| 词条 | Voronezh | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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|en_name=Voronezh |ru_name=Воронеж |image_skyline=Главное здание управления ЮВЖД.jpg |image_caption=View of Voronezh |coordinates = {{coord|51|40|18|N|39|12|38|E|display=inline,title}} |map_label_position=right |image_flag=Flag of Voronezh.png |flag_caption |image_coa=Coat of arms of Voronezh.png |coa_caption= |holiday=Third Saturday of September |holiday_ref=[1] |federal_subject=Voronezh Oblast |federal_subject_ref=[2] |adm_data_as_of=December 2011 |adm_city_jur=Voronezh Urban Okrug |adm_city_jur_ref=[2] |adm_ctr_of1=Voronezh Oblast |adm_ctr_of1_ref=[2] |adm_ctr_of2=Voronezh Urban Okrug |adm_ctr_of2_ref=[2] |inhabloc_cat=City |inhabloc_cat_ref=[2] |inhabloc_type= |inhabloc_type_ref= |mun_data_as_of=October 2005 |urban_okrug_jur=Voronezh Urban Okrug |urban_okrug_jur_ref=[7] |mun_admctr_of=Voronezh Urban Okrug |mun_admctr_of_ref=[7] |leader_title=Mayor |leader_name=Vadim Kstenin |representative_body=City Duma |representative_body_ref= |area_km2=601 |area_km2_ref=[2] |pop_2010census=889680 |pop_2010census_rank=15th |pop_2010census_ref=[10] |pop_latest=1032895 |pop_latest_date=January 1, 2016 |pop_latest_ref=[11] |established_date=1585[3] or much earlier |established_title= |established_date_ref=[4] |current_cat_date=1585 |current_cat_date_ref=[5] |postal_codes=394000–394095 |postal_codes_ref=[6] |dialing_codes=473 |dialing_codes_ref=[7] |website=http://www.voronezh-city.ru/ |website_ref |date=September 2009 }} Voronezh ({{lang-rus|Воро́неж|p=vɐˈronʲɪʂ|}}) is a city and the administrative center of Voronezh Oblast, Russia, straddling the Voronezh River and located {{convert|12|km|sp=us}} from where it flows into the Don. The city sits on the Southeastern Railway, which connects European Russia with the Urals and Siberia, the Caucasus and Ukraine, and the M4 highway (Moscow–Voronezh–Rostov-on-Don–Novorossiysk). Its population in 2016 was estimated to be 1,032,895;[8] up from 889,680 recorded in the 2010 Census;[9] it is the fourteenth most populous city in the country. History{{See also|Timeline of Voronezh}}Foundation and nameThe first chronicle references to the word "Voronezh" are dated 1177, when the Ryazan prince Yaropolk, having lost the battle, fled "to Voronozh" and there was moving "from hail into hail." Modern data of archeology and history interpret Voronezh as a geographical region, which included the Voronezh river (tributary of the Don) and a number of settlements. In the lower reaches of the river, an unique Slavic town-planning complex of the 8th – early 11th century was discovered, which covered the territory of the present city of Voronezh and its environs (about 42 km long, about 13 forts and many unfortified villages). By the 12th – 13th centuries, most of the old “hails” were desolate, but new settlements appeared upstream, closer to Ryazan[10][11][12][13]. For many years, the hypothesis of the Soviet historian Vladimir Zagorovsky dominated: he produced the toponym "Voronezh" from the hypothetical Slavic personal name Voroneg. This man allegedly gave the name of a small town in the Chernigov Principality (now the village of Voronezh in Ukraine[14]). Later, in the XI or XII centuries, the settlers were able to "transfer" this name to the Don region, where they named the second city Voronezh, and the river got its name from the city[15][16]. However, now many researchers criticize the hypothesis, since in reality neither the name of Voroneg nor the second city was revealed, and usually the names of Russian cities repeated the names of the rivers, but not vice versa. The linguistic comparative analysis of the name "Voronezh" was carried out by the Khovansky Foundation in 2009. There is an indication of the place names of many countries in Eurasia, which may partly be not only similar in sound, but also united by common Indo-European languages: Varanasi, Varna, Verona, Brno, etc.