| 词条 | Amelio Robles Ávila |
| 释义 |
Amelio Robles Ávila (3 November 1889 – 9 December 1984) was a colonel during the Mexican Revolution. Assigned female at birth with the name Amelia Robles Ávila, Robles fought in the Mexican Revolution, rose to the rank of colonel, and lived openly as a man from age 24 until death at 95 Early life{{Unreferenced section|date=December 2017}}Robles was born in Xochipala, Guerrero to Casimiro Robles and Josefa Ávila. Casimiro Robles was a wealthy farmer who owned 42 acres of land and owned a small mezcal factory. Robles had two older brothers Teódulo and Prisca. Robles was three years old when Casimiro died and Josefa married Jesús Martinez, who was a worker that was dedicated to livestock. Josefa and Jesús had three more children, Luis, Concepción and Jesús Martínez Avila. They raised the children in the Catholic religion. Robles helped in forming part of the Society for Mary's daughters. Robles studied up until the fourth grade at the school for young ladies in Chilpancingo. From a young age, Robles showed an interest in activities that were considered masculine, learning to ride and tame horses and handling weapons. Before joining the army, Robles was treasurer in a Maderistas club in Xochipala, which was suspected to have been formally started after the fall of Porfirio Díaz. Between August and November 1911, Robles took a commission to travel to the Gulf of Mexico with the purpose of obtaining money from the oil companies for the revolutionary cause. Army lifeRobles chose to enlist in the army instead of agreeing to an arranged marriage. Robles joined the army when General Juan Andreu Almazán passed through Xochipala in 1911 as pressure mounted against Porfirio Díaz to resign as president. Between August and November 1911, Robles was sent to the Gulf of Mexico in a commission in order to obtain money from oil companies for the revolutionary cause. Two years later, Robles began to dress as a man and demanded to be treated as such.[1] From 1913 to 1918, Robles fought as "el coronel Robles" with the Zapatistas under the command of Jesús H. Salgado, Heliodoro Castillo, and Encarnación Díaz. There is evidence now that shows Robles was not alone as a person born female presenting as male in the Mexican army at the time. Maria de la Luz Barrera, Zapatista and Angela 'Angel' Jiménez all adopted a male identity during the war.[1] In 1924, Robles supported General Alvaro Obregón against the Delahuertist rebellion under the command of General Adrian Castrejón, where the Delahuertista general Marcial Cavazos died and Robles was hurt. Following the military phase of the Revolution, Robles supported revolutionary general Álvaro Obregón, president of Mexico 1920–1924, during the 1924 rebellion of Adolfo de la Huerta and in 1939 supported Almazán in the presidential election. In 1948, Robles received the medical certificate required to officially enter the Confederation of Veterans of the Revolution.[2] The medical revision confirmed that Robles had received six bullet wounds.[2] AwardsIn 1970, the Mexican Secretary of National Defense recognized Robles as a veteran (veterano) of the Revolution.[3] Toward the end of life, Robles received various decorations acknowledging distinguished military service: a decoration as a veteran of the Mexican Revolution and the Mexican Legion of Honor. In 1973, Robles was decorated with the Revolutionary Merit award (Medalla al mérito revolucionario). Personal life and deathAccording to historian Gabriela Cano, Robles adopted a male identity not as a survival strategy but because of a strong desire to be a man.[4] Robles' male identity was accepted by family, society, and the Mexican government, and Robles lived as a man from the age of 24 until death.[4] According to a former neighbor, if anyone called Robles a woman or "Doña", Robles would threaten them with a pistol.[2] Robles met Angela Torres in Apipilulco in the 1930s, and they later married.[9][4] They adopted a daughter together, Regula Robles Torres.[5] On his deathbed Robles supposedly made two requests, to receive honors for his military service and to be dressed as a woman in order to commend his soul to God.[6][7] The latter request has never been confirmed,[7] and Robles' death certificate notes that he lost the ability to speak more than a year before dying.[8] Robles died 9 December 1984, aged 95. See also
References1. ^{{Cite journal|last=Cano|first=Gabriela|date=2009-01-01|title=Amelio Robles, andar de soldado viejo. Masculinidad (trangénero) en la Revolución Mexicana|jstor=42625542|journal=Debate Feminista|volume=39|pages=14–39}} 2. ^1 2 {{cite web|url=http://archivo.eluniversal.com.mx/graficos/pdf09/kiosko/paginasDeCano.pdf|title=Inocultables Realidades del Deseo: Amelio Robles, masculinidad (transgénero) en la Revolución mexicana|author=Gabriela Cano|date=27 November 2009|accessdate=2017-12-30}} 3. ^{{cite web |author= |title=Editarán la biografía de la coronela revolucinaria Amelia Robles |url=http://suracapulco.mx/cultura/editaran-la-biografia-de-la-coronela-revolucionaria-amelia-robles/ |date=23 April 2003 |website=El Sur |publisher=Información del Sur, SA |accessdate=2018-01-20}} 4. ^1 2 3 {{cite web|url=http://www.pikaramagazine.com/2016/09/amelio-robles-coronel-transgenero-de-la-revolucion-mexicana/|title=Amelio Robles, coronel transgénero de la Revolución mexicana|date=13 September 2016|publisher=Pikara Magazine|author=Lydia Zárate|accessdate=2017-12-13}} 5. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.actitudfem.com/entorno/genero/lgbt/la-coronela-es-un-hombre-y-sin-embargo-nacio-mujer|title=La Coronela es un hombre y, sin embargo, nació mujer|author=Laura Martínez Alarcón|publisher=Actitud Fem|language=es|accessdate=2017-12-30}} 6. ^1 Olga Cárdenas Trueba. "Amelia Robles y la Revolución Zapatista en Guerrero", en Laura Espejel López (Coordinadora). Estudios sobre el Zapatismo. Colección Biblioteca del Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia. México, 2000. Páginas 303 a 319. 7. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.zocalo.com.mx/new_site/articulo/la-coronela-de-zapata-1457793642|title=La Coronela de Zapata que luchó por ser reconocida como Coronel|author=Agencias|date=}} 8. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.guerrero.gob.mx/actas/defuncion/index.php|title=Datos de acta de defuncion|language=es|publisher=State of Guerrero|accessdate=2018-01-01}} To use the page: Nombre: Amelio; apellido paterno: Robles; apellido materno: Avila (without accent as it will mark an error); sexo: masculino; fecha de nacimiento: left blank; fecha de defunción: 09/12/1984.
External links
6 : 1889 births|1984 deaths|Transgender and transsexual military personnel|Transgender and transsexual men|People from Guerrero|Mexican military personnel |
| 随便看 |
|
开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。