请输入您要查询的百科知识：

　

词条 Voting age
释义

  1. History

  2. Debate on lowering the voting age to 16

     Australia  Austria  Brazil  Iran  Luxembourg  Malta  New Zealand  United Kingdom  Scotland  Crown dependencies  United States  Venezuela 

  3. Maximum voting age

  4. Voting ages around the world

     Alphabetical list of countries  A  B  C  D  E  F  G  H  I  J  K  L  M  N  O  P  Q  R  S  T  U  V  W  Y  Z 

  5. Chronology of lowering the voting age to 18

  6. Chronology of lowering the voting age to 16

  7. Organizations in favour of lowering the voting age

     Alphabetical list of countries  Australia  Austria  Belgium  Canada  Denmark  Estonia  France  Germany  Greece  Ireland  Italy  Malaysia  Netherlands  New Zealand  Norway  Portugal  Romania  Spain  Sweden  United Kingdom  United States 

  8. Notes

  9. Further reading

  10. External links

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2012}}

A voting age is a minimum age established by law that a person must attain before they become eligible to vote in a public election. Today, the most common voting age is 18 years; however, voting ages as low as 16 and as high as 25 currently exist (see list below). Most countries have set a minimum voting age, often set in their constitution. In a number of countries voting is compulsory for those eligible to vote, while in most it is optional.

When the right to vote was being established in democracies, the voting age was generally set at 21 or higher. In the 1970s many countries reduced the voting age to 18. The debate is ongoing in a number of countries on proposals to reduce the voting age to or below 18.

{{TOC right|limit=4}}

History

In 1890, Law No. 5, 1890, of the South African Republic set a voting age there of 16 years.[1]

Before the Second World War of 1939–1945, the voting age in almost all countries was 21 years or higher. In 1946 Czechoslovakia became the first state to reduce the voting age to 20 years, and by 1968 a total of 17 countries had lowered their voting age.[2] Many countries, particularly in Western Europe, reduced their voting ages to 18 years during the 1970s, starting with the United Kingdom (1969),[3] with the United States (26th Amendment) (1971), Canada, West Germany (1972), Australia (1974), France (1974), and others following soon afterwards. By the end of the 20th century, 18 had become by far the most common voting age. However, a few countries maintain a voting age of 20 years or higher. It was argued{{by whom|date=November 2018}} that young men could be drafted to go to war at 18, and many{{quantify|date=November 2018}} people felt they should be able to vote at the age of 18.[4]{{qn|date=November 2018}}

In the late 20th and early 21st centuries voting ages were lowered to 16 in India, Switzerland, Austria, and Morocco. Japan lowered its voting age from 20 to 18 in June 2016.[5] {{As of | 2007}} a dispute continued in the Maldives.[6][7]

Debate on lowering the voting age to 16

Around the year 2000, a number of countries began to consider whether the voting age ought to be reduced further, with arguments most often being made in favour of a reduction to 16. The earliest moves came during the 1990s, when the voting age for municipal elections in some States of Germany was lowered to 16. Lower Saxony was the first state to make such a reduction, in 1995, and four other states did likewise.[8]

Arguments against lowering the voting age to sixteen include lack of political maturity. On the other hand, one of the major arguments for lowering the voting age to 16 is that at this age in most countries a person has reached the legal working age for most jobs and is liable to pay taxes and therefore should not have to pay taxes without the right to political representation.[8]

During the 2000s several proposals for a reduced voting age were put forward in U.S. states, including California, Florida and Alaska,[9] but none was successful. In Oregon, Senate Joint Resolution 22 has been introduced to reduce the voting age from 18 to 16.[10] A national reduction was proposed in 2005 in Canada[11] and in the Australian state of New South Wales,[12] but these proposals were not adopted. In May 2009, Danish Member of Parliament Mogens Jensen presented an initiative to the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe in Strasbourg to lower the voting age in Europe to 16.[13]

Demands to reduce the voting age to 16 years were again brought forward by activists of the school strike for climate movement in several countries (including Germany and the UK).[14][15]

Australia

A report suggesting that consideration be given to reducing the voting age to 16 in the Australian Capital Territory in Canberra, Australia was tabled in the territorial legislature on 26 September 2007 and defeated.[16]

In 2015, federal Opposition Leader Bill Shorten said that the voting age should be lowered to 16.[17]

Austria

In 2007, Austria became the first member of the European Union to adopt a voting age of 16 for most purposes.[19] The voting age had been reduced in Austria from 19 to 18 at all levels in 1992. At that time a voting age of 16 was proposed by the Green Party, but was not adopted.[20]

The voting age for municipal elections in some states was lowered to 16 shortly after 2000.[18] Three states had made the reduction by 2003 (Burgenland, Carinthia and Styria),[18] and in May 2003 Vienna became the fourth.[19] Salzburg followed suit,[20][21] and so by the start of 2005 the total had reached at least five states out of nine.[22] As a consequence of state law, reduction of the municipal voting age in the states of Burgenland, Salzburg and Vienna resulted in the reduction of the regional voting age in those states as well.[21]

After the 2006 election, the winning SPÖ-ÖVP coalition announced on 12 January 2007 that one of its policies would be the reduction of the voting age to 16 for elections in all states and at all levels in Austria.[23] The policy was set in motion by a Government announcement on 14 March,[24] and a bill proposing an amendment to the Constitution was presented to the legislature on 2 May.[25][26] On 5 June the National Council approved the proposal following a recommendation from its Constitution Committee.[27][28][29] During the passage of the bill through the chamber relatively little opposition was raised to the reduction, with four out of five parties explicitly supporting it; indeed, there was some dispute over which party had been the first to suggest the idea. Greater controversy surrounded the other provisions of the bill concerning the Briefwahl, or postal vote, and the extension of the legislative period for the National Council from four to five years.[28] A further uncontroversial inclusion was a reduction in the candidacy age from 19 to 18. The Federal Council approved the Bill on 21 June, with no party voting against it.[30] The voting age was reduced when the Bill's provisions came into force on 1 July 2007.[31] Austria thus became the first member of the European Union, and the first of the developed world democracies, to adopt a voting age of 16 for all purposes.[27] Lowering the voting age encouraged political interest in young people in Austria. More sixteen- and seventeen-year-olds voted than eighteen-to-twenty-one-year-olds in Austria.

Brazil

Brazil lowered the voting age from 18 to 16 in the 1988 constitution. The presidential election of 1989 was the first with the lower voting age. People between the ages 18 and 70 are required to vote.

Iran

Iran had been unique in awarding suffrage at 15, but raised the age to 18 in January 2007 despite the opposition of the Government.[32] In May 2007 the Iranian Cabinet proposed a bill to reverse the increase.[33][34]

Luxembourg

Luxembourg has compulsory voting from the age of 18. A proposal by the government to introduce optional voting for those aged 16 and 17 was rejected by 81% of voters in a June 2015 referendum.

Malta

On 20 November 2013, Malta lowered the voting age from 18 to 16 for local elections starting from 2015. The proposal had wide support from both the government and opposition, social scientists and youth organizations.

On Monday 29 January 2018, the Maltese Parliament debated to lower the voting age to 16 for general elections, European Parliament Elections and referenda.

On Monday, 5 March 2018, the Maltese Parliament unanimously voted in favour of amending the constitution, lowering the official voting age from 18 to 16, making Malta the second state in the EU to lower its voting age to 16.[35]

New Zealand

The New Zealand Green Party MP Sue Bradford announced on 21 June 2007 that she intended to introduce her Civics Education and Voting Age Bill on the next occasion upon which a place became available for the consideration of Members' Bills.[36] When this happened on 25 July Bradford abandoned the idea, citing an adverse public reaction.[37] The Bill would have sought to reduce the voting age to 16 in New Zealand and make civics education part of the compulsory curriculum in schools.

United Kingdom

The Representation of the People Act 1969 lowered the voting age from 21 to 18, with effect from 1970 and remained in force until the Scottish Independence Referendum Act 2013 which allowed 16 year olds to vote for the first time, but only in Scotland and only in that particular referendum. The Scottish Parliament reduced the voting age to 16 for its own and Scottish local elections in 2015.[38]

Men in military service who turned 19 during the first world war were entitled to vote in 1918 irrespective of their age as part of the Representation of the People Act 1918 which also allowed some women over the age of 30 to vote. The Representation of the People (Equal Franchise) Act 1928[39] brought the voting age for women down to 21.

The reduction of the voting age to 16 in the United Kingdom was first given serious consideration on 15 December 1999, when the House of Commons considered in Committee an amendment proposed by Simon Hughes to the Representation of the People Bill.[40] This was the first time the reduction of a voting age below 18 had ever been put to a vote in the Commons.[41] The Government opposed the amendment, and it was defeated by 434 votes to 36.[41]

The Votes at 16 coalition, a group of political and charitable organisations supporting a reduction of the voting age to 16, was launched on 29 January 2003.[42] At that time a Private Member's Bill was also proposed in the House of Lords by Lord Lucas, and received a Second Reading on 9 January.[43]

In 2004, the UK Electoral Commission conducted a major consultation on the subject of the voting and candidacy ages, and received a significant response. In its conclusions it recommended that the voting age remain at 18.[44] On 29 November 2005 the House of Commons voted 136-128 (on a free vote) against a Private Member's Bill for a reduction in the voting age to 16 proposed by Liberal Democrat MP Stephen Williams. Parliament chose not to include a provision reducing the voting age in the Electoral Administration Act during its passage in 2006.

On 27 February 2006, the report of the Power Inquiry called for a reduction of the voting age, and of the candidacy age for the House of Commons, to 16.[45] On the same day the Chancellor of the Exchequer, Gordon Brown, indicated in an article in The Guardian that he favoured a reduction provided it was made concurrently with effective citizenship education.[46]

The UK Ministry of Justice published on 3 July 2007 a Green Paper entitled The Governance of Britain, in which it proposed the establishment of a "Youth Citizenship Commission".[47] The Commission would examine the case for lowering the voting age. On launching the Paper in the House of Commons, PM Gordon Brown said: "Although the voting age has been 18 since 1969, it is right, as part of that debate, to examine, and hear from young people themselves, whether lowering that age would increase participation."[48]

During the Youth Parliament debates of 30 October 2009 in the House of Commons, Votes at 16 was debated and young people of that age group voted for it overwhelmingly as a campaign priority. Since that debate the issue has been raised in Prime Minister's Questions and has also gained the widespread support of the major political parties.{{citation needed|date=March 2014}}

In April 2015, Labour announced that it would support the policy if it won an overall majority in the 2015 general election,[49] which it failed to do.