[17] A comprehensive scientific analysis was conducted in 2015–2016 by the historian Pavel Popov. His conclusion: "Voronezh" is a probable Slavic macrotoponym associated with outstanding signs of nature, has a root voron- (from the proto-Slavic vorn) in the meaning of "black, dark" and the suffix -ezh (-azh, -ozh). It was not “transferred” and in the 8th - 9th centuries it marked a vast territory covered with black forests (oak forests) - from the mouth of the Voronezh river to the Voronozhsky annalistic forests in the middle and upper reaches of the river, and in the west to the Don (many forests were cut down). The historian believes that the main "city" of the early town-planning complex could repeat the name of the region – Voronezh. Now the hillfort is located in the administrative part of the modern city, in the Voronezh upland oak forest. This is one of Europe's largest ancient Slavic hillforts, the area of which – more than 9 hectares – 13 times the area of the main settlement in Kiev before the baptism of Rus[13][18]. Folk etymology claims the name comes from combining the Russian words for raven (ворон) and hedgehog (еж) into Воронеж. According to this explanation two Slavic tribes named after the animals used this combination to name the river which later in turn provided the name for a settlement. There is not believed to be any scientific support for this explanation. In the 16th century, the Middle Don basin, including the Voronezh river, was gradually conquered by Muscovy from the Nogai Horde (a successor state of the Golden Horde), and the current city of Voronezh was established in 1585 by Feodor I as a fort protecting the Muravsky Trail trade route against the raids of the Nogai and Crimean Tatars.The city was named after the river [3]. 17th to 20th centuries{{refimprove section|date=May 2014}}In the 17th century, Voronezh gradually evolved into a sizable town. Weronecz is shown on the Worona river in Resania in Joan Blaeu's map of 1645.[19]Peter the Great built a dockyard in Voronezh where the Azov Flotilla was constructed for the Azov campaigns in 1695 and 1696. This fleet, the first ever built in Russia, included the first Russian ship of the line, Goto Predestinatsia. The Orthodox diocese of Voronezh was instituted in 1682 and its first bishop, Mitrofan of Voronezh, was later proclaimed the town's patron saint. Owing to the Voronezh Admiralty Wharf, for a short time, Voronezh became the largest city of South Russia and the economic center of a large and fertile region. In 1711, it was made the seat of the Azov Governorate, which eventually morphed into the Voronezh Governorate. In the 19th century, Voronezh was a center of the Central Black Earth Region. Manufacturing industry (mills, tallow-melting, butter-making, soap, leather, and other works) as well as bread, cattle, suet, and the hair trade developed in the town. A railway connected Voronezh with Moscow in 1868 and Rostov-on-Don in 1871. During World War II, Voronezh was the scene of fierce fighting between Russian and combined Axis troops. The Germans used it as a staging area for their attack on Stalingrad, and made it a key crossing point on the Don River. In June 1941, two BM-13 (Fighting machine #13 Katyusha) artillery installations were built at the Voronezh excavator factory. In July, the construction of Katyushas was rationalized so that their manufacture became easier and the time of volley repetition was shortened from five minutes to fifteen seconds. More than 300 BM-13 units manufactured in Voronezh were used in a counterattack near Moscow in December 1941. In October 22, 1941, the advance of the German troops prompted the establishment of a defense committee in the city. On November 7, 1941, there was a troop parade, devoted to the anniversary of the October Revolution. Only three such parades were organized that year: in Moscow, Kuybyshev, and Voronezh. In late June 1942, the city was attacked by German and Hungarian