| 词条 | Andrew Brunson |
| 释义 |
| honorific-prefix = | name = Andrew Brunson | honorific-suffix = | native_name = | native_name_lang = | image = File:Secretary Pompeo with Pastor Brunson (45469597862) (cropped).jpg | image_size = | alt = | caption = Brunson at the US State Department in 2018 | sanskrit = | kunya = | religion = Protestant Christian | school = | institute = | denomination = Evangelical Presbyterian Church{{citation needed|date=February 2019}} | church = Founder: Izmir Resurrection Church; Home church: Christ Community Church in Montreat, N.C. | alma_mater = Wheaton College (bachelors, 1988);[1] Trinity Evangelical Divinity School (M.A., 1991);[2] Erskine Theological Seminary M.Div.; University of Aberdeen (PhD, 2001) | nationality = United States | residence = | home_town = | birth_name = Andrew Craig Brunson | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1968|1|3}} | birth_place = Black Mountain, North Carolina, U.S. | spouse = Norine Brunson | children = 3 | parents = | location = Former: Izmir, Turkey | title = | period = | consecration = | predecessor = | successor = | reason = | rank = | teacher = | students = | initiated = | works = | ordination = | profession = | previous_post = | present_post = | post = Pastor | website = [https://epc.org/news/freepastorandrew/ Evangelical Presbyterian Church – free Pastor Andrew] | signature = | background = }} Andrew Craig Brunson (born January 3, 1968) is an American pastor and a teaching elder of the Evangelical Presbyterian Church. Brunson was arrested in Turkey, where he had lived since the mid-1990s, in October 2016 during the purges occurring after the 2016 Turkish coup d'état attempt against Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, along with the arrests of tens of thousands of Turkish military personnel, civil servants, educators, academics, dissidents, and journalists.[3][4] Brunson is an evangelical pastor of the Izmir Resurrection Church, a small Protestant church with about 25 congregants.{{citation needed|date=February 2019}} T-Online describes the church as having been held in a room in a tenement. On September 28, 2017, Erdoğan unsuccessfully proposed exchanging Brunson for Fethullah Gülen, an Islamic preacher accused of supporting the coup attempt from his exile in the United States.[5] On July 26, 2018, US Vice President Pence called on Erdoğan to release Brunson or face significant sanctions.[5][6] On August 1, 2018, the U.S. Department of Treasury imposed sanctions on two top Turkish government officials who were involved in the detention of Brunson, Turkish Justice Minister Abdulhamit Gül and Interior Minister Suleyman Soylu.[7][8] In October 2018, the Trump administration successfully secured the release of Brunson, after U.S. economic sanctions and tariffs were placed on Turkey. On October 12, 2018, Brunson was convicted, by Turkish authorities, on the charge of aiding terrorism, but sentenced to time served.[9] He was released from Turkish custody and immediately returned to the United States.[10][11] ArrestAndrew Brunson is originally from Black Mountain, North Carolina.[12] He is married and has three children.{{citation needed|date=February 2019}} Brunson lived in Turkey for 23 years where he served as pastor of the Izmir Resurrection Church.[12][13] Brunson, who was applying for Turkish permanent residency, was imprisoned on October 7, 2016 as part of the purges that followed the failed 2016 coup attempt.[12][14] His wife, Norine, was initially arrested alongside him, but was released after 13 days.{{citation needed|date=February 2019}} For a time Brunson was held with 21 others in a cell that was made for eight prisoners.[15][16] He reportedly lost over 50 pounds while he was in the prison. He was moved to house arrest on July 25, 2018.[17] IndictmentThe Turkish government primarily claimed that Brunson was a member of the Gülen movement, but also claimed that he worked with the banned Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK), and claimed that he was involved with American espionage, among other things. In addition, they claimed that he was interested in overthrowing the Turkish government and that he supposedly helped plan the coup, which he denied. {{citation needed|date=August 2018}} Turkish Foreign Minister Mevlut Cavusoglu claimed that the case was triggered by a complaint from a translator. The Turkish government claimed that they didn't know about the case until the consulate addressed it.[18] The trial caused a major public diplomatic row between the United States and Turkey. The United States stood firm in its argument that the trial was unacceptable because the government “has not seen credible evidence Mr. Brunson is guilty of a crime and are convinced that he is innocent.“, as the State Department said in a statement.[19] The Trump administration insisted that the Turkish government free Brunson entirely. Turkey objected to this on the basis of this being an interference with the country's sovereignty. Erdogan objected to the idea of interfering with the courts, arguing that he shouldn't on the basis that they are independent.[20] HearingsIn May 2018, a hearing for his case occurred in Aliaga that lasted eleven hours. The judge dismissed all of Brunson's defence witnesses without listening to any of their testimony.