There was some criticism about not reducing the voting age to 16 years for the referendum on the membership in the European Union in 2016.[50][51]

Scotland

The Scottish National Party conference voted unanimously on 27 October 2007 for a policy of reducing the voting age to 16, as well as in favour of a campaign for the necessary power to be devolved to the Scottish Parliament.[52]

In September 2011, it was announced that the voting age was likely to be reduced from 18 to 16 for the Scottish independence referendum.[53] This was approved by the Scottish Parliament in June 2013.[54]

In June 2015, the Scottish Parliament voted unanimously to reduce the voting age to 16 for elections for the Scottish Parliament and for Scottish local government elections.[38]

Crown dependencies

Moves to lower the voting age to 16 were successful in each of the three British Crown dependencies from 2006 to 2008. The Isle of Man was the first to amend its law, when in July 2006 it reduced the voting age to 16 for its general elections, with the House of Keys approving the move by 19 votes to 4.[55]

Jersey followed suit on 4 July 2007, when it approved in principle a reduction of the voting age to 16. The States of Jersey voted narrowly in favour, by 25 votes to 21,[56] and the legislative amendments were adopted on 26 September.[57] The law was sanctioned by Order in Council on 12 December,[58][59] and was brought into force on 1 April, in time for the general elections in late 2008.[60][61]

On 31 October 2007, a proposal[62][63] for a reduction made by the House Committee of the States of Guernsey, and approved by the States' Policy Committee, was adopted by the assembly by 30 votes to 15.[63][64] An Order in Council sanctioning the law was made on 12 December,[58] and it was registered at the Court of Guernsey on 19 December. It came into force immediately, and the voting age was accordingly reduced in time for the Guernsey general election, 2008.[65]

Alderney and Sark, each part of the Bailiwick of Guernsey, have autonomy in deciding the question. Both have yet to favour a reduction to 16.

United States

{{main|Voting rights in the United States#Young people}}

In the United States, the debate about lowering voting age from 21 to 18 began during World War II and intensified during the Vietnam War, when most of those subjected to the draft were too young to vote, and the image of young men being forced to risk their lives in the military without the privileges of voting successfully pressured legislators to lower the voting age nationally and in many states. By 1968, several states had lowered the voting age below 21 years: Alaska and Hawaii's minimum age was 20, Kentucky's was 19, and Georgia's was 18.[66] In 1970, the Supreme Court in Oregon v. Mitchell ruled that Congress had the right to regulate the minimum voting age in federal elections; however, not at local and state level.

The 26th Amendment (passed and ratified in 1971)[67] prevents states from setting a voting age higher than 18.[68] Except for the express limitations provided for in Amendments XIV, XV, XIX and XXVI, voter qualifications for House and Senate elections are largely delegated to the States under Article I, Section 2 and Amendment XVII of the United States Constitution, which respectively state that "The House of Representatives shall be composed of Members chosen every second Year by the People of the several States, and the Electors in each State shall have the Qualifications requisite for Electors of the most numerous Branch of the State Legislature." and "The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two Senators from each State, elected by the people thereof, for six years; and each Senator shall have one vote. The electors in each State shall have the qualifications requisite for electors of the most numerous branch of the State legislatures."[69]

16 states permit 17-year-olds to vote in primary elections and caucuses if they will be 18 by election day: Connecticut, Delaware, Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, Maine, Maryland, Mississippi, Nebraska, New Mexico,[70] North Carolina, Ohio, South Carolina, Virginia, Vermont, and West Virginia. Iowa, Minnesota, and Nevada allow 17-year-olds to participate in all presidential caucuses, but may not vote in primary elections for other offices. Alaska, Hawaii, Idaho, Kansas, Washington, and Wyoming allow 17-year-olds to participate in only Democratic caucuses, but not in the Republican caucus. [71]

Currently, the Maine Green Independent Party, the state branch of the Green Party of the United States, calls for the lowering of the voting age to 17.[72] Youth suffrage appears to be gaining ground in Massachusetts; three of the four Democratic United States Senate candidates in 2010 supported lowering the voting age.[73]

In 2013, the City of Takoma Park, Maryland became the first place in the United States to lower its voting age to 16, for local elections and referendums.[74][75] As of 2018, three additional cities have lowered the voting age to 16: Hyattsville and Greenbelt in Maryland and Berkeley in California (for school board elections only).[76] In 2018, a bill in the Council of the District of Columbia was proposed to lower the voting age to 16, which would make the federal district the first jurisdiction to lower the voting age for federal level elections.[77]

Venezuela

A request to lower the voting age to 16 was made during consideration of revisions to the Constitution of Venezuela in 2007. Cilia Flores, president of the National Assembly, announced that the Mixed Committee for Constitutional Reform had found the idea acceptable.[78] Following approval in the legislature[79] the amendment formed part of the package of constitutional proposals, and was defeated in the 2007 referendum.

Maximum voting age

There are occasional calls for a maximum voting age, on the grounds that older people have less of a stake in the future of the country or jurisdiction and tend to vote on the basis of self-interest.[80]

Voting ages around the world

Eighteen is the most common voting age, with a small minority of countries differing from this rule. Those with a national minimum age of 17 include East Timor, Greece, Indonesia, North Korea, South Sudan and Sudan. The minimum age is 16 in Argentina, Austria, Brazil, Cuba, Ecuador, Nicaragua and the Isle of Man, Jersey and Guernsey (three self-governing British Crown Dependencies). People aged 16–18 can vote in Bosnia, Serbia and Montenegro if employed. The highest minimum voting age is 21 in several nations. Some countries have variable provision for the minimum voting age, whereby a lower age is set for eligibility to vote in state, regional or municipal elections.

The only known maximum voting age is in the Holy See, where the franchise for electing a new Pope is restricted to Cardinals under the age of 80.

Alphabetical list of countries

The following is an alphabetical list of voting ages in the various countries of the world.[81]

{{alphanumericTOC|primary=false|numbers=|top=|seealso=|references=|externallinks=|}}

A

  • Afghanistan: 18
  • Albania: 18
  • Algeria: 18
  • American Samoa: 18
  • Andorra: 18
  • Angola: 18
  • Anguilla: 18
  • Antigua and Barbuda: 18
  • Argentina: 16, 16 to 18 and 70+ optional.
  • Armenia: 18
  • Aruba:18
  • Australia: 18 (compulsory)
  • Austria: 16[31]
  • Azerbaijan: 18

B

  • Bahamas: 18
  • Bahrain: 20[82]
  • Bangladesh: 18
  • Barbados: 18
  • Belarus: 18
  • Belgium: 18 (compulsory)
  • Belize: 18
  • Benin: 18
  • Bermuda: 18
  • Bhutan: 18
  • Bolivia: 18, universal and compulsory
  • Bosnia and Herzegovina: 18, 16 if employed
  • Botswana: 18
  • Brazil: 16, compulsory for 18 to 70; optional for illiterate citizens.
  • British Virgin Islands: 18
  • Brunei: 18 (village elections only)
  • Bulgaria: 18
  • Burkina Faso: 18
  • Burundi: 18

C

  • Cambodia: 18
  • Cameroon: 20
  • Canada: 18
  • Cape Verde: 18
  • Cayman Islands: 18
  • Central African Republic: 18
  • Chad: 18
  • Chile: 18
  • China: 18
  • Cocos (Keeling) Islands: 18
  • Colombia: 18
  • Comoros: 18
  • Democratic Republic of the Congo: 18
  • Republic of the Congo: 18
  • Cook Islands: 18
  • Costa Rica: 18
  • Côte d'Ivoire: 18
  • Croatia: 18
  • Cuba: 16
  • Curaçao: 18
  • Cyprus: 18
  • Czech Republic: 18

D

  • Denmark: 18
  • Djibouti: 18
  • Dominica: 18
  • Dominican Republic: 18, compulsory; married persons regardless of age (members of the armed forces and national police cannot vote)

E

  • East Timor: 17
  • Ecuador: 16; universal, compulsory for literate persons ages 18–65, optional for other eligible voters
  • Egypt: 18
  • El Salvador: 18
  • England: 18
  • Equatorial Guinea: 18
  • Eritrea: 18
  • Estonia: 18; 16 for local elections
  • Ethiopia: 17
  • European Union: 18

F

  • Falkland Islands: 18
  • Faroe Islands: 18
  • Fiji: 18, as of 2013 Constitution
  • Finland: 18
  • France: 18
  • French Polynesia: 18

G

  • Gabon: 18
  • Gambia: 18
  • Georgia: 18
  • Germany: 18
    • Voting age 16 for state elections: {{flag|Brandenburg}}, {{flag|Bremen}}, {{flag|Hamburg}} and {{flag|Schleswig-Holstein}}.
    • Voting age 16 for municipal elections: {{flag|Baden-Württemberg}}, {{flag|Berlin}}, {{flag|Brandenburg}}, {{flag|Bremen}}, {{flag|Hamburg}}, {{flag|Mecklenburg-Vorpommern}}, {{flag|Lower Saxony}}, {{flag|North Rhine-Westphalia}}, {{flag|Saxony-Anhalt}}, {{flag|Schleswig-Holstein}} and {{flag|Thuringia}}.[83]
  • Ghana: 18
  • Gibraltar: 18; universal, plus other British citizens who have been residents six months or more
  • Greece: 17 from July 2016 onwards,[84] was 18 prior.
  • Greenland: 18
  • Grenada: 18
  • Guadeloupe: 18
  • Guam: 18; US citizens, but do not vote in US presidential elections
  • Guatemala: 18; active-duty members of the armed forces may not vote and are restricted to their barracks on election day.
  • Guernsey: 16[85]
  • Guinea: 18
  • Guinea-Bissau: 18
  • Guyana: 18

H

  • Haiti: 18
  • Honduras: 18
  • Hong Kong: direct election 18 years of age; universal for permanent residents living in the territory of Hong Kong for the past seven years; indirect election limited to about 220,000 members of functional constituencies and a 1,200-member election committee drawn from broad regional groupings, municipal organizations, and central government bodies
  • Hungary: 18

I

  • Iceland: 18
  • India: 18
  • Indonesia: 17; no threshold for married persons, except for the military and police
  • Iran: 18 (changed from 15 to 18 in 2007, returned to 15 in 2009 and returned to 18 in 2011)[32][86][87][88]
  • Iraq: 18
  • Ireland: 18
  • Isle of Man: 16
  • Israel: 18 (17 for municipal elections)
  • Italy: 18 (25 for Senate elections)

J

  • Jamaica: 18
  • Japan: 18 (lowered from 20 in June 2016. The voting age for constitutional referendums was lowered from 20 to 18 in June 2018)[89][90]
  • Jersey: 16
  • Jordan: 18

K

  • Kazakhstan: 18
  • Kenya: 18
  • Kiribati: 18
  • North Korea: 17; members of the military have the right to vote, regardless of age[91]
  • South Korea: 19
  • Kosovo: 18[92][93]
  • Kuwait: 21 for those not in the military or police forces; all voters must have been citizens for 20 years; current proposal for reduction to 18[94]
  • Kyrgyzstan: 18