forces. In response, Soviet forces formed the Voronezh Front. By July 6, the German army occupied the western river-bank suburbs before being subjected to a fierce Soviet counter-attack. By July 24 the frontline had stabilised along the Voronezh River as the German forces continued southeast into the Great Bend of the Don. The attack on Voronezh represented the first phase of the German Army's 1942 campaign in the Soviet Union, codenamed Case Blue. Until January 25, 1943, parts of the Second German Army and the Second Hungarian Army occupied west part of Voronezh. During Operation Little Saturn, the Ostrogozhsk–Rossosh Offensive, and the Voronezhsko-Kastornenskoy Offensive, the Voronezh Front exacted heavy casualties on Axis forces. On January 25, 1943, Voronezh was liberated after ten days of combat. During the war the city was almost completely ruined, with 92% of all buildings destroyed. 1950s–2000sBy 1950, Voronezh had been rebuilt. Most buildings and historical monuments were repaired. It was also the location of a prestigious Suvorov Military School, a boarding school for young boys who were considered to be prospective military officers, many of whom had been orphaned by war.[20] In 1950–1960, new factories were established: a tire factory, a machine-tool factory, a factory of heavy mechanical pressing, and others. In 1968, Serial production of the Tupolev Tu-144 supersonic plane was established at the Voronezh Aviation factory. In October 1977, the first Soviet domestic wide-body plane, Ilyushin Il-86, was built there. In 1989, TASS published details of an alleged UFO landing in the city's park and purported encounters with extraterrestrial beings reported by a number of children. A Russian scientist that was cited in initial TASS reports later told the Associated Press that he was misquoted, cautioning, "Don't believe all you hear from TASS," and "We never gave them part of what they published",[21] and a TASS correspondent admitted the possibility that some "make-believe" had been added to the TASS story, saying, "I think there is a certain portion of truth, but it is not excluded that there is also fantasizing".[22][23] 2010sFrom 10 to 17 September 2011, Voronezh celebrated its 425th anniversary. The anniversary of the city was given the status of a federal scale celebration that helped attract large investments from the federal and regional budgets for development.[24] On December 17, 2012, Voronezh became the fifteenth city in Russia with a population of over one million people.[25] Today Voronezh is the economic, industrial, cultural, and scientific center of the Central Black Earth Region. {{Clear}}Administrative and municipal statusVoronezh is the administrative center of the oblast.[26] Within the framework of administrative divisions, it is incorporated as Voronezh Urban Okrug—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts.[26] As a municipal division, this administrative unit also has urban okrug status.[27] City divisionsThe city is divided into six administrative districts:
Demographics
Note: 1926–1970 and 2016 are population estimates; 1989 is the Soviet Census; 2002 and 2010 are census urban population only. EconomyThe leading sectors of the urban economy in the 20th century were mechanical engineering, metalworking, the electronics industry and the food industry. In the city are such companies as:
