| 词条 | America First (policy) |
| 释义 |
Origins"America First" has been used as a slogan by both Democrat and Republican politicians. At the outbreak of WWI, President Woodrow Wilson used the motto to define his version of neutrality as well as journalist William Randolph Hearst.[5] The motto was also chosen by President Harding during the 1920 election.[6] America First is best known as the slogan and foreign policy advocated by the America First Committee, a non-interventionist pressure group against the American entry into World War II, which emphasized American nationalism and unilateralism in international relations. The America First Committee's membership peaked at 800,000 paying members in 450 chapters, and it popularized the slogan "America First."[7] While the America First Committee had a variety of supporters in the United States, "the movement was marred by anti-Semitic and pro-fascist rhetoric."[8] In later periods, the slogan was used by Pat Buchanan, who praised the non-interventionist WW2 America First Committee and said "the achievements of that organization are monumental."[9] Buchanan's "call for an America First foreign policy has been compared with the America First Committee."[10] History under President TrumpTrump first embraced the slogan in response to a suggestion and historical comparison by David E. Sanger during a New York Times interview in March 2016.[11][12] In later months, without referencing Pat Buchanan's prior usage or the AFC, Trump said that "'America First' will be the major and overriding theme" of his administration during his campaign for President, and advocated nationalist, anti-interventionist positions;[13] following his election to the Presidency, America First has become the official foreign policy doctrine of the Trump Administration.[1] It was a theme of Trump's inaugural address, and a Politico/Morning Consult poll released on January 25, 2017 stated that 65% of Americans responded positively to President Trump's "America First" inaugural message, with 39% viewing the speech as poor.[14] In 2017, the Administration proposed a federal budget for 2018 with both Make America Great Again and America First in its title, with the latter referencing its increases to military, homeland security, and veteran spending, cuts to spending that goes towards foreign countries, and 10-year objective of achieving a balanced budget.[15] The slogan has been criticized by some for carrying comparisons to the America First Committee;[16] however, Trump denied being an isolationist, and said, "I like the expression."[17] A number of scholars (such as Deborah Dash Moore), commentators (such as Bill Kristol) and Jewish organizations (including the ADL and JCPA) criticized Trump's use of the slogan because of its historical association with nativism and antisemitism.[18] Others have said that Trump is not a non-interventionist and never has been.[19][20] Columnist Daniel Larison from The American Conservative writes that "Trump was quick to denounce previous wars as disasters, but his complaint about these wars was that the U.S. wasn't 'getting' anything tangible from them. He didn't see anything wrong in attacking other countries, but lamented that the U.S. didn't 'take' their resources" and that "he never called for an end to the wars that were still ongoing, but talked only about 'winning' them."[21] Indeed, aspects of his foreign policy, such as that concerning the European Union, suggest that he is willing to use interventionist tactics where he feels this supports his interests. Examples include building alliances with far-right conservatives in Germany to undermine the government and by extension the EU,[22] and both economic and politically-based critiques and policies aimed at undermining the European Union.[23] In popular cultureThe policy and its phrasing became a subject of international satire through the Every Second Counts video contest inspired by Dutch comedian Arjen Lubach and launched by German comedian Jan Böhmermann following Trump's inauguration.[24] News satire television programs initially throughout Europe, and later from around the world, comically appealed to Trump to acknowledge their own countries in light of Trump's nationalist slogan, with a narrator employing a similar voice, speech patterns, and exaggerations to those of Trump himself.[25][26] Lubach's initial version, for example, ended by noting that "We totally understand it's going to be America first, but can we just say: The Netherlands second?".[27][28] {{-}}See also