[24] The prosecution used secret witnesses who “testified through video monitors that distorted their faces and voices in order to conceal their identities”.[16] Sandra Jolley, Vice Chair of the United States Commission on International Religious Freedom attended the case, and released the following statement: "We leave the courthouse with serious concerns. Today's eleven hours of proceedings were dominated by wild conspiracies, tortured logic, and secret witnesses, but no real evidence to speak of. Upon these rests a man's life"[21] She described the judge's decision not to allow any of the witnesses called by Brunson's defense to testify on his behalf as "simply unconscionable".[21] The judge would relent in a later hearing. Hearings were held on July 13, 2018. At his final hearing on October 12, 2018,[22][23] several prosecution witnesses retracted their earlier statements which led to his release that same day.[24] TrialBrunson was held for over a year without charges.[25] Turkish prosecutors charged Brunson with involvement in the failed July 2016 coup attempt. Turkish media reported that Brunson had been accused of espionage and attempting to overthrow the government.[26] He was originally charged with having links to FETÖ and PKK (both are considered terrorist organizations by the Turkish state).[33] The New York Times reported that two secret witnesses accused Brunson of "hosting Kurdish refugees in a guesthouse and holding services and gatherings sympathetic to the PKK".[33] Brunson denied helping the coup, and denied he had intentionally had contact with either group blamed for the coup.[27] He was one of 20 American citizens who was prosecuted in connection with the post-coup purges.[28] Fethullah Gülen network ("FETÖ")-relatedCourt documents said that a photo of maqluba, a popular Levantine rice dish, was found on Brunson's phone. The court documents described maqluba as a "Gulenist delicacy".[29] The Asheville Citizen-Times says that it mentions that Brunson's daughter, who was raised in Turkey, had sent the offending video of the maqluba to his iPhone, which was found by the Turkish government.[27] The Turkish government alleges that it is eaten in Gülenist safe houses.[30] According to Slate, "The case against Brunson is reportedly based on the testimony of an undisclosed witness, though reports vary as to what exactly the witness alleges. In one version, Brunson attended a Gülenist event. In another, he spoke positively once about relations between Christians and the movement."[31] Brunson was charged with "membership in an armed terrorist organization," "gathering state secrets for espionage, attempting to overthrow the Turkish parliament and government, and to change the constitutional order."[32][33] Brunson contacted the chair of Amnesty International in Turkey, Taner Kilic, to ask about his residency permit 9 times.[30] Kilic would later be indicted as a member of the alleged Gülenist organization on the grounds that he allegedly had a particular secure messaging app on his phone, which he denies, and opening a bank account.[34] Because of this, Brunson's prior contact with the lawyer was deemed retroactively terroristic in nature.[30] A secret witness claimed to have overheard a supposed “Israeli missionary” say that Brunson attended an alleged March 2013 event at an Istanbul convention centre where the attendees supposedly plotted the Gezi Park protests.[30] It was claimed that Brunson possessed a list containing information for "'gas station workers in Turkey's southeast,' 'railway employees,' or 'soldiers to get in contact with'" in relation to this supposed planning.[47] Another secret witness involved claimed that they could not understand what the information meant, possibly that certain locations were supposedly meant to be "logistics centers".[27] PKK-relatedThe prosecution claimed that Brunson was a collaborator with armed Kurdish groups, that he went to YPG territory in Syria (specifically Kobani and Turkey's Suruç district),[35]{{better source|date=August 2018}} and that he wanted to Christianize Kurdistan and have it be a Christian state.[36][37] Brunson claimed that he evangelized Syrian refugees without regard to their ethnic identity, and strongly denied the idea that he had any connection with PKK members.[18] The prosecution claimed that there was GPS data that placed him near the Syrian border. According to a July 2018 article in World by Aykan Erdemir and Merve Tahiroglu, there was a photograph that features both Brunson and a man wearing a yellow, red, and green scarf, which is presented as proof of his involvement with Kurdish nationalist terrorism.[30] It is claimed by the prosecution that Brunson published Kurdish Bibles.[30] It is also claimed that he was part of an operation to help Kurdish families write asylum letters to Canada that strongly criticized the AKP and MHP.[30] America-relatedThe prosecution claimed that Brunson helped the CIA with the attempted coup.[38] In relation to claims about Christianity, the indictment also made the claim that there was a so-called "Mormon Gang" within American intelligence.