| 词条 | AMPA receptor positive allosteric modulator |
| 释义 |
Medical applicationsAMPAR PAMs have cognition- and memory-enhancing and antidepressant-like effects in preclinical models, and have potential medical applications in the treatment of cognitive impairment (e.g., cognitive symptoms in schizophrenia, mild cognitive impairment), dementia (e.g., Alzheimer's disease), depression, and for other indications.[1][2] They can broadly be divided into low-impact and high-impact potentiators, with high-impact potentiators able to produce comparatively more robust increases in AMPAR activation.[3] However, high-impact AMPAR PAMs can cause motor coordination disruptions, convulsions, and neurotoxicity at sufficiently high doses, similarly to orthosteric AMPAR activators (i.e., active/glutamate site agonists).[2] The AMPAR is one of the most highly expressed receptors in the brain, and is responsible for the majority of fast excitatory amino acid neurotransmission in the central nervous system (CNS).[6] Considering the broad impact of the AMPARs in the CNS, selectively targeting AMPARs involved in disease is difficult, and it is thought that global enhancement of AMPARs may be associated with an intolerable level of toxicity.[6][1] For this reason, doubt has been cast on the feasibility of AMPAR activators for use in medicine.[1] However, low doses of AMPAR activators may nonetheless be useful, and AMPAR PAMs, which, unlike agonists, show selectivity for AMPAR subpopulations of different subunit compositions, may hold greater potential for medical applications.[6][1] PharmacologyAMPAR PAMs bind to one or more allosteric sites on the AMPAR complex and potentiate the receptor.[6] Unlike orthosteric (active/glutamate) site AMPAR activators, otherwise known as AMPAR agonists, AMPAR PAMs only potentiate AMPAR signaling in the presence of glutamate and hence do not activate the receptor directly/themselves.[6] Moreover, whereas AMPAR agonists activate all AMPARs, AMPAR PAMs can show selectivity for specific subpopulations of AMPARs.[6] This is because the AMPAR is composed of different combinations of various subunits, and the allosteric sites differ depending on the different subunit combinations.[6] AMPAR PAMs can be broadly grouped into two types based on their binding site and impact on AMPAR activation: low-impact (type I) and high-impact (type II).[16] Low-impact AMPAR PAMs have the following criteria:[16]
While high-impact AMPAR PAMs have the following criteria:[16]
Low-impact AMPAR PAMs decrease AMPAR deactivation (channel closing) alone to augment synaptic currents while high-impact AMPAR PAMs decrease both deactivation and desensitization together to enhance and prolong synaptic currents.[3] Low-impact AMPAR PAMs have only slight effects on AMPAR currents, whereas high-impact AMPAR PAMs have effects more similar to those of AMPAR agonists and can produce strong enhancement.[4][5] Similarly to AMPAR agonists, high-impact AMPAR PAMs can cause convulsions and neurotoxicity in sufficiently high doses.[2] Conversely, low-impact AMPAR PAMs have few adverse effects.[4] Classes and list of drugsBy chemical structureThere are several major chemical classes of AMPAR PAMs:[6][7]
These classes have divergent properties, including allosteric site specificity, potency, impact (i.e., low versus high), and selectivity for AMPAR populations composed of different subunits.[6][7] All of the biarylpropylsulfonamides are high-impact AMPAR PAMs, whereas the majority of the ampakines are low-impact AMPAR potentiators.[9] The biarylpropylsulfonamides are highly potent, on the order of 1,000-fold more potent than the ampakines and cyclothiazide.[9] By impactAMPAR PAMs can be broadly grouped by their impact on AMPAR activation:[10][3][11]