References1. ^1 {{cite web|title=America First Foreign Policy|url=https://www.whitehouse.gov/america-first-foreign-policy|website=Whitehouse.gov|publisher=The White House|accessdate=January 26, 2017}} {{Donald Trump}}{{Trump presidency}}2. ^{{cite news|last1=Shapiro|first1=Ari|title=As Trump Adopts 'America First' Policy, China's Global Role Could Change|url=https://www.npr.org/2017/01/23/511267259/as-trump-adopts-america-first-policy-chinas-global-role-could-change|accessdate=January 26, 2017|agency=National Public Radio|date=January 23, 2017}} 3. ^{{cite news|title=The New Nationalism|url=https://www.economist.com/news/leaders/21710249-his-call-put-america-first-donald-trump-latest-recruit-dangerous|accessdate=January 26, 2017|publisher=The Economist|date=November 19, 2016}} 4. ^{{cite news|title=Trump details 'America First' foreign plan|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/election-us-2016-36152947|accessdate=January 26, 2017|agency=BBC World Service|date=April 28, 2016}} 5. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2016/05/william-randolph-hearst-gave-america-first-its-nationalist-edge/481497/|title=How 'America First' Got Its Nationalistic Edge|last=Rauchway|first=Eric|date=2016-05-06|work=The Atlantic|access-date=2018-08-28|language=en-US}} 6. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/sex-scandals-and-america-first-warren-g-harding-was-donald-trump-10|title=Sex Scandals and ‘America First’: Warren G. Harding Was Donald Trump 1.0|last=Mikelbank|first=Peter |date=2018-03-25|work=The Daily Beast|access-date=2018-08-28|language=en}} 7. ^1 Ruth Sarles, A Story of America First: The Men and Women who Opposed U.S.intervention in World War II, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2003, {{ISBN|9780275975128}} 8. ^*Brian Bennett, "America First", a Phrase with a Loaded Anti-Semitic and Isolationist History, Los Angeles Times (January 20, 2017): "While the America First Committee attracted a wide array of support, the movement was marred by anti-Semitic and pro-fascist rhetoric." *See also Susan Dunn, Trump's 'America First' has ugly echoes from U.S. history, CNN (April 28, 2016): "Seeking to brand itself as a mainstream organization, America First struggled with the problem of the anti-Semitism of some of its leaders and many of its members."*Richard Gid Powers, Not Without Honor: The History of American Anticommunism (The Free Press, 1995: Yale University Press ed., 1998), p. 167: "The America First Committee and Norman Thomas's group tried to maintain their distance from anti-Semites and fascists, but the lunatic fringe of countersubversives was drawn irresistibly to them, wild for the possibility of become part of a powerful mainstream political movement. Gerald L. K. Smith, Elizabeth Dilling, Gerald B. Winrod, William Dudley Pelley, Charles Coughlin, Laura Ingalls, and all of the country's other notorious anti-Semitic anticommunist crackpots joyously raised the temperature of the debate by attacking defense preparations as Jewish inspired and Communist directed." 9. ^{{cite journal|author=Pat Buchanan|title=The Resurrection of 'America First!'|url=http://www.theamericancause.org/patamericafirst.htm|publisher=The American Cause|date=October 13, 2004|accessdate=2008-02-03|postscript={{inconsistent citations}}}} 10. ^Michael Cox and Martin Durham, "The Politics of Anger: The Extreme Right in the United States" (p. 287), in Paul Hainsworth, ed., The Politics of the Extreme Right: From the Margins to the Mainstream, London/New York: Pinter, 2000, {{ISBN|1855674599}} 11. ^{{Cite web|url=http://time.com/4273812/america-first-donald-trump-history/|title=The Long History Behind Donald Trump's 'America First' Foreign Policy|website=Time|language=en|access-date=2018-11-09}} 12. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/03/27/us/politics/donald-trump-transcript.html|title=Transcript: Donald Trump Expounds on His Foreign Policy Views|access-date=2018-11-09|language=en}} 13. ^{{cite news|last1=DelReal|first1=Jose A.|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-politics/wp/2016/04/27/trump-pivoting-to-the-general-election-hones-america-first-foreign-policy-vision/|title=Trump, pivoting to the general election, hones 'America First' foreign policy vision|accessdate=January 26, 2016|work=Washington Post|date=April 27, 2016}} {{cite news|last1=Haberman|first1=Maggie|last2=Sanger|first2=David E.