in succession against them, but they were defeated by the rebels and both of their commanders died in combat. The caliph then put Yazid ibn Mazyad al-Shaybani in command of a large army and dispatched him against al-Walid, urging him to bring an end to the insurgency as soon as possible. Yazid met the rebels in battle in late 795, at al-Haditha above Hit, and defeated al-Walid in single combat, killing him and cutting off his head. Yazid also killed a large number of the Kharijites and forced the remainder to disperse, and the revolt ended in defeat.^[2]

Al-Walid was elegised after his death by his sister, the warrior and poet Laylā bint Ṭarīf.^[3]

Notes

1. ^{{harvnb|Al-Tabari|1989|pp=143, 153}}; {{harvnb|Ibn Khallikan|1868|p=668}}; {{harvnb|Ibn Khallikan|1871|p=218}}; {{harvnb|Ibn al-Athir|1987|p=302}}; {{harvnb|Khalifah ibn Khayyat|1985|pp=450, 451–452}}; {{harvnb|Al-Ya'qubi|1883|pp=495–96}}; {{harvnb|Eisenstein|2002|pp=129–30}}.
2. ^{{harvnb|Al-Tabari|1989|pp=143, 153, 154}}; {{harvnb|Ibn Khallikan|1868|pp=668–70}}; {{harvnb|Ibn Khallikan|1871|pp=218–220}}; {{harvnb|Ibn al-Athir|1987|pp=302–04}}; {{harvnb|Khalifah ibn Khayyat|1985|pp=451–452}}; {{harvnb|Al-Ya'qubi|1883|p=496}}; {{harvnb|Eisenstein|2002|p=130}}, Some of the specific details of the revolt are given differently in the sources.
3. ^Classical Poems by Arab Women: A Bilingual Anthology, ed. and trans. by Abdullah al-Udhari (London: Saqi Books, 1999), p. 106.

References

{{cite encyclopedia | title=Al-Walid b. Tarif | first = H. | last = Eisenstein | authorlink= | encyclopedia = The Encyclopedia of Islam, New Edition, Volume XI: W–Z | publisher = BRILL | location = Leiden and New York | year = 2002 | isbn = 90-04-12756-9 | pages = 129–130 | url = http://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/al-walid-b-tarif-SIM_7849 | ref=harv}}

{{cite book | last = Ibn al-Athir | first = 'Izz al-Din | authorlink = Ali ibn al-Athir | title = Al-Kamil fi al-Tarikh, Vol. 5. | publisher = Dar al-'Ilmiyyah | language = Arabic | location = Beirut | year = 1987 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=qLItCwAAQBAJ | ref=harv}}

{{cite book | last = Ibn Khallikan | first = Shams al-Din Abu al-'Abbas Ahmad ibn Muhammad | authorlink=Ibn Khallikan | others = Trans. Baron Mac Guckin de Slane | title = Ibn Khallikan's Biographical Dictionary, Vol. III | publisher = Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland | location = Paris | year = 1868 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=qQUVAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA668 | ref=harv}}

{{cite book | last = Ibn Khallikan | first = Shams al-Din Abu al-'Abbas Ahmad ibn Muhammad | authorlink=Ibn Khallikan | others = Trans. Baron Mac Guckin de Slane | title = Ibn Khallikan's Biographical Dictionary, Vol. IV | publisher = Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland | location = Paris | year = 1871 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=fqcd61rwaukC&pg=PA218 | ref=harv}}

{{cite book | last = Khalifah ibn Khayyat | first = | authorlink = Khalifa ibn Khayyat | title = Tarikh Khalifah ibn Khayyat, 3rd ed | publisher = Dar Taybah | language = Arabic | year = 1985 | location = Al-Riyadh | editor-last = al-'Umari | editor-first = Akram Diya' | ref=harv }}

{{cite book | last = Al-Tabari | first = Abu Ja'far Muhammad ibn Jarir | authorlink = Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari | title = The History of al-Ṭabarī, Volume XXX: The 'Abbasid Caliphate in Equilibrium. | others = Trans. Clifford Edmund Bosworth | editor-last = Yar-Shater | editor-first = Ehsan | publisher = State University of New York Press | location = Albany, NY | year = 1989 | isbn = 0-88706-564-3 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=qKz8FBgPztsC | ref=harv}}

{{cite book | title=Historiae, Vol. 2 | editor-first=M. Th. | editor-last=Houtsma | last=Al-Ya'qubi | first=Ahmad ibn Abu Ya'qub | authorlink=Al-Ya'qubi | year=1883 | publisher=E. J. Brill | language = Arabic | location=Leiden |isbn= | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=wD0yAQAAMAAJ | ref=harv}}

5 : 795 deaths|Rebellions against the Abbasid Caliphate|Kharijites|Banu Shayban|Medieval Arabs killed in battle