See also
References1. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite book | vauthors = Lee K, Goodman L, Fourie C, Schenk S, Leitch B, Montgomery JM | title = AMPA Receptors as Therapeutic Targets for Neurological Disorders | journal = Adv Protein Chem Struct Biol | volume = 103 | issue = | pages = 203–61 | year = 2016 | pmid = 26920691 | doi = 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2015.10.004 | url = | series = Advances in Protein Chemistry and Structural Biology | isbn = 9780128047941 }} {{Ionotropic glutamate receptor modulators}}2. ^1 2 {{cite journal | vauthors = Ranganathan M, DeMartinis N, Huguenel B, Gaudreault F, Bednar MM, Shaffer CL, Gupta S, Cahill J, Sherif MA, Mancuso J, Zumpano L, D'Souza DC | title = Attenuation of ketamine-induced impairment in verbal learning and memory in healthy volunteers by the AMPA receptor potentiator PF-04958242 | journal = Mol. Psychiatry | volume = 22| issue = 11| pages = 1633–1640| year = 2017 | pmid = 28242871 | doi = 10.1038/mp.2017.6 | url = }} 3. ^1 2 {{cite journal | vauthors = Roberts BM, Holden DE, Shaffer CL, Seymour PA, Menniti FS, Schmidt CJ, Williams GV, Castner SA | title = Prevention of ketamine-induced working memory impairments by AMPA potentiators in a nonhuman primate model of cognitive dysfunction | journal = Behav. Brain Res. | volume = 212 | issue = 1 | pages = 41–8 | year = 2010 | pmid = 20347881 | doi = 10.1016/j.bbr.2010.03.039 | url = }} 4. ^1 {{cite journal | vauthors = Lorier AR, Funk GD, Greer JJ | title = Opiate-induced suppression of rat hypoglossal motoneuron activity and its reversal by ampakine therapy | journal = PLoS ONE | volume = 5 | issue = 1 | pages = e8766 | year = 2010 | pmid = 20098731 | pmc = 2808240 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0008766 | url = }} 5. ^{{Cite web | url=https://www.google.com/patents/US20100069377 | title=Treatment of female sexual dysfunction by compounds that positively modulate ampa-type glutamate receptors}} 6. ^1 {{cite journal | vauthors = Froestl W, Muhs A, Pfeifer A | title = Cognitive enhancers (nootropics). Part 1: drugs interacting with receptors | journal = J. Alzheimers Dis. | volume = 32 | issue = 4 | pages = 793–887 | year = 2012 | pmid = 22886028 | doi = 10.3233/JAD-2012-121186 | url = }} 7. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 {{cite journal | vauthors = Black MD | title = Therapeutic potential of positive AMPA modulators and their relationship to AMPA receptor subunits. A review of preclinical data | journal = Psychopharmacology | volume = 179 | issue = 1 | pages = 154–63 | year = 2005 | pmid = 15672275 | doi = 10.1007/s00213-004-2065-6 | url = }} 8. ^{{Cite journal|last=Gudasheva|first=T. A.|last2=Grigoriev|first2=V. V.|last3=Koliasnikova|first3=K. N.|last4=Zamoyski|first4=V. L.|last5=Seredenin|first5=S. B.|title=Neuropeptide cycloprolylglycine is an endogenous positive modulator of AMPA receptors|journal=Doklady Biochemistry and Biophysics|language=en|volume=471|issue=1|pages=387–389|doi=10.1134/s160767291606003x|pmid=28058675|issn=1607-6729|date=November 2016}} 9. ^1 Jordan, G. R. (2007). Investigation of the Functional Effects of Two Novel Ampakines in the CNS. http://www.era.lib.ed.ac.uk/handle/1842/1946 10. ^1 2 3 {{Cite web | url=https://www.google.com/patents/US9700596 | title=Locally released growth factors to mediate motor recovery after stroke}} 11. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Monti B, Contestabile A | title = Memory-enhancing drugs: a molecular perspective | journal = Mini Rev Med Chem | volume = 9 | issue = 7 | pages = 769–81 | year = 2009 | pmid = 19519502 | doi = | url = }} 1 : AMPA receptor positive allosteric modulators |
| 随便看 |
|
开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。