[27] It was alleged by one of the witnesses that Brunson's church was supposedly a waypoint for co-ordinates between the CIA and YPG due to alleged support for the PKK.[36] Brunson was accused of attending an event in a Turkish hotel where the American anthem was allegedly playing and several Turkish college students put their right hand on their heart and made vows,[30] which the prosecution further alleges was some kind of “brainwashing” of these alleged students.[30] Christianity-relatedThe indictment also made many other broad claims about Christianity and the United States government that the Asheville Citizen-Times described as conspiracy theories. According to the Asheville Citizen-Times, the indictment contained a "lengthy discourse on the alleged influence of Mormons in Turkey"[27] (Brunson is not Mormon). According to World, the secret witness was specifically concerned with English teachers at the nation's “military high schools”.[30] The secret witness also made claims about them missing fingers. Brunson is not Mormon, but is alleged to have LDS contacts, which they further allege is suspicious.[30] According to the Asheville Citizen-Times, it also contained an accusation that every church in the United States is connected to some organization with the acronym "CAMA", that "holds sway over" [27] every one of them. The indictment also made the claim that every evangelical missionary and Mormon missionary who wants to leave the United States must have permission from this organization,[27] indicating that they allege that it influences both. (However, Protestants and Mormons have many theological disagreements.) This group is unfamiliar to Christian officials within the ACLJ, who view it as an "unfounded" theory.[27] It was also alleged by the prosecution that there are websites on the internet that describe Turkish president Erdogan as the Antichrist, and the indictment almost suggests it as a motive for Brunson, a Christian, to help the coup plotters. The Citizen-Times argued that theory is most likely overshadowed by theories regarding more popular leaders, wildly obscure, and not likely to be widely believed in.[27] Further claims by Turkish mediaA December 14, 2016, a Sabah daily news story, said to be based on an informant, claimed that Brunson, while dispensing aid among Syrian refugees, tried to divide Turkey with sermons praising Gülenism and by speaking in support of the banned Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK).[39]{{better source|date=August 2018}} The pro-Erdogan administration newspaper Takvim alleges that Brunson was a "high-level member of the Gülen movement" and an American spy, positioned to become CIA chief in Turkey had the 2016 coup attempt succeeded.[69] Takvim{{'}}s editor-in-chief, Ergun Diler, alleged that Brunson fended off an assassination attempt thanks to his intelligence agency training, further claiming that Brunson was influential all over the region. Diler speculated that the CIA would assassinate Brunson in prison if it thought he would not be deported back to the U.S.[40] ReactionsIn April 2018, a bipartisan group of US senators led by North Carolina senator Thom Tillis sent a letter to Erdoğan stating they were "deeply disturbed that the Turkish government has gone beyond legitimate action against the coup plotters to undermine Turkey's own rule of law and democratic traditions."[25][41] Brunson has said, "I am not a member of an Islamic movement. I have never seen any member of FETÖ [the Gülen movement] in my life."[42] In a March 2017 letter to U.S. President Donald Trump through an attorney with the American Center for Law and Justice, Brunson said, "Let the Turkish government know that you will not cooperate with them in any way until they release me."[43] According to a February 2017 letter to the president of Turkey signed by 78 members of the U.S. Congress, "There appears to be no evidence to substantiate the charges against him for membership in an armed terrorist organization."[44] A petition for the release of Brunson was launched on the White House's "WE the PEOPLE" citizen petitions website in February 2017, but was later closed without garnering enough signatures. The American Center for Law and Justice launched similar petitions on its main website[46] and the website of its Be Heard Project.[33] The Evangelical Presbyterian Church of America called for a prayer and fasting October 7–8, 2017 for Brunson's release.[47] In October 2017, Ihsan Ozbek, chairman of the Association of Protestant Churches in Turkey, told the New York Times, "Andrew was a normal American Christian; he is not a spy. I know him[...]."[48] International relationsTrump brought this issue up with Erdogan at a meeting on May 13, 2017.[49] On September 28, 2017, Erdoğan said the United States should exchange Pennsylvania-based Islamic preacher Fethullah Gülen with Pastor Andrew Brunson, saying "You have a pastor too. Give him to us.... Then we will try [Brunson] and give him to you."[50][51][52][53] The Federal judiciary alone determines extradition cases in the U.S.