| 词条 | Amud 1 |
| 释义 |
| catalog number = Amud 1 | common name = | image = Amud_1._Homo_neanderthalensis.jpg | caption = Amud 1 cranium cast without the mandible | species = Homo neanderthalensis | age = 55,000 years | place discovered = Amud, Israel | date discovered = July 1961 | discovered by = Hisashi Suzuki and others | footnote = Presumed male adult }}Amud 1 is a nearly complete but poorly preserved adult Southwest Asian Neanderthal skeleton thought to be about 55,000 years old. It was discovered at Amud in Israel by Hisashi Suzuki in July 1961, who described it as male. With an estimated height of {{height|m=1.78|precision=0}}, it is considerably taller than any other known Neanderthal,[1] and its skull has by far the largest cranial capacity (1736[2]-1740[3] cm3) of any archaic hominin skull ever found,{{refn|group=note|Though Neanderthal skulls are usually more voluminous than modern human ones, many Eurasian skulls are larger than Amud 1. Fossils include La Barma Grande 2 and Grotte de Enfants 4, who have cranial capacities of 1880 cc and 1780 cc, respectively. 3.[4]}} making it, according to Ralph Holloway, one of the most famous specimens of Neanderthal skulls.[5] The skull was found very high in the stratigraphy and was not only mixed with Upper Palaeolithic artefacts, but also with pottery from levels further above. Because of this the first two published dates of Amud 1 and other remains were not taken seriously when they suggested an extremely recent time (by Neanderthal standards) of 28,000 and 20,000 years. It has since been redated by ESR to about 55,000 years. Like other Neanderthal specimens in the Levant (such as Tabun C1 and the Shanidar specimens), Amud 1's skull is long, broad, and low, with an especially large nose and a big face, pronounced midfacial prognathism, and a large palate and lower jaw. To the contrary of other Near Eastern Neanderthals, its brow ridges are slender and its chin, though still minimal by modern human standards, are somewhat developed. Although Amud 1 is considerably taller than any other known Neanderthal, its body is stocky, robust, and has short limbs, similarly to the cold-adapted bodies of Classic West European Neanderthals.[1] Suzuki initially interpreted these features as intermediate between Levantine Neanderthals (the Tabun and Shanidar specimens) and Levantine anatomically modern humans (Skhul and Qafzeh).[6] In 1995, Hovers et al. argued that its cranial and mandibular particularities made it fully Neanderthal,[7] and although rejected by Belfer-Cohen (1998), this is now the accepted classification. Amud 1 is highly progressive for a Neanderthal and has many derived traits shared with early anatomically modern humans and even modern humans.[8][9] The skeleton is currently held at Tel Aviv University, Israel. See also
Notes1. ^1 {{cite book |last1=Stringer |first1=C.|last2=Gamble|first2=C. |date=1993 |title= In Search of the Neanderthals|journal=Nature|volume=376|issue=6539|url= |location= London|publisher=Thames and Hudson |page=100–101 |isbn= 978-0500050705|author-link= |bibcode=1995Natur.376..397D|doi=10.1038/376397a0}} 2. ^{{cite journal |last= Amano|first= H.|last2= Kikuchi|first2= T.|last3= Morita|first3=Y. |last4=Kondo |first4= O.|last5= Suzuki|first5=Hiromasa |last6= Ponce de Leon|first6= M. S.|last7= Zollikofer|first7=C.P.E. |last8=Bastir |first8= M.|last9= Stringer|first9=C. |last10= Ogihara|first10=N. |display-authors=5|date= Aug 2015|title= Virtual Reconstruction of the Neanderthal Amud 1 Cranium|journal= American Journal of Physical Anthropology |volume= 158|issue= 2|pages= 185–197|doi=10.1002/ajpa.22777|pmid= 26249757|hdl= 10261/123419}} 3. ^{{cite encyclopedia|last = Ogawa|first = T.|last2 = Kamiya|first2 = T.|last3 = Sakai|first3 = S.|last4 = Hosokawa|first4 = H.|editor-last = Suzuki|editor-first = Hisashi |editor-last2 = Takai|editor-first2 = F.| title = Some observations on the endocranial cast of the Amud man.| encyclopedia = The Amud man and his cave site.| year = 1970| publisher = Keigaku Publishing| location = Tokyo| pages = 407–420}} 4. ^{{cite book |last= Vandermeersch|first=Bernard |date= 1981|title=Les hommes fossiles de Qafzeh (Israël)|location= Paris|publisher= Éditions du CNRS|page= 141|isbn=978-2222028277}} 5. ^{{cite book |last= Holloway|first= R.L.|last2=Broadfield|first2=D.C.|last3=Yuan|first3=M.S.|date=2004 |title= The human fossil record: brain endocasts: the paleoneurological evidence|location= Hoboken|publisher=Wiley|isbn=9780471663577|doi=10.1002/0471663573}} 6. ^{{cite book |last= Suzuki|first= Hisashi|last2= Takai|first2= F.|date=1970 |title= The Amud man and his cave site|url= |location=Tokyo |publisher=Keigaku Publishing Co. |page= |isbn= |author-link= }} 7. ^{{cite journal |last= Hovers|first= E.|last2= Lavi|first2= Y.|last3= Kimbel|first3=W.|date= 1995|title= Hominid remains from Amud Cave in the context of the Levantine Middle Paleolithic|url= |journal= Paléorient|volume=21 |issue= 2|pages= 47–61|doi= |access-date= }} 8. ^{{Cite book |title=Neandertals and Modern Humans in Western Asia |last=Arensburg |first=Baruch |last2=Belfer-Cohen |first2=Anna |date=January 2002 |isbn=978-0-306-45924-5 |pages=311–322 |chapter=Sapiens and Neandertals |doi=10.1007/0-306-47153-1_19 |chapter-url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/227227451}} 9. ^{{Cite book | url=https://books.google.com/?id=iNdKDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA412&lpg=PA412&dq=amud+highly+progressive+neanderthal#v=onepage&q=amud%20highly%20progressive%20neanderthal&f=false | title=Processes in Human Evolution: The journey from early hominins to Neanderthals and modern humans| isbn=9780191060458| last1=Ayala| first1=Francisco J.| last2=Cela-Conde| first2=Camilo J.| date=2017-03-01}} References{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}{{Homo neanderthalensis|state=expanded}}{{Paleo-hominin-stub}} 1 : Neanderthal fossils |
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