On the territory of the city district government Maslovka Voronezh region with the support of the Investment Fund of Russia, is implementing a project to create an industrial park, "Maslowski", to accommodate more than 100 new businesses, including the transformer factory of Siemens. On September 7, 2011 in Voronezh there opened a Global network operation center of Nokia Siemens Networks, which was the fifth in the world and the first in Russia. BuildingIn 2014, 926,000 square meters of housing was delivered.[34] Clusters of VoronezhIn clusters of tax incentives and different preferences, the full support of the authorities. A cluster of Oil and Gas Equipment, Radio-electronic cluster, Furniture cluster, IT cluster, Cluster aircraft, Cluster Electromechanics, Transport and logistics cluster, Cluster building materials and technologies.[35] {{Clear}}TransportationAirThe city is served by the Voronezh International Airport, which is located north of the city and is home to Polet Airlines. Voronezh is also home to the Pridacha Airport, a part of a major aircraft manufacturing facility VASO (Voronezhskoye Aktsionernoye Samoletostroitelnoye Obshchestvo, Voronezh aircraft production association) where the Tupolev Tu-144 (known in the West as the "Concordski"), was built and the only operational unit is still stored. Voronezh also hosts the Voronezh Malshevo air force base in the southwest of the city, which, according to a Natural Resources Defense Council report, houses nuclear bombers.{{citation needed|date=March 2015}} RailSince 1868, there is a railway connection between Voronezh and Moscow.[36] Rail services form a part of the South Eastern Railway of the Russian Railways. Destinations served direct from Voronezh include Moscow, Kiev, Kursk, Novorossiysk, Sochi, and Tambov. The main train station is called Voronezh-1 Railway Station. BusThere are three Bus Stations in Voronezh that connect the city with a large number of destinations including Moscow, Belgorod, Lipetsk, Volgograd, Rostov-on-Don, Astrakhan and many more. ClimateVoronezh experiences a humid continental climate (Köppen: Dfb) with long, cold winters and short, warm summers.[37] {{Weather box|location=Voronezh |metric first=yes |single line=yes |Jan record high C=8.0 |Feb record high C=11.0 |Mar record high C=18.4 |Apr record high C=29.2 |May record high C=35.7 |Jun record high C=38.9 |Jul record high C=40.1 |Aug record high C=40.5 |Sep record high C=32.1 |Oct record high C=26.5 |Nov record high C=18.1 |Dec record high C=12.4 |year record high C=40.5 |Jan high C=-3.4 |Feb high C=-3.0 |Mar high C=2.9 |Apr high C=13.9 |May high C=21.1 |Jun high C=24.5 |Jul high C=26.6 |Aug high C=25.6 |Sep high C=18.9 |Oct high C=10.9 |Nov high C=2.3 |Dec high C=-2.5 |year high C=11.5 |Jan mean C=-6.1 |Feb mean C=-6.5 |Mar mean C=-1.0 |Apr mean C=8.3 |May mean C=14.8 |Jun mean C=18.5 |Jul mean C=20.5 |Aug mean C=19.2 |Sep mean C = 13.3 |Oct mean C = 6.9 |Nov mean C = -0.4 |Dec mean C = -5.0 |year mean C = 6.9 |Jan low C = -8.8 |Feb low C = -9.3 |Mar low C = -4.2 |Apr low C = 3.6 |May low C = 9.3 |Jun low C = 13.2 |Jul low C = 15.2 |Aug low C = 13.7 |Sep low C = 8.7 |Oct low C = 3.6 |Nov low C = -2.6 |Dec low C = -7.6 |year low C = 2.9 |Jan record low C = -36.5 |Feb record low C = -36.2 |Mar record low C = -32.0 |Apr record low C = -16.8 |May record low C = -3.3 |Jun record low C = -1.6 |Jul record low C = 5.0 |Aug record low C = 0.4 |Sep record low C = -5.2 |Oct record low C = -15.2 |Nov record low C = -25.1 |Dec record low C = -33.4 |year record low C = -36.5 |precipitation colour=green |Jan precipitation mm = 41 |Feb precipitation mm = 37 |Mar precipitation mm = 33 |Apr precipitation mm = 38 |May precipitation mm = 46 |Jun precipitation mm = 74 |Jul precipitation mm = 62 |Aug precipitation mm = 52 |Sep precipitation mm = 61 |Oct precipitation mm = 50 |Nov precipitation mm = 46 |Dec precipitation mm = 44 |year precipitation mm = 584 |Jan humidity = 84 |Feb humidity = 82 |Mar humidity = 77 |Apr humidity = 66 |May humidity = 61 |Jun humidity = 67 |Jul humidity = 68 |Aug humidity = 67 |Sep humidity = 73 |Oct humidity = 79 |Nov humidity = 85 |Dec humidity = 85 |year humidity = 75 |Jan rain days = 8 |Feb rain days = 6 |Mar rain days = 8 |Apr rain days = 12 |May rain days = 13 |Jun rain days = 15 |Jul rain days = 13 |Aug rain days = 10 |Sep rain days = 13 |Oct rain days = 14 |Nov rain days = 13 |Dec rain days = 9 |year rain days = 134 |Jan snow days = 21 |Feb snow days = 20 |Mar snow days = 14 |Apr snow days = 3 |May snow days = 0.2 |Jun snow days = 0 |Jul