L

  • Laos: 18
  • Latvia: 18
  • Lebanon: 21. Attempt to amend to 18 on 22 February 2010 failed to pass.[95]
  • Lesotho: 18
  • Liberia: 18
  • Libya: 18
  • Liechtenstein: 18
  • Lithuania: 18
  • Luxembourg: 18, compulsory until the age of 75. A proposal to lower the voting age to 16 was rejected in 2015 in a nationwide referendum (81% "no"-votes)

M

  • Macau: direct election 18 years of age, universal for permanent residents living in Macau for the past seven years; indirect election limited to organizations registered as "corporate voters" (973 are currently registered) and a 300-member Election Committee drawn from broad regional groupings, municipal organizations, and central government bodies
  • Republic of Macedonia: 18
  • Madagascar: 18
  • Malawi: 18
  • Malaysia: 21 (to be lowered to 18){{Citation needed|date=September 2018}}{{When|date=September 2018}}
  • Maldives: 18
  • Mali: 18
  • Malta: 16
  • Marshall Islands: 18
  • Martinique: 18
  • Mauritania: 18
  • Mauritius: 18
  • Mayotte: 18
  • Mexico: 18
  • Federated States of Micronesia: 18
  • Moldova: 18
  • Monaco: 18
  • Mongolia: 18
  • Montenegro: 18
  • Montserrat: 18
  • Morocco: 18
  • Mozambique: 18
  • Myanmar (Burma): 18

N

  • Namibia: 18
  • Nauru: 20
  • Nepal: 18
  • Netherlands: 18
  • New Caledonia: 18
  • New Zealand: 18
  • Nicaragua: 16
  • Niger: 18
  • Nigeria: 18
  • Niue: 18
  • Norfolk Island: 18
  • Northern Mariana Islands: 18; indigenous inhabitants are US citizens but do not vote in US presidential elections
  • Norway: 18; however, persons 17 years of age are permitted to vote in parliamentary elections if they will be 18 years of age in the year the election is held.

O

  • Oman: 21, except for members of the military and police.

P

  • Pakistan: 18; joint electorates and reserved parliamentary seats for women and non-Muslims
  • Palau: 18
  • Panama: 18
  • Papua New Guinea: 18
  • Paraguay: 18; universal and compulsory until the age of 75
  • Peru: 18; universal and compulsory until the age of 70; (members of the military and national police could not vote until a Constitutional Reform in 2005[96])
  • Philippines: 18
    • For youth councils: 18 to 30; previously from 15 to 18. Incumbents are allowed to keep their positions if they surpass the legal age.
  • Pitcairn Islands: 18; universal with three years' residency
  • Poland: 18
  • Portugal: 18
  • Puerto Rico: 18; island residents are US citizens but do not vote in US presidential elections.

Q

  • Qatar: 18

R

  • Réunion: 18
  • Romania: 18
  • Russia: 18
  • Rwanda: 18

S

  • Saint Helena: 18
  • Saint Kitts and Nevis: 18
  • Saint Lucia: 18
  • Saint Pierre and Miquelon: 18
  • Saint Vincent and the Grenadines: 18
  • Samoa: 21
  • San Marino: 18
  • São Tomé and Príncipe: 18
  • Saudi Arabia: 18
  • Scotland: 16
  • Senegal: 18
  • Serbia: 18[97]
  • Seychelles: 18[98]
  • Sierra Leone: 18
  • Singapore: 21
  • Sint Maarten: 18
  • Slovakia: 18
  • Slovenia: 18
  • Solomon Islands: 21
  • Somalia: 18
  • South Africa: 18
  • South Sudan: 17
  • Spain: 18 (16 only for Catalonia's 9N Referendum)
  • Sri Lanka: 18
  • Sudan: 17
  • Suriname: 18
  • Swaziland: 18
  • Sweden: 18
  • Switzerland: 18 (16 for cantonal and municipal elections in the canton of Glarus[99][100] [1/26])
  • Syria: 18

T

  • Taiwan: 20 (18 for referendums)
  • Tajikistan: 18
  • Tanzania: 18
  • Thailand: 18 (being a Thai citizen since birth, or at least 5 years)
  • Togo: 18
  • Tokelau: 21
  • Tonga: 21
  • Trinidad and Tobago: 18
  • Tunisia: 18 (with some exceptions)[101]
  • Turkey: 18
  • Turkmenistan: 18
  • Turks and Caicos Islands: 18
  • Tuvalu: 18

U

  • Uganda: 18
  • Ukraine: 18[102]
  • United Arab Emirates: none[103] but at least 25 (the minimum age is decided by the ruler of each Emirate and may vary from one Emirate to another)[104]
  • United Kingdom: 18 (16 for the Scottish independence referendum, Scottish Parliament elections and Scottish local government elections.[38])
  • United States: 18; however, in many states, persons 17 years of age are permitted to vote in primary elections if they will be 18 years of age on or before the day of the general election.
  • Uruguay: 18
  • Uzbekistan: 18[105]

V

  • Vanuatu: 18
  • Venezuela: 18
  • Vietnam: 18
  • Virgin Islands of the United States: 18; island residents are U.S. citizens but do not vote in U.S. presidential elections.

W

  • Wallis and Futuna: 18
  • Western Sahara: none (18 for residents of Moroccan-controlled Western Sahara in Moroccan elections) [103]

Y

  • Yemen: 18

Z

  • Zambia: 18
  • Zimbabwe: 18

Chronology of lowering the voting age to 18

The following is a chronological list of the dates upon which countries lowered the voting age to 18; unless otherwise indicated, the reduction was from 21. In some cases the age was lowered decrementally, and so the "staging points" are also given. Some information is also included on the relevant legal instruments involved.

  • Turkey: 20 April 1924 (Previously 25 per the 1876 constitution, reduced to 18 with the 1924 constitution. It was again raised to 22 on 5 December 1934 while granting full women's suffrage, and gradually lowered to 21 in 1961, 20 in 1987 and 18 in 1995)[106][107]
  • Czechoslovakia: 1946
  • Poland: 1952{{citation needed|date=November 2017}}
  • South Africa: 1958 (white voters only; Electoral Law Amendment Act, 1958)[108]
  • United Kingdom: 1 January 1970 (Representation of the People Act 1969)
  • Canada: 26 June 1970[109][110] (federal elections, amendment to Canada Elections Act)

non-federal elections: Quebec in 1963,[111] Manitoba on 10 October 1969,[112] Ontario in 1971,[111] Nova Scotia in 1973 following reduction to 19 in 1970[113] and British Columbia in 1992 following reduction to 19 in 1952[114]

  • Germany: 1970 [115]
  • Netherlands: 1971 (previous reduction from 23 to 21 in 1965)
  • United States: 1 July 1971, per the Twenty-sixth Amendment. Previously reduced on 1 January 1971 by the Voting Rights Act Amendments 1970, ss. 302, 305[116] (Prior reductions: Georgia in August 1943,[117] Kentucky in 1955,[118] Guam in 1954[119] and American Samoa in 1965.[119])
  • Finland: 1972 (from 20; previous reductions were 24 to 21 in 1944 and 21 to 20 in 1968/1969)[120][121]
  • Sweden: 1972 (from 20) [122]
  • Ireland: 5 January 1973 (4th Amendment of the Constitution). Women under 30 gained the vote in local elections in 1935[123] and in Dáil elections and referendums in 1922 (Constitution of the Irish Free State[124]). The only popular election (in 1925) to the Free State Seanad had a voting age of 30.[125] {{Crossreference|(See also History of the franchise in Ireland.)}}
  • Philippines: 17 January 1973, after the 1973 constitution was announced to have been approved in a plebiscite. Among other things, the new constitution lowered the voting age from 21 to 18.
  • Australia: 1973 (New South Wales was the first state to do so, in 1970)
  • France: 5 July 1974 (Act No. 74-631)[126]
  • New Zealand: November 1974 (from 20; previous reduction from 21 to 20 in 1969)[127][128]
  • Dominica: 1974[129]
  • Italy: 1975 (voting age to elect the Senate remained at 25)
  • Trinidad and Tobago: 1976
  • Denmark: 19 September 1978 (from 20; 53.8% in referendum; previous reductions were 25 to 23 in 1953, 23 to 21 in 1961 and 21 to 20 in 1971)[130]
  • Spain: 29 December 1978 (1978 Constitution)[131]
  • Peru: 1979 Constitution
  • Belgium: 1981[132]
  • India: 28 March 1989 (61st Constitution Amendment Act, 1988 read with Act 21 of 1989)[133]
  • Switzerland: 1991 (from 20; referendum held on 3 March)[134]
  • Austria: 1992 (from 19; previous reductions were 21 to 20 in 1949 and 20 to 19 in 1970)[135]
  • Estonia: 29 July 1992 (from 22, according to the 1938 Constitution; was 18 during the Soviet Occupation since 1940 and 16 for the Congress of Estonia in 1990)[136][137]
  • Hong Kong: 1995 (from 21)[138]
  • Liechtenstein: 2000 (from 20; LGBl. 2000 No. 55)[139]
  • Jordan: July 2001 (from 19; Provisional Election Law No. 34/2001)[140]
  • Pakistan: 21 August 2002 (Legal Framework Order, 2002),[141][142] was 18 under 1973 Constitution, then increased to 21, then lowered back to 18.[143]
  • Morocco: 11 December 2002 (from 20)[144]
  • Uzbekistan: July 2012 (from 25)
  • Saudi Arabia: April 2015 (from 21)[145]
  • Japan: June 2016 (from 20)[146]

Chronology of lowering the voting age to 16

This is a further list, similar to the above but of the dates upon which countries or territories lowered the voting age to 16; unless otherwise indicated, the reduction was from 18.

  • Nicaragua: November 1984 (from 21)[147][148]
  • Brazil: 5 October 1988 (Constitution of the Federative Republic of Brazil, 1988)[149]
  • Estonia: 24 February 1990 (from 22 according to the 1938 Constitution, from 18 during the Soviet occupation); only for the Congress of Estonia, was raised to 18 according to the 1992 Constitution
  • Isle of Man: 11 July 2006; legislation brought into force in time for general election held on 23 November 2006[150]
  • Austria: 1 July 2007 (BGBl. No. 1/1930, as amended)[31]
  • Guernsey: 19 December 2007 (Reform (Guernsey) (Amendment) Law, 2007)[65][85]
  • Jersey: 1 April 2008 (Public Elections (Amendment No. 2) (Jersey) Law 2008)[59]
  • Ecuador: 28 September 2008 (New constitution accepted by referendum) for general election on 26 March 2009.
  • Argentina: 1 November 2012. Voting for teenagers between 16 and 18 years of age became optional.[151]
  • Malta: 20 November 2013. Motion passed in parliament to lower the voting age to 16 at local council elections starting from 2015.[152]
  • Scotland: 18 September 2014. 16 & 17 years old were given the vote for the Independence Referendum. This was subsequently extended permanently as of the 2016 parliament election.[153]
  • Estonia: 6 May 2015 in local elections only.