|last3=Trump|first3=Donald|title=Transcript: Donald Trump Expounds on His Foreign Policy Views|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/03/27/us/politics/donald-trump-transcript.html|accessdate=January 29, 2017|work=The New York Times|date=March 26, 2016}} 14. ^{{cite news|last1=Sherman|first1=Jake|title=Poll: Voters liked Trump’s ‘America first’ address|url=http://www.politico.com/story/2017/01/poll-voters-liked-trumps-inaugural-address-234148|accessdate=January 26, 2017|work=POLITICO|date=January 25, 2017}} {{cite news|last1=Savransky|first1=Rebecca|title=Majority of Americans approves of Trump's 'America First' message|url=http://thehill.com/homenews/administration/316005-poll-majority-of-americans-approve-of-trumps-america-first-message|accessdate=January 26, 2017|work=The Hill|date=January 25, 2017}} 15. ^{{cite web |url= http://thehill.com/blogs/pundits-blog/economy-budget/334793-trumps-budget-proposal-truly-puts-america-first |date= May 24, 2017 |accessdate= March 13, 2018 |title= Trump's budget proposal truly puts America first |publisher= The Hill |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180313153519/http://thehill.com/blogs/pundits-blog/economy-budget/334793-trumps-budget-proposal-truly-puts-america-first |archive-date= 2018-03-13 |dead-url= yes |df= }} 16. ^{{cite news|last1=Elving|first1=Ron|title=Trump Vows Policy Vision Of 'America First,' Recalling Phrase's Controversial Past|url=https://www.npr.org/2017/01/21/510877650/trump-vows-policy-vision-of-america-first-recalling-phrases-controversial-past|accessdate=January 27, 2017|agency=NPR|date=January 21, 2017}} 17. ^{{cite news|last1=Thomas|first1=Louisa|title=America First, for Charles Lindbergh and Donald Trump|url=http://www.newyorker.com/news/news-desk/america-first-for-charles-lindbergh-and-donald-trump|accessdate=February 2, 2017|work=The New Yorker|date=July 24, 2016}} 18. ^{{cite news|last1=Thomas|first1=Louisa|title=America First, for Charles Lindbergh and Donald Trump|url=http://www.newyorker.com/news/news-desk/america-first-for-charles-lindbergh-and-donald-trump|accessdate=February 2, 2017|work=The New Yorker|date=July 24, 2016}} {{cite news|last1=Calamur|first1=Krishnadev|title=A Short History of 'America First'|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2017/01/trump-america-first/514037/|accessdate=January 29, 2017|work=The Atlantic|date=January 21, 2017}} {{cite news|last1=Nathan-Kazis|first1=Josh|title=Trump’s ‘America First’ Leaves Jewish Groups Hesitant|url=http://forward.com/news/national/360712/america-first-comes-to-the-white-house-as-jews-warn-of-anti-semtitic-echoes/|accessdate=January 29, 2017|work=The Forward|date=January 20, 2017}} 19. ^http://www.counterpunch.org/2017/03/31/trump-never-was-a-noninterventionist/ 20. ^http://reason.com/blog/2016/03/31/donald-trump-is-no-non-interventionist 21. ^https://www.theamericanconservative.com/larison/trump-the-hawk/ 22. ^https://www.truthdig.com/articles/trumps-german-ambassador-aims-to-empower-europes-far-right/ 23. ^https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/feb/10/eu-donald-trump-federica-mogherini-washington 24. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2017/02/06/513744676/if-americas-no-1-whos-no-2-european-nations-compete-for-the-uh-honor |title=If America's No. 1, Who's No. 2? European Nations Compete For The, Uh, Honor |author=Camila Domonoske |work=NPR |date=6 February 2017 |accessdate=7 February 2017}} 25. ^{{Cite news |url=http://www.vanityfair.com/hollywood/2017/02/donald-trump-trolling-videos-america-first-netherlands-second-greg-shapiro-shaun-streeter |title=Meet the Men Trolling Trump in Those Viral European Videos |author=Hillary Busis |work=Vanity Fair |date=7 February 2017 |accessdate=7 February 2017}} 26. ^{{cite news|last1=Boyer|first1=Lauren|title=Dutch TV Show Trolls Donald Trump For 'America First' Message|url=https://www.usnews.com/news/best-countries/articles/2017-01-25/dutch-tv-show-trolls-donald-trump-for-america-first-message|work=U.S. News & World Report|date=January 25, 2017}} 27. ^{{Cite web |url=http://everysecondcounts.eu/ |title=Click this page. It's Huge. Like Donalds hands. It's the funniest website in the world! Believe us! |work=Every Second Counts |publisher=Neo Magazin Royale |accessdate=8 February 2017}} 28. ^{{cite news|last1=Purdom|first1=Clayton|title=Trump’s "America first" slogan parodied as other countries vie to be second|url=http://www.avclub.com/article/trumps-america-first-slogan-parodied-other-countri-249804|work=AV Club|date=6 February 2017}} 8 : American nationalism|Anti-war|Articles containing video clips|Non-interventionism|Opposition to World War II|Policies of Donald Trump|United States foreign policy|American political catchphrases |
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