snow days = 0 |Aug snow days = 0 |Sep snow days = 0.1 |Oct snow days = 3 |Nov snow days = 12 |Dec snow days = 20 |year snow days = 93 |Jan sun = 62 |Feb sun = 86 |Mar sun = 125 |Apr sun = 184 |May sun = 268 |Jun sun = 284 |Jul sun = 286 |Aug sun = 254 |Sep sun = 185 |Oct sun = 111 |Nov sun = 45 |Dec sun = 38 |year sun = 1928 |source 1 = Pogoda.ru.net,[38] |source 2 = NOAA (sun, 1961–1990)[39] |date=January 2011 }}{{Clear}} Education and cultureThe city has seven theaters, twelve museums, a number of movie theaters, a philharmonic hall, and a circus. It is also a major center of higher education in central Russia. The main educational facilities include:
and a number of other affiliate and private-funded institutes and universities. There are 2000 schools within the city. Theaters
FestivalsPlatonov International Arts Festival[45]{{Clear}}Sports
ReligionOrthodox Christianity is the prevalent religion in Voronezh.{{citation needed|date=May 2014}} There is an orthodox Jewish community in Voronezh, with a synagogue located on Stankevicha Street.[46][47] {{Clear}}Notable people{{Main|List of people from Voronezh}}
Sister CitiesSource:[48]
ReferencesNotes1. ^{{cite web|url=http://mir36.ru/news/events/den-goroda-voronezh-2015/|title=День города Воронеж 2015|website=Mir36.ru|accessdate=July 22, 2015}} 2. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.gks.ru/dbscripts/munst/munst20/DBInet.cgi|title=База данных показателей муниципальных образований|website=Gks.ru|accessdate=July 22, 2015}} 3. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.voronezh-city.ru/mat/history.doc|script-title=ru:Историческая хроника|year=2009|publisher=Муниципальное учреждение культуры Централизованная библиотечная система города Воронежа Центральная городская библиотека имени А. Платонова|language=Russian|format=DOC|accessdate=March 28, 2012}} 4. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.vesti.ru/doc.html?id=386902|script-title=ru:Воронеж может оказаться намного старше|date=August 19, 2010|publisher=Вести|language=Russian|accessdate=March 28, 2012}} 5. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.voronezh-city.ru/city/history/ |title=История |website=Voronezh-city.ru |date= |accessdate=2016-12-16}} 6. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.e-adres.ru/postcodes/3800347/|title=Каталог компаний, справочник компаний России: Желтые страницы России - Евро Адрес|website=E-adres.ru|accessdate=July 22, 2015|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090830143126/http://www.e-adres.ru/postcodes/3800347/|archivedate=August 30, 2009|df=mdy-all}} 7. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.kody.su/telcodes/russia/voronezh |title=Рекетнммши Йнд Цнпндю Бнпнмеф |website=Kody.su |date= |accessdate=2016-12-16}} 8. ^1 2 Voronezh Territorial Branch of the Federal State Statistics Service. , Voronezhstat.gks.ru, {{ru icon}} 9. ^1 2 {{ru-pop-ref|2010Census}} 10. ^В. П. Загоровский. "Воронежская историческая энциклопедия". Воронеж, 1992. Стр. 53. 11. ^А. З. Винников, А. Т. Синюк. "Дорогами тысячелетий: Археологи о древней истории Воронежского края". Издание 2-е. Воронеж, 2003. Стр. 185–187, 236–242. 12. ^Н. А. Тропин. "Южные территории Чернигово-Рязанского порубежья в XII–XV вв." Автореферат диссертации на соискание ученой степени доктора исторических наук. Москва, 2007. 13. ^1 П. А. Попов. "Воронеж: древнее слово и древние города, а также древние леса и древние реки России". Воронеж, 2016. 14. ^Woroneż (Wronasz) is shown on the Woroneż river by Stefan Kuczyński (1936) in a historical map of 15th-century Chernigov, «Ziemie Czernihowsko-Siewierskie pod rządami Litwy». 15. ^В. П. Загоровский. "О древнем Воронеже и слове «Воронеж»". Издание 2-е. Воронеж, 1977. 16. ^Е. М. Поспелов. "Географические названия мира". Москва, 1998. Стр. 104. 17. ^А. Лазарев. "Тайна имени Воронежъ" (The Mystery of the Name of Voronezh). Воронеж, 2009. 