Organizations in favour of lowering the voting age

{{More citations needed|date=November 2008}}

The following are political parties and other campaigning organisations that have either endorsed a lower voting age or who favour its removal.

Alphabetical list of countries

Australia

  • Australian Democrats
  • Australian Greens
  • Australian Labor Party[17]

Austria

  • The Greens – The Green Alternative
  • Liberal Forum[154]
  • Social Democratic Party of Austria[155]
  • vote4future.at Austrian National Youth Council[156]

Belgium

  • Ecolo[179]
  • Groen[157]
  • Open Vlaamse Liberalen en Democraten[157]

Canada

  • Communist Party of Canada
  • Green Party of Canada[158]
  • Parti Québécois[159]
  • voteto16.ca[160]
  • Ontario Liberal Party [161]

Denmark

  • Social Democrats
  • Socialist People's Party
  • Dansk Ungdoms Fællesråd[162]

Estonia

  • Estonian National Youth Council
  • Young Social Democrats

France

  • La France Insoumise[163]

Germany

  • Foundation for the Rights of Future Generations[164]
  • K.R.Ä.T.Z.Ä. (demanding abolition of any age-based voting restrictions)[165]

Greece

  • Ecologist Greens[166]

Ireland

  • Green Party[167]
  • Labour Party[168]
  • Sinn Féin[169]
  • Socialist Party[170]

In 2013, the Constitutional Convention was asked to consider reducing the voting age to 17 and recommended lowering it to 16.[171] The then government agreed to hold a referendum,[172] but in 2015 postponed it indefinitely to give priority to other referendums.[173]

Italy

  • Five Star Movement[174]
  • Northern League[175]

Malaysia

No political party had decreed that its members should all follow the party line about lowering voting age policy, resulting in public differences of view. Most parties had splits in their members and supporters, taking different sides.[176]

  • Malaysian civil societies' demands (to 18)[177]
  • Coalition for Clean and Fair Elections (BERSIH) (to 18)[178]
  • Democratic Action Party (to 18)[179]
  • National Trust Party (to 18)[180]
  • Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party (to 18)
  • Parti Gerakan Rakyat Malaysia (to 18)[181]
  • Parti Sosialis Malaysia (to 18)[182]
  • People's Justice Party (to 18)
  • Malaysian United Indigenous Party (to 18)

Netherlands

  • GroenLinks

New Zealand

  • Green Party of Aotearoa New Zealand
  • New Zealand Labour Party

Norway

  • Liberal Party[183]
  • Socialist Left Party[184]

Portugal

  • Left Bloc
  • LIVRE/Tempo de Avançar
  • Socialist Party

Romania

  • National Liberal Party[185]
  • National Union for the Progress of Romania[186]

Spain

  • Izquierda Unida

Sweden

  • Feminist Initiative[187]
  • Left Party[188]
  • Green Party[189]

United Kingdom

  • Green Party of England and Wales[190]
  • Green Party in Northern Ireland[191]
  • Labour Party[192]
  • Liberal Democrats[193]
  • Liberal Party[194]
  • National Health Action Party[195]
  • Plaid Cymru[196]
  • Scottish Conservative Party
  • Scottish Green Party
  • Scottish National Party
  • Scottish Socialist Party[197]
  • Social Democratic Labour Party
  • Ulster Unionist Party
  • Votes at 16

United States

  • Americans for a Society Free from Age Restrictions (supports full elimination of voting age)
  • Future Voters of America[198]
  • Green Party of Texas[199]
  • National Youth Rights Association
  • Rock the Vote
  • Socialist Party USA (to 15)
  • FairVote
  • Vermont Libertarian Party

==See also==

{{div col}}
  • Adultcentrism
  • Age of candidacy
  • Demeny voting
  • Gerontocracy
  • Suffrage
  • Youth
  • Youth suffrage
  • Youth rights
{{colend}}

