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词条 Amphicynodontinae
释义

  1. Systematics

  2. References

{{Taxobox
|name = Amphicynodontinae
|image = Kolponomos newportensis .jpg
|image_caption = Artist's restoration of Kolponomos newportensis.
|fossil_range = Late Eocene to Early Miocene
{{Fossil range|38|18}}
|regnum = Animalia
|phylum = Chordata
|classis = Mammalia
|ordo = Carnivora
|subordo = Caniformia
|familia = Ursidae
|subfamilia = †Amphicynodontinae
|subfamilia_authority = Simpson, 1945
|subdivision_ranks = Genera
|subdivision =
  • †Amphicticeps
  • †Parictis
  • †Kolponomos
  • †Allocyon
  • †Pachycynodon
  • †Amphicynodon

}}Amphicynodontinae is a probable clade of extinct arctoids. While some researchers consider this group to be an extinct subfamily of bears,[1] a variety of morphological evidence links amphicynodontines with pinnipeds, as the group were semi-aquatic otter-like mammals.[2][3][4] In addition to the support of the pinniped–amphicynodontine clade, other morphological and some molecular supporting bears being the closest living relatives to pinnipeds.[5][6][7][3][8][3][4] According to McKenna and Bell (1997) Amphicynodontinae are classified as stem-pinnipeds in the superfamily Phocoidea.[9] Fossils of these mammals have been found in the Holarctic region of the planet.[4]

Systematics

  • Subfamily †Amphicynodontinae (Simpson, 1945)
    • †Amphicticeps (Matthew and Granger, 1924)
    • †Amphicticeps makhchinus (Wang et al., 2005)
    • †Amphicticeps dorog (Wang et al., 2005)
    • †Amphicticeps shackelfordi (Matthew and Granger, 1924)
    • †Parictis (Scott, 1893)
    • †Parictis primaevus (Scott, 1893)
    • †Parictis personi (Chaffee, 1954)
    • †Parictis montanus (Clark & Guensburg, 1972)
    • †Parictis parvus (Clark & Beerbower, 1967)
    • †Parictis gilpini (Clark & Guensburg, 1972)
    • †Parictis dakotensis (Clark, 1936)
    • †Kolponomos (Stirton, 1960)
    • †Kolponomos newportensis (Tedford et al., 1994)
    • †Kolponomos clallamensis (Stirton, 1960)
    • †Allocyon (Merriam, 1930)
    • †Allocyon loganensis (Merriam, 1930)
    • †Pachycynodon (Schlosser, 1888)
    • †Pachycynodon tedfordi (Wang & Qiu, 2003)
    • †Pachycynodon tenuis (Teilhard de Chardin, 1915)
    • †Pachycynodon filholi (Schlosser, 1888)
    • †Pachycynodon boriei (Filhol, 1876)
    • †Pachycynodon crassirostris (Schlosser, 1888)
    • †Amphicynodon (Filhol, 1881)
    • †Amphicynodon mongoliensis (Janovskaja, 1970)
    • †Amphicynodon teilhardi (Matthew and Granger, 1924)
    • †Amphicynodon typicus (Schlosser, 1888)
    • †Amphicynodon chardini (Cirot and De Bonis, 1992)
    • †Amphicynodon cephalogalinus (Teilhard, 1915)
    • †Amphicynodon gracilis (Filhol, 1874)
    • †Amphicynodon crassirostris (Filhol, 1876)
    • †Amphicynodon brachyrostris (Filhol, 1876)
    • †Amphicynodon leptorhynchus (Filhol, 1874)
    • †Amphicynodon velaunus (Aymard, 1846)

References

1. ^{{cite journal | last1 = McLellan | first1 = B. | last2 = Reiner | first2 = D.C. |year=1992 |title= A review of bear evolution |journal= International Association for Bear Research and Management |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=85–96 |doi=10.2307/3872687| jstor = 3872687 }}
2. ^{{Cite journal | last1 = Tedford | first1 = R. H. | authorlink = Richard H. Tedford | last2 = Barnes | first2 = L. G. | last3 = Ray | first3 = C. E. | title = The early Miocene littoral ursoid carnivoran Kolponomos: Systematics and mode of life | year = 1994 | journal = Proceedings of the San Diego Society of Natural History | volume = 29 | pages = 11–32 | url = https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/pdf1/000389400021705.pdf | accessdate = 24 July 2010 }}{{dead link|date=December 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
3. ^1 2 {{cite journal | author = Rybczynski, N., Dawson, M.R., & Tedford, R.H. | year = 2009 | title = A semi-aquatic Arctic mammalian carnivore from the Miocene epoch and origin of Pinnipedia | journal = Nature | volume = 458 | issue = 7241 | pages = 1021–24 | doi = 10.1038/nature07985 | pmid = 19396145}}
4. ^1 2 {{cite journal | author = Berta, A., Morgan, C., & Boessenecker, R.W. | year = 2018 | title = The Origin and Evolutionary Biology of Pinnipeds: Seals, Sea Lions, and Walruses | journal = Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences | volume = 0| pages = 203–228 | doi = 10.1146/annurev-earth-082517-010009}}
5. ^{{cite journal|author1=Hunt, R. M. Jr. |author2=Barnes, L. G. |year=1994|title=Basicranial evidence for ursid affinity of the oldest pinnipeds|journal=Proceedings of the San Diego Society of Natural History|volume=29|pages=57–67|url=https://archive.org/details/cbarchive_36692_basicranialevidenceforursidaff1990|format=PDF}}
6. ^{{cite journal |author1=Lento, G. M. |author2=Hickson, R. E. |author3=Chambers, G. K. |author4=Penny, D. |year=1995 |url=http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/reprint/12/1/28 |title=Use of spectral analysis to test hypotheses on the origin of pinnipeds |journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=28–52 |pmid=7877495 |doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a040189}}
7. ^{{Cite journal |author1=Wang, X. |author2=McKenna, M. C. |author3=Dashzeveg, D. |title=Amphicticeps and Amphicynodon (Arctoidea, Carnivora) from Hsanda Gol Formation, central Mongolia and phylogeny of basal arctoids with comments on zoogeography. |doi=10.1206/0003-0082(2005)483[0001:AAAACF]2.0.CO;2 |journal=American Museum Novitates |volume=483 |issue=3483 |page=216 |year=2005}}
8. ^{{Cite journal |author1=Higdon, J. W. |author2=Bininda-Emonds, O. R. |author3=Beck, R. M. |author4=Ferguson, S. H. |title=Phylogeny and divergence of the pinnipeds (Carnivora: Mammalia) assessed using a multigene dataset |doi=10.1186/1471-2148-7-216 |journal=BMC Evolutionary Biology |volume=7 |page=216 |year=2007 |pmid=17996107 |pmc=2245807}}
9. ^{{cite book | last1 = McKenna | first1 = M.C. | last2 = Bell | first2 = S. | year = 1997 | title = Classification of Mammals Above the Species Level. | url = | publisher = Columbia University Press, New York}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q33139445}}

1 : Miocene carnivorans
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