| 词条 | Al-Zarah (Bahrayn) |
| 释义 |
Al-Zarah ({{lang-ar|الزارة}}) was an ancient and medieval settlement of eastern Arabia. Although no longer extant, it is believed to have been situated near the modern city of al-Qatif. LocationAl-Zarah was a port town located in the area of the al-Qatif oasis, near the coast of the Persian Gulf.{{sfn|Caskel|1960|pp=72-73}} In the early Islamic period it was considered to be part of the region of al-Bahrayn, which then encompassed much of the eastern Arabian shoreline and adjacent territories,[1] and mentions of it were included in accounts of the area by geographers such as Ibn al-Faqih (fl. 902) and Ibn Khurradadhbih (d. 912).{{sfn|Al-Hadithi|2014|p=269}} The anonymous author of the Kitab al-manasik wa-amakin turuq al-hajj wa-ma'alim al-jazirah, writing in the ninth or tenth centuries, described it as laying between al-Uqayr and Qulay'a, and added that its inhabitants fed primarily on dates and fish.[2] Modern scholars have proposed various possibilities for the former location of the town. The Saudi historian Hamad al-Jassir identified al-Zarah with the modern al-Awamiyyah, five kilometers west of al-Qatif, while D. T. Potts suggested that it may have been located at the more southerly Dhahran.{{sfn|Lecker|2002|loc=p. 121 & n. 57}} According to Farouk Omar, the site of the settlement is now marked by the modern name of al-Ramada.{{sfn|Omar|1987|p=158}} HistoryIn the pre-Islamic era al-Zarah was an important commercial center along the Arabian coast.{{sfn|Omar|1987|p=158}} By the early seventh century al-Bahrayn had come to be dominated by the Arab tribes of Abd al-Qays, Bakr ibn Wa'il, and Tamim,{{sfn|Abu Ezzah|1979|pp=53-54}} but the town itself was also likely host to a considerable population of non-Arab residents.{{sfn|Caskel|1960|p=73}} As with the rest of region, al-Zarah was subject to Persian control during this period, and it was the seat of a Sassanid marzban or margrave.[3] Following the death of Muhammad in 632, al-Zarah briefly emerged as a local center of anti-Muslim resistance. During the ridda wars in the caliphate of Abu Bakr, the Persian governor Azad Peroz and a number of Magians refused to pay the jizya and fortified themselves in the town, which was then subjected to a siege by al-Ala ibn al-Hadrami. The garrison held out until the Muslims managed to cut off the water supply, at which point it came to terms and agreed to hand over to al-Ala one-third of the town, one-third of its gold and silver, and half of its outlying parts in c. 634.[4] At the end of the ninth century al-Zarah was governed by one al-Hasan ibn al-Awwam, a member of the Azd, but a short time later it was burnt down during the Qarmatian conquest of al-Bahrayn.[5] The town subsequently lapsed into obscurity, and by the turn of the thirteenth century the historian Majd al-Din ibn al-Athir considered it to no longer be a place name.{{sfn|Lecker|2002|p=121 n. 57}} Notes1. ^{{harvnb|Omar|1987|pp=156 ff., 158}}; {{harvnb|Al-Hadithi|2014|pp=251 ff}}. 2. ^{{harvnb|Lecker|2002|p=120}}. The same source adds that the town belonged to an Ahmad ibn Salm/Salim al-'Abdi, the chief of the people of al-Qatif, and that it was inhabited by the 'Abd al-Qays. 3. ^{{harvnb|Lecker|2002|p=122}}; {{harvnb|Omar|1987|p=158}}. 4. ^{{harvnb|Lecker|2002|p=121}}; {{harvnb|Omar|1987|p=158}}; {{harvnb|Tafazzoli|1987|p=173}}; {{harvnb|Caskel|1960|p=73}}; {{harvnb|Al-Baladhuri|1916|pp=129-30}}; {{harvnb|Yaqut|1867|p=907}}. 5. ^{{harvnb|Al-Mas'udi|1897|p=498}}; {{harvnb|Caskel|1960|p=73}}; {{harvnb|Omar|1987|p=158}}. References
3 : History of the Arabian Peninsula|Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia|Former populated places in Asia |
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