Notes

1. ^{{cite book| editor1-last = Eybers| editor1-first = G. W.| title = Select constitutional documents illustrating South African history, 1795-1910| url = https://archive.org/details/selectconstitut01eybegoog| location = London| publisher = Routledge| date = 1918| page = 495| access-date = 2018-11-27| quote = Wet No. 5, 1890 [...] Om kiezer te zijn, moet men den ouderdom van 16 jaren bereikt hebben. [Law No. 5, 1890 ... In order to be a voter one must have reached the age of 16 years.]}}
2. ^"Lowering the Minimum Voting Age to 18 Years - Pro and Con Arguments", Constitutional Revision Study Documents of the Maryland Constitutional Convention Commission, 1968. Retrieved 5 February 2007.
3. ^Representation of the People Act 1969
4. ^{{cite book|last= Sanders|first= Mark|title= Your Right To Vote|date= 2000|publisher= Raintree Steck- Vaugh company|location= United States}}
5. ^[https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2016/07/08/national/politics-diplomacy/young-voters-hope-reform-japans-silver-democracy/ Young voters hope to reform Japan's 'silver democracy']. The Japan Times. Published 8 July 2016. Retrieved 7 November 2018.
6. ^{{cite news|first= A.S.I.|last= Moosa|title= The murderous dictator and the 'Bullet-Ballot' propaganda|url= http://www.dhivehiobserver.com/editorial/Bullet_in_Maldives_010420071182847821.htm|publisher= Dhivehi Observer|date= 1 April 2007|accessdate= 6 July 2007|deadurl= yes|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20070629171648/http://www.dhivehiobserver.com/editorial/Bullet_in_Maldives_010420071182847821.htm|archivedate= 29 June 2007|df= dmy-all}}
7. ^HeveeruOnline "Committee supports lowering voting age to 18 for referendum Mar 20, 2007" {{webarchive |url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150402141626/http://www.haveeru.com.mv/news/14132 |date= 2 April 2015 }} Retrieved 8 March 2015.
8. ^[https://www.youngcitizens.org/lowering-the-voting-age-to-16 Lowering the voting age to 16] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181105220407/https://www.youngcitizens.org/lowering-the-voting-age-to-16 |date=5 November 2018 }}. Young Citizens. Retrieved 21 July 2018.
9. ^Worldwide Efforts to Lower the Voting Age, National Youth Rights Association
10. ^{{Cite web|url=https://olis.leg.state.or.us/liz/2019R1/Downloads/MeasureDocument/SJR22/Introduced|title=Oregon Senate Joint Resolution 22|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}
11. ^Parliament of Canada, Bill C-261 (2005); Vote16, Canada {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070801045625/http://vote16.ca/en/index.htm |date=1 August 2007 }}
12. ^Parliament of New South Wales, Parliamentary Electorates and Elections Amendment (Voting Age) Bill (2005); Hansard, 14 September 2005, p. 17686 {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929125157/http://parliament.nsw.gov.au/prod/PARLMENT/hansArt.nsf/V3Key/LC20050914041 |date=29 September 2007 }}.
13. ^{{cite web|url=http://assembly.coe.int/Documents/WorkingDocs/Doc09/EDOC11895.pdf|title=edoc11895|accessdate=6 January 2011|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090527175929/http://assembly.coe.int/Documents/WorkingDocs/Doc09/EDOC11895.pdf|archivedate=27 May 2009|df=dmy-all}}
14. ^{{cite magazine |magazine=Stern |url=https://www.stern.de/politik/deutschland/freitag-zur-demo--so-denken-die-jugendlichen-von--fridays-for-future--8555674.html |title=Ragna, Linus, Ronja und Florian: Sie schwänzen den Unterricht, um die Welt zu retten |language=de |date=30 January 2019}}
15. ^{{cite news |publisher=The Independent |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/climate-change-protest-strike-global-warming-children-greta-thunberg-a8779221.html |title=The grown-ups have failed miserably on climate change |date=14 February 2019}}
16. ^{{cite news|title=ACT to consider lowering voting age|publisher=ABC News (Australia)|date=26 September 2007|url=http://abc.net.au/news/stories/2007/09/26/2043628.htm|accessdate=29 July 2007}}
17. ^1 ABC News, 31 October 2015, Bill Shorten calls for voting age to be lowered to 16
18. ^1 2 How old is old enough? - the minimum age of voting and candidacy in UK elections: consultation paper, July 2003, UK Electoral Commission, para. 3.6.
19. ^Austria joins the votes at 16 club {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070911145438/http://www.votesat16.org.uk/news/000030.html |date=11 September 2007 }}, Votes at 16. Retrieved 6 June 2007.
20. ^Lowering the Electoral Age {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928170549/http://www.jugendvertretung.at/content/site/home/english/article/928.html |date=28 September 2007 }}, Austrian National Youth Council. Retrieved 6 June 2007.
21. ^1 Elections {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070703112025/http://www.demokratiezentrum.org/en/cms/topics/democracy_debates/elections/index.html |date=3 July 2007 }}, Demokratiezentrum Wien. Retrieved 6 June 2007.
22. ^Committee on Rights of Child Considers Second Periodic Report of Austria, UNHCHR, 14 January 2005.
23. ^{{cite news|last=Oleksyn|first=Veronika|title=Austrians split on voting at age 16 plan|publisher=AP/washingtonpost.com|date=12 January 2007|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/01/12/AR2007011202410.html|accessdate=2 February 2007}}
24. ^{{cite news|title=Austria lowers voting age|publisher=IOL, South Africa|date=14 March 2007|url=http://www.int.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1&click_id=3&art_id=nw20070314154425183C442915|accessdate=30 March 2007}}
25. ^{{cite news|title=Austria lowers voting age to 16|publisher=News 24, South Africa|date=3 May 2007|url=http://www.news24.com/News24/World/News/0,,2-10-1462_2107576,00.html|accessdate=6 May 2007|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070517043147/http://www.news24.com/News24/World/News/0,,2-10-1462_2107576,00.html|archivedate=17 May 2007|df=dmy-all}}
26. ^94 d.B. (XXIII. GP) Bundesverfassungsgesetz, mit dem das Bundes-Verfassungsgesetz geändert wird, Republik Österreich Parlament (German).
27. ^1 2 {{cite news|title=Austria lowers voting age to 16|publisher=EUX.tv — the Europe Channel, the Netherlands|date=5 June 2007|url=http://www.eux.tv/article.aspx?articleId=9251|accessdate=6 June 2007|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930190614/http://www.eux.tv/article.aspx?articleId=9251|archivedate=30 September 2007|df=dmy-all}}
28. ^1 2 Wählen mit 16, Briefwahl, fünfjährige Gesetzgebungsperiode kommen, Republik Österreich Parlament (German). Retrieved 6 June 2007.
29. ^Verfassungsausschuss gibt grünes Licht für Wahlrechtsreform, Republik Österreich Parlament (German). Retrieved 25 May 2007.
30. ^Wahlrechtsreform 2007 passiert den Bundesrat, Republik Österreich Parlament (German). Retrieved 30 June 2007.
31. ^1 2 31/BNR (XXIII. GP) Bundes-Verfassungsgesetz {{webarchive|url=https://archive.is/20070929093109/http://66.249.91.104/translate_c?hl=en&u=http://www.parlinkom.gv.at/pls/portal/docs/page/PG/DE/XXIII/I/I_00129/FNAMEORIG_079516.HTML |date=29 September 2007 }}, ss. 1, 5 and 25, Republik Österreich Parlament (German). Retrieved 1 July 2007.
32. ^1 {{cite news |title=Iran raises voting age to 18 |publisher=Iran Focus |date=14 January 2007 |url=http://www.iranfocus.com/en/index.php?view=article&id=9841 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629220648/http://www.iranfocus.com/en/index.php?view=article&id=9841 |archive-date=29 June 2017}}
33. ^{{cite news|title=Bill may lower voting age to 15|publisher=Press TV|date=2 May 2007|url=http://www.presstv.ir/detail.aspx?id=8391§ionid=351020101|accessdate=6 May 2007}}
34. ^{{cite news|title=President planning to lower voting age|publisher=Press TV|date=23 September 2007|url=http://www.presstv.ir/detail.aspx?id=24264§ionid=351020101|accessdate=23 September 2007}}
35. ^{{Cite web | url=https://www.maltatoday.com.mt/news/national/85054/vote_16_unanimously_approved | title=Maltese parliament extends voting suffrage to 16-year-olds}}
36. ^Bradford launches Bill to lower voting age to 16 {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070627161144/http://www.greens.org.nz/searchdocs/PR10947.html |date=27 June 2007 }}, Green Party of Aotearoa New Zealand, 21 June 2007. Retrieved 2 July 2007.
37. ^{{cite news|title=Green MP abandons voting age bill|publisher=Radio New Zealand News|date=26 July 2007|url=http://www.radionz.co.nz/news/latest/200707261310/green_mp_abandons_voting_age_bill|accessdate=26 July 2007|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120129054801/http://www.radionz.co.nz/news/latest/200707261310/green_mp_abandons_voting_age_bill|archivedate=29 January 2012|df=dmy-all}}
38. ^1 2 {{cite news|title=Cut in Scottish voting age passed unanimously|publisher=BBC News|date=18 June 2015|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-scotland-politics-33173488|accessdate=20 June 2015}}
39. ^Hansard, House of Commons, fifth edition, vol 219, col 1035
40. ^[https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm199900/cmhansrd/vo991215/debtext/91215-steven smells14.htm#91215-14_time0 HC Deb, 15 December 1999, Vol. 341, cc. 305-338.] Retrieved 3 November 2007.
41. ^1 [https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm199900/cmhansrd/vo991215/debtext/91215-steven smells14.htm#91215-14_time0 HC Deb, 15 December 1999, Vol. 341, c. 336.] Retrieved 3 November 2007.
42. ^{{cite news|title='A real chance to improve British Politics' - Votes at 16 Campaign Launches|publisher=Votes at 16|date=29 January 2003|url=http://www.votesat16.org.uk/news/000005/a_real_chance_to_improve_british_politics__votes_at_16_campaign_launches.html|accessdate=3 November 2007|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071117063632/http://www.votesat16.org.uk/news/000005/a_real_chance_to_improve_british_politics__votes_at_16_campaign_launches.html|archivedate=17 November 2007|df=dmy-all}}
43. ^The [https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld200203/ldbills/010/2003010.htm Voting Age (Reduction to 16) Bill (HL)].
44. ^Age of Electoral Majority {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070710072228/http://www.bibliotheque.assnat.qc.ca/01/mono/2005/10/826116.pdf |date=10 July 2007 }}, Electoral Commission, 19 April 2004, para. 8.16
45. ^{{cite news|title=Political system faces 'meltdown'|publisher=BBC News|date=27 February 2006|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/4753876.stm|accessdate=3 November 2007}}
46. ^{{cite news|title=And so does Gordon Brown|publisher=Votes at 16|date=27 February 2006|url=http://www.votesat16.org.uk/news/000134/and_so_does_gordon_brown.html|accessdate=3 November 2007|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071117063519/http://www.votesat16.org.uk/news/000134/and_so_does_gordon_brown.html|archivedate=17 November 2007|df=dmy-all}}
47. ^The Governance of Britain, UK Ministry of Justice, 3 July 2007, para. 190. Retrieved 5 July 2007.
48. ^[https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200607/cmhansrd/cm070703/debtext/70703-0004.htm HC Deb, 3 July 2007, Vol. 462, c. 819.] Retrieved 5 July 2007.
49. ^Labour Vows To Lower Voting Age To 16. Huffington Post (UK edition). Published 7 April 2015. Retrieved 29 April 2017.
50. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/brexit-eu-referendum-latest-protest-young-people-parliament-vote-a7101701.html|title=Young people are gathering at Parliament furious at not being given the vote|date=2016-06-24|language=en-GB|access-date=2016-06-25}}
51. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/uk-news/young-voters-wanted-brexit-least-8271517|title=Young voters wanted Brexit the least - and must live with it the longest|last=Bloom|first=Dan|date=2016-06-24|access-date=2016-06-25}}
52. ^{{cite news|title='Vote at 16' move backed by SNP|publisher=BBC News|date=27 October 2007|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/scotland/7065046.stm|accessdate=3 November 2007}}
53. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/news/uk/scotland/article3167034.ece|title=16-year-olds likely to get the vote on Union split|last=Macdonnell|first=Hamish|date=17 September 2011|work=The Times Scotland|publisher=Times Newspapers Limited|accessdate=18 September 2011|location=London}}
54. ^{{cite news|title=Scottish independence: Referendum voting age bill approved by MSPs|publisher=BBC News|date=27 June 2013|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-scotland-politics-23074572|accessdate=20 June 2015}}
55. ^{{cite news|title=Teenagers vote in Manx election|publisher=BBC News|date=13 July 2006|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/isle_of_man/5175426.stm|accessdate=9 May 2007 }}
56. ^Vote P63/2007 {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928030555/http://www.statesassembly.gov.je/view_vote.asp?id_number=577 |date=28 September 2007 }}, States of Jersey, 4 July 2007. Retrieved 6 July 2007.
57. ^States of Jersey Minutes {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607150754/http://www.statesassembly.gov.je/documents/minutes/8199-16502-4102007.htm |date=7 June 2011 }}, 26 September 2007. Retrieved 24 October 2007.
58. ^1 ORDERS APPROVED AT THE PRIVY COUNCIL HELD BY THE QUEEN AT BUCKINGHAM PALACE ON 12 December 2007 {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080216060420/http://www.privycouncil.gov.uk/files/word/List%20December%202007.doc |date=16 February 2008 }}, Privy Council Office, 20 December 2007. Retrieved 15 January 2008.
59. ^1 [https://archive.is/20130218152328/http://www.jerseylegalinfo.je/Law/display.aspx?url=lawsinforce%5Chtm%5CLawFiles%5C2008/L-01-2008.htm Public Elections (Amendment No. 2) (Jersey) Law 2008], Jersey Legal Information Board. Retrieved 15 January 2008.
60. ^Public Elections: reduction in voting age to 16 {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928030342/http://www.statesassembly.gov.je/documents/propositions/8355-38690-1552007.htm |date=28 September 2007 }}, States of Jersey, 15 May 2007. Retrieved 6 July 2007.
61. ^Public Elections (Amendment No. 2) (Jersey) Law 2007 (Appointed Day) Act 2008, Jersey Legal Information Board. Retrieved 13 April 2008.
62. ^{{cite news|title='Give our young people a voice'|publisher=The Guernsey Press and Star|date=18 September 2007|url=http://www.thisisguernsey.com/code/showarchive.pl?ArticleID=002703&year=2007&category=news|accessdate=23 September 2007 }}
63. ^1 Billet d'État XXII 2007 (October) & Resolutions {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723180910/http://www.gov.gg/ccm/policy-and-hr/billets--resolutions/2007/blllet-dtat---xxii-2007-october.en |date=23 July 2011 }}, States of Guernsey. Retrieved 20 December 2007.
64. ^{{cite news|title=Too young at 16 to vote – deputy|publisher=The Guernsey Press and Star|date=2 November 2007|url=http://www.thisisguernsey.com/code/shownewsarticle.pl?ArticleID=002891|accessdate=3 November 2007}}
65. ^1 {{cite news|title=16 Year Olds Can Vote in General Election|publisher=States of Guernsey — The Official Guernsey Government Website|date=19 December 2007|url=http://www.gov.gg/ccm/policy-and-hr/press-release/2007/december/16-Year-Olds-can-Vote-in-General-Election.en|accessdate=15 January 2008}}{{dead link|date=January 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
66. ^{{cite news|title=Constitution lowers voting age to 19|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=BSwmAAAAIBAJ&sjid=Ff4FAAAAIBAJ&pg=770%2C2580870|work=Baltimore Afro-American|date=6 April 1968}}
67. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.history.com/topics/the-26th-amendment |title=The 26th Amendment|publisher=A&E Television Networks|year=1996|accessdate=10 September 2013}}
68. ^http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/GPO-CONAN-2014/pdf/GPO-CONAN-2014-10-27.pdf
69. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.archives.gov/exhibits/charters/constitution_transcript.html|title=Transcript of the Constitution of the United States - Official Text|work=archives.gov|date=2015-10-30}}
70. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.nmlegis.gov/Sessions/16%20Regular/bills/house/HB0138.pdf|title=House Bill 138, 52ND LEGISLATURE - STATE OF NEW MEXICO - SECOND SESSION, 2016|last=Steinborn|first=Jeff|date=|website=New Mexico Legislature|publisher=New Mexico Legislature|access-date=11 March 2016}}
71. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.fairvote.org/reforms/universal-voter-registration/17-year-old-primary-voting-2/|title=FairVote.org - 17-year-old Primary Voting|work=FairVote}}
72. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.mainegreens.org/index.php?sectionID=266&pageID=590&mode= |title=Green Platform|publisher=Mainegreens.org}}
73. ^{{cite web|url=http://lowerthevote.wordpress.com/2009/11/30/three-massachusetts-senator-candidates-support-lower-voting-age|title=Three Massachusetts Senator Candidates Support Lower Voting Age|publisher=Lowerthevote.wordpress.com|date=30 November 2009|accessdate=6 January 2011}}
74. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/takoma-park-grants-16-year-olds-right-to-vote/2013/05/14/b27c52c4-bccd-11e2-89c9-3be8095fe767_story.html|title=Takoma Park grants 16-year-olds right to vote|publisher=WashingtonPost.com|date=14 May 2013|first=Lindsay A.|last=Powers}}
75. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2013/11/05/election-day-weird/3448145/|publisher=USA Today|title=16-year-olds voting? Secession? 5 Election Day oddities|date=November 6, 2013|accessdate=November 12, 2013}}
76. ^{{Citation|url= https://www.youthrights.org/issues/voting-age/voting-age-status-report/|title=Voting Age Status Report|publisher=National Youth Rights Association|accessdate=April 23, 2018}}
77. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation-now/2018/04/17/washington-d-c-may-allow-16-year-olds-vote-president-2020-election/523301002/|publisher=USA Today|title=Washington, D.C., may allow 16-year-olds to vote for president in the 2020 election|date=April 17, 2018|accessdate=April 19, 2018}}
78. ^{{cite news|first=Jeremy|last=Morgan|title=Further details of Chavez' package of constitutional reforms are emerging|publisher=Caracas Daily Journal|date=9 September 2007|url=http://www.vheadline.com/readnews.asp?id=75781|accessdate=29 July 2007|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303233819/http://www.vheadline.com/readnews.asp?id=75781|archivedate=3 March 2016|df=dmy-all}}
79. ^{{cite news|first=Matthew|last=Walter|title=Venezuela May Lower Voting Age, Add Gay Rights in Constitution|publisher=Bloomberg.com|date=11 October 2007|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601086&sid=aqg5jOxmM.Vg&refer=latin_america|accessdate=13 October 2007}}
80. ^Gareth Morgan, [https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=11467418 Introduce a maximum voting age], New Zealand Herald, 19 June 2015
81. ^{{cite web|url=http://aceproject.org/epic-en/CDTable?question=VR001#g|title=Comparative Data —|work=aceproject.org|access-date=14 March 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160107110146/http://aceproject.org/epic-en/CDTable?question=VR001#g|archive-date=7 January 2016|dead-url=yes|df=dmy-all}}
82. ^BAHRAIN - Majlis Al-Nuwab (Council of Representatives)
83. ^Wahlrecht Wikipedia German Wikipedia article containing all references for each state. Retrieved 11 October 2014.
84. ^{{Citation |url=http://www.et.gr/idocs-nph/search/pdfViewerForm.html?args=5C7QrtC22wFHp_31M9ESQXdtvSoClrL8NXGWS3cU8Kt5MXD0LzQTLWPU9yLzB8V68knBzLCmTXKaO6fpVZ6Lx9hLslJUqeiQT0KQWhles74cYXM24iMng4dV6SZbxmK4oRQd575yNXQ. |title=Εφημερίδα της Κυβερνήσεως τη Ελληνικής Δημοκρατίας |volume=A |issue=133 |date=27 July 2016 |publisher=National Publishing House |location=Athens |language=Greek |trans-title=Government Gazette of the Hellenic Republic |access-date=12 February 2019}}
85. ^1 Reform (Guernsey) Law, 1948, s. 28(1) {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080704065105/http://www.gov.gg/ccm/navigation/government/states-of-guernsey/reform--guernsey--law--1948/ |date=4 July 2008 }}; amended by Reform (Guernsey) (Amendment) Law, 2007 (adopted on 31 October 2007, sanctioned on 12 December and registered and coming into force on 19 December).
86. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.loc.gov/lawweb/servlet/lloc_news?disp3_l205401354_text|title=Iran: Council of Ministers Approves Lowering Voting Age|publisher=Library of Congress|accessdate=22 March 2013|date=2009-06-12}}
87. ^{{cite web|url=http://www1.jamejamonline.ir/newstext2.aspx?newsnum=100805645093|title=Voting Age back to 18|publisher=Jame Jam Online}}
88. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.khabaronline.ir/detail/298431?keepThis=true&TB_iframe=true&height=650&width=850&caption=RSS|title=Voting Age|publisher=Khabar Online|date=2013-06-14}}
89. ^[https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2016/07/08/national/politics-diplomacy/young-voters-hope-reform-japans-silver-democracy/ Young voters hope to reform Japan’s ‘silver democracy’]. The Japan Times. Published 8 July 2016. Retrieved 7 November 2018.
90. ^[https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2018/06/21/national/japan-lowers-minimum-voting-age-constitutional-referendums-18/ Japan lowers minimum voting age for constitutional referendums to 18]. The Japan Times. Published 21 June 2018. Retrieved 7 November 2018.
91. ^{{cite web|url=http://unibook.unikorea.go.kr/?sub_num=53&state=view&idx=369|title=NK constitute law|publisher=Unibook.unikorea.go.kr|date=8 October 2010|accessdate=15 January 2013}}
92. ^Kosovo. Youthpolicy.org. Retrieved 6 January 2019.
93. ^[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2123.html THE WORLD FACTBOOK] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080109020202/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2123.html |date=9 January 2008 }}. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). Retrieved 6 January 2019.
94. ^{{cite news|title=NA panel lowers voting age to 18|publisher=kuwaittimes.net|date=18 January 2012|url=http://new.kuwaittimes.net/2012/01/18/proposal-to-bring-down-voting-age-to-18-years/|accessdate=4 February 2012}}{{dead link|date=January 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
95. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.middle-east-online.com/english/?id=37411|title=Lebanon shoots down bill to lower voting age|publisher=Middle-east-online.com|date=22 February 2010|accessdate=15 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130412023934/http://www.middle-east-online.com/english/?id=37411|archive-date=12 April 2013|dead-url=yes|df=dmy-all}}
96. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.terra.com.pe/noticias/noticias/act507516/.html|title=Militares y policías podrán votar en las próximas elecciones|publisher=terra|accessdate=15 January 2013}}
97. ^{{cite news|title=Constitution of the Republic of Serbia|publisher=srbija.gov.rs|url=http://www.srbija.gov.rs/cinjenice_o_srbiji/ustav_odredbe.php?id=218|accessdate=5 March 2007}}
98. ^{{cite web|author=Inter-Parliamentary Union|url=http://www.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/2279.htm|title=IPU PARLINE database: SEYCHELLES (National Assembly), Full text|publisher=Ipu.org|accessdate=15 January 2013}}
99. ^{{cite news|title=Swiss canton drops voting age to 16|publisher=AP/International Herald Tribune Europe|date=6 May 2007|url=http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2007/05/06/europe/EU-GEN-Switzerland-Young-Voters.php|accessdate=9 May 2007 }}
100. ^{{cite news|title=Glarus lowers voting age to 16|publisher=24 Heures|date=7 May 2007|url=http://www.24heures.ch/pages/home/24_heures/english_corner/news/news_detail/(contenu)/73342|accessdate=9 May 2007}}
101. ^{{cite web|author=Inter-Parliamentary Union|url=http://www.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/2392_B.htm|title=IPU PARLINE database: TUNISIA (Al-Majlis Al-watani Al-Taasisi), Electoral system|publisher=Ipu.org|accessdate=15 January 2013}}
102. ^{{uk icon}} Перший крок до зриву виборів (The first step to disrupt the elections), Ukrayinska Pravda (9 April 2012)
103. ^1 {{cite news|title=Suffrage|publisher=www.cia.gov|year=2009|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2123.html|accessdate=26 November 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080109020202/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2123.html|archive-date=9 January 2008|dead-url=yes|df=dmy-all}}
104. ^{{cite web|author=Inter-Parliamentary Union|url=http://www.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/2333_B.htm|title=IPU PARLINE database: UNITED ARAB EMIRATES (Majlis Watani Itihadi), Electoral system|publisher=Ipu.org|date=16 February 2011|accessdate=15 January 2013}}
105. ^{{cite web|url=http://aceproject.org/epic-en/CDCountry?topic=VR&country=UZ|title=Comparative Data —|work=aceproject.org}}
106. ^The Constitution of the Republic of Turkey {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070203170110/http://www.byegm.gov.tr/mevzuat/anayasa/anayasa-ing.htm |date=3 February 2007 }}, Article 67
107. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Asia-and-Oceania/Turkey-GOVERNMENT.html|title=Encyclopedia of the Nations, Turkey|publisher=Nationsencyclopedia.com|accessdate=6 January 2011}}
108. ^{{cite book|first=Muriel|last=Horrell|title=A Survey of Race Relations in South Africa, 1957–1958|publisher=South African Institute of Race Relations|page=10|url=http://www.nelsonmandela.org/omalley/cis/omalley/OMalleyWeb/dat/SAIRR%20Survey%201957-58.pdf|accessdate=28 June 2011}}
109. ^{{cite news|title=Young Canadians and the Voting Age: Should It Be Lowered?|publisher=Canadian Policy Research Networks (CPRN)|year=2005|url=http://www.cprn.org/en/static/EN-diversity-voting.html|accessdate=5 February 2007|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725201003/http://www.cprn.org/en/static/EN-diversity-voting.html|archivedate=25 July 2011|df=dmy-all}}
110. ^{{cite news|title=Canadian History 1900–1999|publisher=Canadian History Directory|date=1 January 2007|url=http://www3.telus.net/public/dgarneau/canada-2.htm|accessdate=5 February 2007}}
111. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.elections.ca/res/eim/article_search/article.asp?id=53&lang=e&frmPageSize=|title=Elections Canada On-Line|publisher=Elections.ca|date=14 June 2010|accessdate=15 January 2013}}
112. ^Elections Manitoba {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070228203949/http://www.electionsmanitoba.ca/main/history/hist_o_view.htm |date=28 February 2007 }}
113. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.canadianencyclopedia.ca/index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=A1SEC875301|title=The Canadian Encyclopedia, Nova Scotia|publisher=Canadianencyclopedia.ca|accessdate=6 January 2011}}{{dead link|date=December 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
114. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.elections.bc.ca/index.php/resource-centre/electoral-history-of-bc/|title=Elections British Columbia|publisher=Elections.bc.ca|accessdate=15 January 2013}}
115. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.geocities.com/capitolhill/lobby/8522/wahl16_e.html |title=(missing) |publisher=Webcitation.org |accessdate=15 January 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5knSXW9KN?url=http://www.geocities.com/capitolhill/lobby/8522/wahl16_e.html |archivedate=25 October 2009 |df=dmy-all }}
116. ^Title 3, 84 Stat. 318, 42 U.S.C. Sec. 1973bb.; text reproduced in Oregon v. Mitchell, 400 U.S. 112, 223
117. ^{{cite news|title=Suffrage Jr|publisher=Time|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,933171,00.html|date=16 August 1943|accessdate=5 February 2007}}
118. ^"Lowering the Minimum Voting Age to Eighteen Years - Pro and Con Arguments"{{dead link|date=December 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, Constitutional Revision Study Documents of the Maryland Constitutional Convention Commission, 1968. Retrieved 5 February 2007.
119. ^1 {{cite news|last=Cheng|first=J.|title=The 'Qualified Voter' and the Minimum Voting Age|publisher=Department of Political Science, University of Michigan|url=http://millercenter.virginia.edu/pubs/dissertation_chapters/2005/cheng.pdf|accessdate=5 February 2007|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060213205121/http://www.millercenter.virginia.edu/pubs/dissertation_chapters/2005/cheng.pdf|archivedate=13 February 2006}}
120. ^{{cite news|title=HS Gallup: Little public support for reduction in voting age|publisher=Helsingin Sanomat International Edition — Metro|date=11 January 2007|url=http://www.hs.fi/english/article/HS+Gallup+Little+public+support+for+reduction+in+voting+age/1135224233031|accessdate=5 February 2007|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070208144022/http://www.hs.fi/english/article/HS+Gallup+Little+public+support+for+reduction+in+voting+age/1135224233031|archivedate=8 February 2007|df=dmy-all}}
121. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.eduskunta.fi/fakta/historia/eng/tapahtuma_aika.htm|title=Sanasto|publisher=Eduskunta.fi|date=1 March 2000|accessdate=6 January 2011|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514233542/http://www.eduskunta.fi/fakta/historia/eng/tapahtuma_aika.htm|archivedate=14 May 2011|df=dmy-all}}
122. ^http://www.idea.int/publications/voter_turnout_weurope/upload/chapter%201.pdf
123. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/1935/act/9/section/2/enacted/en/html|title=Local Government (Extension of Franchise) Act, 1935|date=29 March 1935|work=Irish Statute Book|pages=Section 2 (1)|accessdate=4 November 2016}}; {{cite web|url=http://oireachtasdebates.oireachtas.ie/debates%20authoring/debateswebpack.nsf/takes/seanad1933071200005#N9|title=Local Government (Extension of Franchise) Bill, 1933—Second Stage.|last=O'Kelly|first=Seán T.|authorlink=Seán T. O'Kelly |date=12 July 1933|work=Seanad Éireann Debates|pages=Vol. 17 No. 2 p.5 cc116–117 |nopp=Y |quote=Clearly the theory [...] that married women under 30 years of age, although they may vote at a Dáil election, are not competent to vote at a local government election, will not stand.|accessdate=4 November 2016}}
124. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/1922/act/1/schedule/1/enacted/en/html |quote=All citizens of the Irish Free State (Saorstát Eireann) without distinction of sex, who have reached the age of twenty-one years and who comply with the provisions of the prevailing electoral laws, shall have the right to vote for members of Dáil Eireann, and to take part in the Referendum and Initiative.|title=Constitution of the Irish Free State (Saorstát Eireann) Act, 1922|date=6 December 1922|work=Irish Statute Book|pages=Schedule 1, Article 14 |nopp=Y|accessdate=4 November 2016}}
125. ^{{Cite journal|title=Ireland's Unique Electoral Experiment: The Senate Election of 1925 |doi=10.1080/07907180500359327 |first=John |last=Coakley |journal=Irish Political Studies |date = September 2005|volume=20 |issue=3 |pages=231–269: 234 }}
126. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.conseil-constitutionnel.fr/langues/anglais/cst1.pdf|title=La Constitution du 4 Octobre 1958|access-date=5 February 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061208194159/http://www.conseil-constitutionnel.fr/langues/anglais/cst1.pdf|archive-date=8 December 2006|dead-url=yes|df=dmy-all}}, Art. 3 and Le Code Civil francais {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928061159/http://195.83.177.9/code/liste.phtml?lang=uk&c=22&r=348 |date=28 September 2007 }}, Art. 488
127. ^Elections New Zealand {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070212073607/http://www.elections.org.nz/study/history/right-to-vote.html |date=12 February 2007 }}, "The Right to Vote". Retrieved 5 February 2007.
