| 词条 | Volga German Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
|native_name = {{native name|ru|Автономная Советская Социалистическая Республика Немцев Поволжья|italics=off}} {{native name|de|Autonome Sozialistische Sowjetrepublik der Wolgadeutschen}} |conventional_long_name = Volga German Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic |common_name = Volga German Republic |subdivision = Autonomous republic |nation = the Russian SFSR |p1 = Samara Governorate |flag_p1 = Flag RSFSR 1918.svg |s1 = Saratov Oblast |flag_s1 = Flag of Russian SFSR (1937-1954).svg |s2 = Stalingrad Oblast |flag_s2 = Flag of Russian SFSR (1937-1954).svg |image_flag = Flag of Volga German ASSR.svg |image_coat = Coat of arms of Volga German ASSR.svg |image_map = Volga German.png |capital = Engelsa |national_motto = Proletarier aller Länder, vereinigt Euch! ({{Lang-en|Workers of the world, unite!}}) |title_leader = Chairman (Central Executive Committee) |leader1 = Ernst Reuter |year_leader1 = October 1918–March 1919 |date_start = 19 October |year_start = 1918 |date_end = 28 August |year_end = 1941 |legislature=Supreme Council of the Volga German Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic |political_subdiv=14 cantons |footnotes=a. Known as "Pokrovsk" or "Kosakenstadt" before 1931. }}{{Refimprove|date=November 2007}} The Volga German Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic ({{lang-de|Autonome Sozialistische Sowjetrepublik der Wolgadeutschen}}; {{lang-ru|Автономная Советская Социалистическая Республика Немцев Поволжья}} Avtonomnaya Sovetskaya Sotsialisticheskaya Respublika Nemtsev Povolzh'ya) was an autonomous republic established in Soviet Russia. Its capital was the Volga River port of Engels (known as "Pokrovsk" or "Kosakenstadt" before 1931). HistoryThe republic was created following the Russian Revolution, by October 29 (some claim 19th)[1] Decree of the Soviet government, Volga German Workers' Commune, giving Soviet Germans a special status among the non-Russians in the USSR.[2] It was upgraded to the status of Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic on February 20, 1924 (claims of December 19, 1923),[1][2] by the Declaration of the All-Union Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars of the Russian SFSR. It became the first national autonomous unit in the Soviet Union after the Donetsk-Krivoy Rog Soviet Republic. It occupied the area of compact settlement of the large Volga German minority in Russia, which numbered almost 1.8 million by 1897. The republic was declared on January 6, 1924. {{citation needed|date=March 2014}} The ASSR was divided into fourteen cantons: Fjodorowka, Krasny-Kut, Tonkoschurowka, Krasnojar, Pokrowsk, Kukkus, Staraja Poltawka, Pallasowka, Kamenka, Solotoje, Marxstadt, Frank, Seelmann, and Balzer. {{citation needed|date=March 2014}} As of 1919, pastors were labelled counterrevolutionary propagandists and sent to gulags in Siberia.[3] At the moment of declaration of autonomy, an amnesty was announced. However, it eventually was applied to a small number of people. According to the policy of korenizatsiya, carried out in the 1920s in the Soviet Union, usage of the German language was promoted in official documents and Germans were encouraged to occupy management positions. According to the 1939 census, there were 366,685 Germans in the autonomy. The German invasion of the Soviet Union in 1941 marked the end of the Volga German ASSR. On August 28, 1941, Joseph Stalin issued a formal Decree of Banishment abolishing the ASSR and, fearing they could act as German spies, exiling all Volga Germans to the Kazakh SSR and Siberia. Many were interned in labor camps merely due to their heritage.[2] The Republic was formally extinguished on September 7, 1941.[2] Following the death of Stalin in 1953, the situation for Volga Germans improved dramatically. In 1964, a second decree was issued, openly admitting the government's guilt in pressing charges against innocent people and urging Soviet citizens to give the Volga Germans every assistance in their "economic and cultural expansion". With the existence of a socialist German state in East Germany now a reality of the post-war world, the Volga German Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic was never reestablished. The land area is now mostly part of Saratov Oblast, except for a small area in northern Volgograd Oblast. Beginning in the early 1980s and accelerating after the fall of the Soviet Union, many Volga Germans have emigrated to Germany by taking advantage of the German law of return, a policy which grants citizenship to all those who can prove to be a refugee or expellee of German ethnic origin or as the spouse or descendant of such a person.[4] PopulationThe following table shows population of the ethnic groups of the Volga German ASSR:[5]
LeadersHead of State
Head of Government
Created on January 12, 1924 by the declaration at the first session of the Central Executive Committee of the Republic
See also
References1. ^1 Encyclopedia of History of Communist Part {{ru icon}} 2. ^1 2 3 {{cite book |title=Ethnic Cleansing in the USSR, 1937-1949 |author=J. Otto Pohl |edition=illustrated |editor=Greenwood Publishing Group |year=1999 |isbn=0-313-30921-3 |pages=29–37 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SnLANpCfDn4C&pg=PA29&dq=Volga+German+Autonomous+Soviet+Socialist+Republic&client=opera&hl=es}} 3. ^Brief history of Volga Germans 4. ^Barbara Dietz, "German and Jewish migration from the former Soviet Union to Germany: Background, Trends and Implications", Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 26, No. 4 (October 2000): 635-652. 5. ^http://demoscope.ru External links{{Commons category|Volga German Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic}}
7 : Volga German people|Autonomous republics of the Soviet Union|Early Soviet republics|Germanic countries and territories|German communities in Russia|Forced migration in the Soviet Union|1924 establishments in the Soviet Union |
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