18. ^П. А. Попов. "Комплексный подход в топонимических исследованиях в связи с историей русского градостроительства (на примере Центрального Черноземья)". Девятые всероссийские краеведческие чтения (Москва – Воронеж, 15–19 мая 2015 г.). Москва; Воронеж, 2016. Стр. 423–434. 19. ^Russiæ, vulgo Moscovia, pars australisin Theatrum Orbis Terrarum, sive Atlas Novus in quo Tabulæ et Descriptiones Omnium Regionum, Editæ a Guiljel et Ioanne Blaeu, 1645. 20. ^Alex Levin, Under The Yellow & Red Stars {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160809010630/http://www.azrielifoundation.org/memoirs/books/under-the-yellow-and-red-stars/ |date=August 9, 2016 }} (Azrieli Foundation, 2009), pp. 45ff., "The Suvorov Military School". 21. ^{{cite news|last=Dahlberg|first=John-Thor|title=Voronzeh Scientist Quoted by TASS Casts Doubt on UFO Landing Story|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1917&dat=19891011&id=-xQxAAAAIBAJ&sjid=y-AFAAAAIBAJ&pg=1042,2604606|accessdate=21 March 2014|newspaper=Associated Press|date=October 11, 1989}} 22. ^{{cite news|title=UFO lands in Russia? Writer now waffles|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=860&dat=19891010&id=y4FUAAAAIBAJ&sjid=Wo8DAAAAIBAJ&pg=6525,5193036|accessdate=21 March 2014|newspaper=United Press International|date=October 10, 1989}} 23. ^{{cite news|last1=Fein|first1=Esther B.|last2=Times|first2=Special To The New York|title=U.F.O. Landing Is Fact, Not Fantasy, the Russians Insist|work=The New York Times|page=6|date=11 October 1989|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/10/11/world/ufo-landing-is-fact-not-fantasy-the-russians-insist.html}} 24. ^Интерактивная карта подготовки к 425-летию основания Воронежа (рус.). Сайт администрации города Воронеж (31.08.11). Проверено 24 января 2011 25. ^{{cite web|url=http://top.rbc.ru/society/17/12/2012/836948.shtml|title=В Воронеже родился миллионный житель|work=РБК|accessdate=July 22, 2015}} 26. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 Law #87-OZ 27. ^1 2 Law #66-OZ 28. ^{{cite web|url=http://sozvezdie.su/|title=Главная страница - АО "Концерн «Созвездие"|website=Vsm-sorter.com|accessdate=July 22, 2015}} 29. ^{{cite web|url=http://vmzvrn.ru/eng/|title=Voronezh Mechanical Plant|website=Vmzvrn.ru|accessdate=July 22, 2015}} 30. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.mmhc-rudgormash.com|title=MMHC RUDGORMASH Mining Machinery Holding Company|website=Mmhc-rudgormash.com|accessdate=July 22, 2015}} 31. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.vniipm.ru|title=НИИПМ-->О компании-->Институт сегодня|website=Vniipm.ru|accessdate=July 22, 2015}} 32. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.kbkha.ru|title="Конструкторское Бюро Химавтоматики" - Главная|website=Kbkha.ru|accessdate=July 22, 2015}} 33. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.pirelli.com/corporate/en/press/2013/01/30/pirelli-russian-technologies-joint-venture-launches-technologically-advanced-second-production-line-at-voronezh/|title=Pirelli, Russian Technologies joint venture launches technologically advanced second production line at Voronezh|website=Pirelli.com|accessdate=July 22, 2015}} 34. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.govvrn.ru/wps/portal/gov/!ut/p/a1/04_Sj9CPykssy0xPLMnMz0vMAfGjzOI9AryNPAwtjLz8_QwMDRyNPNx9jENDvIzNTIEKIoEKDHAARwNC-sP1o8BK8JhQkBthkO6oqAgAOPy3bA!!/?1dmy¤t=true&urile=wcm%3Apath%3A%2Fvrnmain%2Fmain%2Fregularcontent%2Fnews%2Fnew%2B10042015%2Bs4|title=Официальный портал органов власти|website=Govvrn.ru|accessdate=July 22, 2015}}{{Dead link|date=July 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} 35. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.cluster36.ru|title=Главная - ЦКР|website=Cluster36.ru|accessdate=July 22, 2015}} 36. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.nnov-airport.ru/rus/wokzal_voronezh.html |title=Жд вокзал Воронеж | Оригинал жд билета | Жд билеты | Международный аэропорт "Стригино" г. Нижний Новгород, РЖД билет, купить ж д билет, рейсы самолетов в нижний новгород, телефоны справочного бюро аэропорта стригино, заказ ж/д билетов, стоимость жд билетов, билеты на поезд, бронирование, авиарейсы - Аэропорт Нижний Новгород - Нижегородский аэропорт - сайт аэропорта нижний новгород стригино - МЕЖДУНАРОДНЫЙ АЭРОПОРТ НИЖНИЙ НОВГОРОД |website=Nnov-airport.ru |date= |accessdate=2016-12-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170630062522/http://www.nnov-airport.ru/rus/wokzal_voronezh.html |archive-date=June 30, 2017 |dead-url=yes |df=mdy-all }} 37. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather-summary.php3?s=22143&cityname=Voronezh,+Voronezj,+Russia&units=|title=Voronezh, Russia Köppen Climate Classification (Weatherbase)|website=Weatherbase|access-date=2018-11-13}} 38. ^{{cite web| url = http://www.pogodaiklimat.ru/climate/34123.htm| title = Pogoda.ru.net| accessdate = December 10, 2015| publisher = Weather and Climate (Погода и климат)| language = Russian}} 39. ^{{cite web| url = ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG_VI/RE/34122.TXT| title = Voronez (Voronezh) Climate Normals 1961–1990| publisher = National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration| accessdate = December 10, 2015}} 40. ^{{cite web|url=http://cb.rgup.ru/?mod=pages&id=1261|title=О филиале|website=Cb.rgup.ru|accessdate=July 22, 2015}} 41. ^{{cite web|url=http://chambervrn.ru/o-teatre.html|title=Воронежский камерный театр|website=Chambervrn.ru|accessdate=July 22, 2015|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150821130235/http://chambervrn.ru/o-teatre.html|archivedate=August 21, 2015|df=mdy-all}} 42. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.voronezhdrama.ru|title=Воронежский Академический Театр драмы им. А. Кольцова|website=Voronezhdrama.ru|accessdate=July 22, 2015}} 43. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.theatre-vrn.ru/|title=Воронежский государственный театр оперы и балета – официальный сайт|website=Theatre-vrn.ru|accessdate=July 22, 2015}} 44. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.puppet-shut.ru/|title=.:. Òåàòð Êóêîë - "ØÓÒ" .:.|author=|website=Puppet-shut.ru|accessdate=July 22, 2015}} 45. ^{{cite web|url=http://platonovfest.com/festival|title=Фестиваль|website=Platonovfest.com|accessdate=July 22, 2015}} 46. ^{{cite web|author=14:50 |url=http://rg.ru/2014/10/20/reg-cfo/sinagoga.html |title=В Воронеже открыли одну из крупнейших синагог России|website=Rg.ru |date= |accessdate=2016-12-16}} 47. ^{{cite web|title=The Jewish Community of Voronezh|url=http://evrei-vrn.ru/en/|website=evrei-vrn.ru|accessdate=6 August 2016}} 48. ^{{cite web|author=Рациональная маршрутная сеть |url=http://www.voronezh-city.ru/index.php?r=hist&d=613 |title=Воронеж: официальный сайт администрации городского округа |publisher=Voronezh-city.ru |date= |accessdate=2013-03-12}} 49. ^{{cite web|url=http://www2.brno.cz/index.php?lan=en&nav01=2222&nav02=1249 |title=City of Brno Foreign Relations - Statutory city of Brno |publisher=2.brno.cz |language=Czech |accessdate=6 September 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160115084015/http://www2.brno.cz/index.php?lan=en&nav01=2222&nav02=1249 |archivedate=January 15, 2016 |df= }} 50. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.brno.cz/index.php?nav02=1985&nav01=34&nav03=1010&nav04=1016&nav05=1249&nav06=1272|title=Brno - Partnerská města|publisher=Brno.cz|language=Czech|accessdate=2009-07-17}} 51. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.larazon.es/noticia/ciudades-y-pueblos-se-benefician-del-hermanamiento-con-otros-territorios|title=Ciudades y pueblos se benefician del hermanamiento con otros territorios|publisher=Larazon.es|date=|accessdate=2011-09-16}} Sources
Further reading{{See also|Timeline of Voronezh#Bibliography|l1=Bibliography of the history of Voronezh}}
External links{{commonscat}}
5 : Archaeological sites in Russia|Voronezh|Cities of Military Glory|Populated places established in 1586|Voronezh Governorate |
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