128. ^Encyclopedia of the Nations, New Zealand. Retrieved 6 February 2007.
129. ^Important Dates in Dominica's History {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130830091704/http://www.lennoxhonychurch.com/article.cfm?Id=394 |date=30 August 2013 }}, Lennox Honychurch
130. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.folketinget.dk/BAGGRUND/00000047/00232629.htm|title=folketinget.dk, "Representative democracy and referenda"|publisher=Folketinget.dk|accessdate=15 January 2013|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090721115249/http://www.folketinget.dk/BAGGRUND/00000047/00232629.htm|archivedate=21 July 2009|df=dmy-all}}
131. ^{{cite journal|last=Maravall|first=J.M.|title=Political Cleavages in Spain and the 1979 General Election|journal=Government and Opposition|volume=14|issue=3|pages=299–317|date=July 1979|doi=10.1111/j.1477-7053.1979.tb00247.x}}
132. ^Encyclopedia of the Nations, Belgium. Retrieved 6 February 2007.
133. ^{{cite web|url=http://ceodelhi.nic.in/FAQ/FAQs3.asp|title=Official Website of the Chief Electoral Officer, Delhi, FAQs Q21|publisher=Ceodelhi.nic.in|date=28 March 1989|accessdate=6 January 2011|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721163519/http://ceodelhi.nic.in/FAQ/FAQs3.asp|archivedate=21 July 2011|df=dmy-all}}
134. ^swissworld.org, "The political system in Switzerland"{{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070101112308/http://www.swissworld.org/dvd_rom/eng/direct_democracy_2004/content/politsystem/politsystem.html |date=1 January 2007 }}
135. ^{{cite book|first=Reingard|last=Spannring|title=Orientations of Young Men and Women to Citizenship and European Identity: Workpackage 1 – Socio-demographic Background: Austria|publisher=Institute for Advanced Studies, Vienna|url=http://www.oeij.at/doku/European_Identity.pdf|accessdate=9 May 2007}}
136. ^Eesti Nõukogude Sotsialistliku Vabariigi konstitutsioon (1940) {{et icon}}
137. ^Valmistumine Eesti Kongressi valimisteks {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080418012519/http://www.hot.ee/etsiam/Eesti%20Kongress%2010.htm |date=18 April 2008 }} {{et icon}}
138. ^http://www.legco.gov.hk/yr97-98/english/sec/library/956rp17.pdf
139. ^{{cite web |url=http://geocities.com/dagtho/lieconst19211005h.html |title=Constitution of the Principality of Liechtenstein |accessdate=2010-10-11 |deadurl=bot: unknown |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090807131456/http://geocities.com/dagtho/lieconst19211005h.html |archivedate=7 August 2009 |df=dmy-all }}, Art. 29 (2)|df=y
140. ^The World of Parliaments, Quarterly Review No. 4, IPU, 2001. Retrieved 22 July 2007.
141. ^{{cite book|first=M.|last=Nadeem|author2=Laghari, J.|title=Study of Pakistan Election System as "Intelligent e-Election"|arxiv=cs/0405105|bibcode=2004cs........5105N|year=2004}}
142. ^{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/1913092.stm|title=SOUTH ASIA | Vote on Musharraf rule set for May|publisher=BBC News|date=5 April 2002|accessdate=6 January 2011}}
143. ^Encyclopedia of the Nations, Pakistan Retrieved 6 February 2007.
144. ^{{cite news|title=Morocco lowers voting age|publisher=BBC News|date=11 December 2002|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/2565373.stm|accessdate=5 February 2007}}
145. ^http://www.globalpost.com/article/6532529/2015/04/29/saudi-allows-women-join-2015-municipal-elections
146. ^{{cite web|title=Minimum voting age in Japan dropped to 18|url=http://www.asianews.network/content/minimum-voting-age-japan-dropped-18-20152|publisher=Asia News Network|accessdate=2016-06-21|date=2016-06-19|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160621040521/http://www.asianews.network/content/minimum-voting-age-japan-dropped-18-20152|archivedate=21 June 2016|df=dmy-all}}
147. ^{{cite journal|last=Bowman|first=K.|author2=Lehoucq, F.|author3=Mahoney, J.|title=Measuring Political Democracy: Case Expertise, Data Adequacy, and Central America|journal=Comparative Political Studies|volume=38|issue=8|pages=939–970 (Appendix C)|year=2005|url=http://blmdemocracy.gatech.edu/BLM%20select%20bibliography.pdf|accessdate=4 February 2007|doi=10.1177/0010414005277083}}
148. ^{{cite web|title=MacroHistory: Prehistory to yesterday: The Sandinista Revolution|url=http://www.fsmitha.com/h2/ch24nic.htm|accessdate=12 January 2008}}
149. ^{{cite book|last=Federal Research Division, Library of Congress|title=Brazil — a country study|date=April 1997|page=300|isbn=978-1-57980-299-8|publisher=Federal Research Division, Library of Congress|location=Washington, D.C.}}
150. ^Representation of the People (Amendment) Act 2006 {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070710072226/http://www.gov.im/lib/docs/infocentre/acts/repofpeople.pdf |date=10 July 2007 }}, s. 4
151. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1522388-diputados-dio-luz-verde-el-voto-a-los-16-anos-y-ya-es-ley|title=Sin la oposición y en una sesión polémica, el kirchnerismo convirtió en ley el voto joven en Diputados|work=lanacion.com.ar}}
152. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.timesofmalta.com/articles/view/20131120/local/motion-in-parliament-to-lower-local-councils-voting-age-to-16.495566|title=Motion in parliament to lower local council elections voting age to 16|work=Times of Malta}}
153. ^https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-scotland-politics-33173488
154. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.liberale.at/|title=Aktuelle Themen|publisher=Liberale.at|accessdate=6 January 2011}}
155. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.spoe.at/|title=× SPÖ - Sozialdemokratische Partei Österreichs × Startseite |publisher=Spoe.at|date=17 December 2010|accessdate=6 January 2011}}
156. ^{{cite web|author=Bundesjugendvertretung|url=http://www.vote4future.at/|title=. Nationalratswahl 2006|publisher=vote4future.at.|accessdate=6 January 2011}}
157. ^1 2 {{cite news|url=http://www.hln.be/hln/nl/957/Binnenland/article/detail/2311536/2015/05/06/Open-Vld-en-Groen-willen-stemrecht-op-16-jaar.dhtml|title=Open Vld en Groen willen stemrecht op 16 jaar|date=5 May 2015|publisher=Het Laatste Nieuws}}
158. ^{{cite web|title=Democratic renewal and proportional representation|url=https://greenparty.ca/en/policy/vision-green/government/democratic-renewal|website=Green Party of Canada|accessdate=10 August 2015}}
159. ^{{cite press release|publisher=Parti Québécois|date=7 December 2011|language=French|title=Le Parti Québécois présente une douzaine de propositions pour changer la politique|url=http://pq.org/actualite/communiques/le_parti_quebecois_presente_une_douzaine_de_propositions_pour_changer_la_polit|accessdate=8 December 2011|quote=L’abaissement de l’âge légal pour voter à 16 ans. (Lowering the legal voting age to 16 years)|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120503172643/http://pq.org/actualite/communiques/le_parti_quebecois_presente_une_douzaine_de_propositions_pour_changer_la_polit|archivedate=3 May 2012|df=dmy-all}}
160. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.voteto16.ca/|title=VoteTO16 | Extending the Franchise for Better Democracy|publisher=Voteto16.ca|accessdate=15 January 2013|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130119194441/http://www.voteto16.ca/|archivedate=19 January 2013|df=dmy-all}}
161. ^https://www.ctvnews.ca/canada/ontario-mpp-tables-bill-to-lower-voting-age-to-16-1.3829696
162. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.duf.dk|title=DUF - Dansk Ungdoms Fællesråd fremmer unges deltagelse - Dansk Ungdoms Fællesråd|work=Dansk Ungdoms Fællesråd}}
163. ^{{cite web|url=https://avenirencommun.fr/le-livret-jeunesse/}}
164. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.intergenerationaljustice.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=85&Itemid=116|title=FRFG-Intergenerational Justice - Children's Rights|publisher=Intergenerationaljustice.org|accessdate=6 January 2011}}
165. ^{{cite web|url=http://en.kraetzae.de/vote/|title=K.R.Ä.T.Z.Ä. - Right to vote - Overview|publisher=En.kraetzae.de|accessdate=6 January 2011}}
166. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ecogreens.gr/gr/modules.php?name=News&file=print&sid=989|title=The youth must have a say (greek) (Ecologist Greens)|publisher=Ecogreens.gr|accessdate=6 January 2011|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716182807/http://www.ecogreens.gr/gr/modules.php?name=News&file=print&sid=989|archivedate=16 July 2011|df=dmy-all}}
167. ^[https://greenparty.ie/policies/political-reform-policy/ Political Reform] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180614045659/https://greenparty.ie/policies/political-reform-policy/ |date=14 June 2018 }}. Accessed via Green Party (Ireland) (official website). Retrieved 19 June 2017.
168. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.labour.ie/press/listing/122804883786263.html|title=Labour Ireland - Local election voting age should be lowered to 16|publisher=Labour.ie|date=30 November 2008|accessdate=6 January 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120113110018/http://www.labour.ie/press/listing/122804883786263.html|archive-date=13 January 2012|dead-url=yes|df=dmy-all}}
169. ^Sinn Féin calls for voting age to be lowered to 16. Irish Examiner. Published 12 August 2017. Retrieved 17 August 2017.
170. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.socialistparty.net/youth/manifesto2.htm|title=A Programme For Socialist Change - SY Manifesto (p. 2)|publisher=Socialistparty.net|accessdate=6 January 2011|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110425091849/http://www.socialistparty.net/youth/manifesto2.htm|archivedate=25 April 2011|df=dmy-all}}
171. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.constitution.ie/AttachmentDownload.ashx?mid=e1f8e128-2496-e211-a5a0-005056a32ee4|format=PDF|title=First Report on (i) Reducing the voting age to 17; and (ii) Reducing the Presidential term of office to five years and aligning it with the local and European elections.|author=Convention on the Constitution|date=March 2013|accessdate=8 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160319220719/https://www.constitution.ie/attachmentdownload.ashx?mid=e1f8e128-2496-e211-a5a0-005056a32ee4|archive-date=19 March 2016|dead-url=yes|df=dmy-all}}
172. ^{{cite web|url=http://oireachtasdebates.oireachtas.ie/debates%20authoring/debateswebpack.nsf/takes/dail2013071800021?opendocument#T00100|title=Report of the Convention on the Constitution: Statements|date=18 July 2013|work=Dáil Éireann debates|publisher=Oireachtas|accessdate=14 August 2013}}
173. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.thejournal.ie/voting-age-16-1884047-Jan2015/|title=Enda accused of 'betraying' young people by scrapping voting age referendum|last=Ryan|first=Órla|date=15 January 2015|work=TheJournal.ie|accessdate=26 January 2015}}
174. ^[https://www.thelocal.it/20170509/five-star-movement-leader-beppe-grillo-italy-m5s-16-year-olds-teenagers-vote-elections-politics Five Star Movement leader Grillo wants 16-year-olds to get the vote]. The Local (Italy edition). Author - Catherine Edwards. Published 9 May 2017. Retrieved 18 August 2017.
175. ^{{Cite news|url=http://www.tecnicadellascuola.it/salvini-abbassare-a-16-anni-il-diritto-di-voto|title=Salvini: "Abbassare a 16 anni il diritto di voto" - Tecnica della Scuola|date=2015-11-11|work=Tecnica della Scuola|access-date=2018-09-17|language=it-IT}}
176. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2015/09/26/mps-split-over-lowering-voting-age-to-18/|title=MPs split over lowering voting age to 18|publisher=The Star Online|date=26 September 2015}}
177. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.suaram.net/?p=5477|title=Tuntutan-Tuntutan PRU13 Masyarakat Sivil Malaysia|publisher=suaram.net}}
178. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.bersih.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/Tribunal-Rakyat-PRU13.pdf|title=Laporan Tribunal Rakyat Tentang Pilihan Raya ke-13 Malaysia|publisher=bersih.org}}
179. ^{{cite web |url=http://dapmalaysia.org/en/about-us/vision-mission/party-policies/ |title=DAP Malaysia - Party Policies |publisher=dapmalaysia.org |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160630121410/http://dapmalaysia.org/en/about-us/vision-mission/party-policies/ |archivedate=30 June 2016 |df=dmy-all }}
180. ^{{cite web|url=http://mykuasa.org/ms/political-party/amanah|title=mykuasa.org - Amanah|publisher=mykuasa.org}}
181. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.thesundaily.my/node/138497 |title=Change voting age to 18 |publisher=theSundaily |date=13 September 2010 |access-date=28 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180614045457/http://www.thesundaily.my/node/138497 |archive-date=14 June 2018 |dead-url=yes |df=dmy-all }}
182. ^{{cite web|url=http://partisosialis.org/node/3425|title=Resolusi Kongres Nasional Parti Sosialis Malaysia (PSM) ke-18|publisher=partisosialis.org|access-date=28 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180614094345/https://partisosialis.org/node/3425|archive-date=14 June 2018|dead-url=yes|df=dmy-all}}
183. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.venstre.no/|title=Venstre - Småbedrifter | Miljø | Velferd | Kunnskap|publisher=Venstre.no|accessdate=6 January 2011}}
184. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.sv.no/|title=Forside - Sosialistisk Venstreparti|language=no|publisher=Sv.no|accessdate=6 January 2011}}
185. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.reteauadestiri.ro/gorghiu-insista-vrea-tinerii-la-vot-de-la-16-ani/|title=Gorghiu insistă: vrea tinerii la vot de la 16 ani|accessdate=20 June 2015}}
186. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.digi24.ro/Stiri/Digi24/Actualitate/Politica/Votul+la+16+ani+revine+in+discutie|title=Votul la 16 ani revine în discuție|accessdate=20 June 2015}}
187. ^https://feministisktinitiativ.se/politik/politikens-organisering/
188. ^https://www.vansterpartiet.se/politik/barns-och-ungas-rattigheter/
189. ^https://www.mp.se/politik/demokrati-och-politik
190. ^{{cite web|url=http://greenparty.org.uk/archive/news-archive/3440.html/|title=Green Party - Greens back calls for votes at 16|date=6 June 2008|work=greenparty.org.uk|accessdate=17 April 2018}}
191. ^Green Party in Northern Ireland manifesto 2017. Section - Equality. P.15. Retrieved 9 September 2017.
192. ^[https://labour.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/labour-manifesto-2017.pdf Labour Party Manifesto 2017]. Page 103. Retrieved 11 September 2018
193. ^[https://labour.org.uk/latest/stories/time-votes-16/ Constitutional & Political Reform]. Liberal Democrats (official website). Retrieved 11 May 2017.
194. ^{{cite web|url=http://liberal.org.uk/policies/government/|title=The Liberal Party :: Government|author=David Proffitt|work=liberal.org.uk|accessdate=17 April 2018}}
195. ^National Health Action Party - election manifesto 2015. National Health Action Party (official website). p.10 - 'A fair political system'. Retrieved 14 May 2017.
196. ^'Lower voting age to 16'. Wales Online. Published 9 March 2004. Last updated 31 March 2013. Retrieved 7 September 2017.
197. ^[https://www.scottishsocialistparty.org/policies/policy-index/building-better-scotland/ Building a Better Scotland]. 'We will also campaign for the following measures, which are not within the Scottish Parliament’s powers:...The reduction of the voting and candidacy age to 16 – for all elections'. Scottish Socialist Party (official website). Retrieved 1 February 2017.
198. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.futurevotersofamerica.org |title=Future Voters of America|publisher=Future Voters of America|accessdate=6 January 2011}}
199. ^{{cite web|title=Platform|url=http://www.txgreens.org/platform|website=txgreens.org|accessdate=12 August 2017}}

