| 词条 | Amychus granulatus |
| 释义 |
| name = Cook Strait click beetle | image = COLE Elateridae Amychus granulatus.png | image_alt = Cook Strait click beetle from Waterhouse 1880 | image_caption =Amychus granulatus by Des Helmore | status = RR | status_system = NZTCS | status_ref = [1] | genus = Amychus | species = granulatus | authority = Broun, 1883[2] | synonyms = * Psorochroa granulata (Emberson et al. 1993)
}} Amychus granulatus, commonly known as the Cook Strait click beetle, is a large flightless click beetle in the family Elateridae. DescriptionAdult A. granulatus can be distinguished from other Amychus species by its wide and spreading prothorax and small round nodules on its elytra. Its size ranges from 16–22.5 mm. It has a flattened body shape and small vestigial wings.[3] Click beetles are named due to their ability to make an audible click when on their back to jump into the air.[3] However, Amychus do not have the ability to defend themselves in this way.[4] DistributionThis species was discovered by the lighthouse keeper, Mr P. Stewart-Sandager,[3] on North Brother Island in Cook Strait, and was described by Broun in 1881.[5] It is currently only found on islands in the outer Marlborough Sounds[5] in New Zealand; fragments of this beetle have been collected from the nest of the extinct Laughing owl in North Canterbury, indicating it once had a much larger former range.[6] Islands that it has been collected from include the Brothers, Stephens Island, Middle and South Trio Island, Maud Island and Sentinel Rock. It has not been seen since 1957 on North Brother Island (its type locality) despite searches, and it is possible that it is now extinct there.[3] The relict populations on Marlborough Sounds islands are probably due to the introduction of mammalian predators on the mainland.[5] EcologyThe adult beetle has been collected from tree trunks including tawa, ngaio and taupata at night, and from under logs and rocks.[7] Adult beetles have been observed feeding on sap oozing from tree trunks.[8] ThreatsThe presence of five separate populations of the beetle on islands in the Outer Marlborough Sounds probably helps protect it against any immediate threat to its survival.[5] However, some of these populations are in decline. In 1930, G.V. Hudson described the Cook Strait click beetle as "confined to the islands in Cook Strait, where it is abundant in crevices in the rocks and under logs and stones".[9] Recent accounts describe it as now rare, despite little change in the vegetation over the past fifty years. A recent increase in the number of predatory tuatara may account for this.[10] However tuatara scats, despite containing a rich range of invertebrate fauna, were not shown to contain the Cook Strait click beetle.[11] It is thought that the lack of decomposing logs on Stephens Island may limit the population size there.[5] ConservationSince 1980 A. granulatus has been protected under the Wildlife Act 1953, making it illegal to collect or own specimens without a permit. Its conservation status is considered to be Relict and Conservation Dependent, as it only survives on islands that are maintained as rodent-free.[1] Future conservation efforts, including any captive breeding programme, are impeded by the lack of knowledge of its basic biology, particularly the biology of its larvae. Providing artificial habitat to replace the lack of decomposing logs may assist this species and help with population monitoring.[5] References1. ^1 {{cite journal|last2=Marris|first2=J. W. M.|last3=Emberson|first3=R. M.|last4=Hitchmough|first4=R. A.|last5=Stringer|first5=I. A. N.|date=2012|title=The Conservation Status of New Zealand Coleoptera|journal=New Zealand Entomologist|volume=35|issue=2|pages=91–98|last1=Leschen|first1=R. A. B.|doi=10.1080/00779962.2012.686311}} 2. ^{{cite journal|last1=Broun|first1=Thomas|title=The New Zealand Carabidae|journal=New Zealand Journal of Science|date=1883|volume=1|pages=287–304|url=https://archive.org/stream/newzealandjourna1188283du#page/286/mode/2up|accessdate=29 May 2016}} 3. ^{{cite web|last1=Hall|first1=Grace|title=Click Beetle|url=http://www.landcareresearch.co.nz/resources/identification/animals/bug-id/what-is-this-bug/bugs-with-legs/6-legs/beetles/click-beetle|website=Landcare Research|accessdate=2 June 2016}} 4. ^{{cite web|last1=Ure|first1=Graeme|title=Island Refuge|url=https://www.nzgeo.com/stories/island-refuge/|website=New Zealand Geographic|accessdate=2 June 2016}} 5. ^1 2 3 4 5 {{cite document|title=The Conservation Status of the Cook Strait Click Beetle, Amychus granulatus (Broun) (Coleoptera: Elateridae): with comments on other threatened insects of the Marlborough Sounds|last=Marris|first=John|publisher=Department of Conservation|hdl = 10182/4162|date = October 1996}} 6. ^{{cite journal|date=1996|title=Quaternary fossil faunas, overlapping taphonomies, and palaeofaunal reconstruction in North Canterbury, South Island, New Zealand|journal=Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand|volume=26|issue=3|pages=275–361|last1=Worthy|first1=Trevor H.|doi=10.1080/03014223.1996.9517514}} 7. ^1 2 3 {{cite journal|last=Marris|first=John W. M.|first2=Paul J.|year=2010|title=A revision of the New Zealand click beetle genus AmychusPascoe 1876 (Coleoptera: Elateridae: Denticollinae) with a description of a new species from the Three Kings Islands|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/239529303|journal=Zootaxa|volume=2331|pages=35–56|author2=Johnson|accessdate=2016-05-29}} 8. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.doc.govt.nz/Documents/science-and-technical/tsop20d.pdf|title=The Conservation Requirements of New Zealand's Nationally Threatened Invertebrates|last=McGuiness|first=C.A|publisher=Department of Conservation|accessdate=2016-05-29}} 9. ^{{cite book|last1=Hudson|first1=G.V.|title=New Zealand beetles and their larvae: an elementary introduction to the study of our native Coleoptera|publisher=Ferguson & Osborne|location=Wellington|page=82|url=http://www.bugz.org.nz/WebForms/ResultDetails.aspx?CurrentDoc=88E19BC3-50DE-4240-AD6F-B77E4EAE2907&CurrentPage=89&searchType=3&StartChar=%EF%BF%BD|accessdate=5 June 2016}} 10. ^{{cite book|last1=Meads|first1=Mike|title=Forgotten Fauna|date=1990|publisher=DSIR publishing|location=Wellington|isbn=978-0-477-02590-4|page=38}} 11. ^{{cite journal|last1=Walls|first1=G.Y.|title=Feeding Ecology of the Tuatara on Stephens Island, Cook Strait|journal=New Zealand Journal of Ecology|date=1981|volume=4|pages=89–97|url=http://newzealandecology.org/nzje/1519.pdf|accessdate=5 June 2016}} External links
3 : Beetles described in 1883|Endemic fauna of New Zealand|Beetles of New Zealand |
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