Further reading

  • {{cite thesis|degree=Ph.D|last=Hyde|first=Martin|title=Democracy education and the Canadian voting age|publisher=University of British Columbia|date=2001|url=http://hdl.handle.net/2429/12999}}
  • {{cite journal|last=Folkes|first=Alex|title=The case for votes at 16|journal=Representation|volume=41|issue=1|pages=52–56|doi=10.1080/00344890408523288|date=January 2004|ref=harv}}
  • {{cite journal|last1=Cowley|first1=Philip|last2=Denver|first2=David|title=Votes at 16? The case against|journal=Representation|volume=41|issue=1|pages=57–62|doi=10.1080/00344890408523289|date=January 2004|ref=harv}}
  • {{cite journal|last1=Melo|first1=Daniela F.|last2=Stockemer|first2=Daniel|title=Age and political participation in Germany, France and the UK: a comparative analysis|journal=Comparative European Politics|volume=12|issue=1|pages=33–53|doi=10.1057/cep.2012.31|date=January 2014|ref=harv}} Abridged version (pdf).
  • Chan, T.W. & Clayton, M. 2006, "Should the Voting Age be Lowered to Sixteen? Normative and Empirical Considerations", Political Studies, vol. 54, no. 3, pp. 533–558.

External links

  • [https://web.archive.org/web/20080109020202/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2123.html Field Listing - Suffrage] from the CIA World Factbook
  • A more complete list of voting ages around the world (in German)
  • [https://web.archive.org/web/20071012150818/http://freechild.org/SNAYR/suffrage.htm Youth Suffrage Resources]
{{Suffrage}}{{Law country lists}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Voting Age}}

6 : Electoral restrictions|Juvenile law|Law-related lists|Lists by country|Minimum ages|Youth rights
随便看

　

开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。

　

Copyright © 2023 OENC.NET All Rights Reserved
京ICP备2021023879号 更新时间：2024/11/13 22:27:14