[54] An August 2017 decree gave Erdogan authority to approve the exchange of detained or convicted foreigners with people held in other countries. Asked about the suggested swap on September 28, 2017, U.S. State Department spokeswoman Heather Nauert said: "I can't imagine that we would go down that road.... We have received extradition requests for [Gülen]." Anonymous US officials have said to reporters that the Turkish government has not yet provided sufficient evidence for the U.S. Justice Department to charge Gülen.[55] On October 11, 2017, departing U.S. Ambassador to Turkey John R. Bass said Brunson "appears to be being held simply because he's an American citizen who as a man of faith was in contact with a range of people in this country who he was trying to help, in keeping with his faith. And at a time when there were lots of interactions between many different people in society, and for some reason, some specific set of his interactions suddenly are being classified as support for terrorism, for membership in a terrorist organization. I have yet to see a consistent description of which specific terrorist organization he is supposed to be a member of. People don't seem to have had a straight answer on that within the Turkish government. So for all those reasons, we believe he should be released. And U.S. government officials have continued to encourage the Turkish government to release him."[56] In June 2018, a bipartisan bill changing the NDAA to block the transfer of F-35 fighter jets to Turkey was authored by Senator Thom Tillis (R) and Jeanne Shaheen (D) and was passed through Congress.[57] Alongside a third senator, Senator James Lankford (R), special legislation was created with the intent of preventing Turkey from "working to degrade NATO interoperability, exposing NATO assets to hostile actors, degrading the security of NATO member countries, seeking to import weapons from a foreign country under sanction by the U.S., and wrongfully or unlawfully detaining any American citizens."[58] The senators expressed concerns about Turkey's growing ties to Russia and their concerns about the Brunson case.[58][59] On July 5, 2018, in anticipation of Pastor Brunson's third day of trial, 98 Members of the European Parliament, from all political groups and 21 countries, sent an open letter[60] to remind President Erdoğan of "the European and International commitments of the Republic of Turkey in regard to freedom of religion, to the prohibition of arbitrary detention, and to the right to a fair trial." They especially protest "against the fact that Pastor Brunson had to wait almost a year and half before being indicted" and against "the fact that the indictment associates 'Christianization' with terrorism, considering the Christian faith as endangering Turkey's unity, while Christianity has been peacefully present in this land long before the current Republic of Turkey."[61] On July 18, 2018, President Trump tweeted President Erdogan calling for Brunson's release. Trump called the Turkish government's refusal to release Brunson a "total disgrace," described him as being "held hostage" and defended Brunson against the government's accusations.[62] On July 26, 2018, US Vice President Pence called on Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan to release Brunson or face significant sanctions.[5] On the same day, President Trump released a tweet, stating that the United States would impose sanctions on Turkey due to Brunson's detention.[63] According to the Independent, Turkey moving Brunson to house arrest on July 25 was seen as “too little, too late” by American authorities and a phone call between the two countries on the 26th was described as “not going well”. It associates the July 25 swap with the release of a Turkish citizen by Israel on the 15th, as it is claimed that there was an offer for a swap between the two.[64] On August 1, 2018, the U.S. Department of Treasury imposed sanctions on two top Turkish government officials who were involved in the detention of Brunson, Turkish Justice Minister Abdulhamit Gül and Interior Minister Suleyman Soylu.[7] Daniel Glaser, the former Treasury official under President Barack Obama, said: "It's certainly the first time I can think of" the U.S. sanctioning a NATO ally. "I certainly regard it as a human rights violation to unlawfully detain somebody, so I think it falls within the scope of the Global Magnitsky Act."[65] Tariffs were also used by both countries to create economic pressure. Vox describes it as a "trade spat".[66] Commentators such as Vox's Jen Kirby have pointed to the pivotal role Brunson's case plays in it. Turkish President Erdogan described American actions in the case as choosing a pastor above the strategic relationship between Ankara and Washington, and that Washington has "turned their back on" Ankara, stating that it "annoyed" and "upset" them.[67] According to the Washington Post, there was supposedly a deal to free Brunson if the US would ask Israel to free a Turkish citizen accused of being part of Hamas, which fell through. According to a White House official, "Turkey missed a real opportunity. Pastor Brunson is not a bargaining chip." Senior Turkish officials deny the existence of such a deal.[68] A report from The Economist said diplomatic talks involving Brunson on one side and Halkbank's Atilla on the other came close to success but then broke down over Turkish interest in stopping further Halkbank investigations. Brunson was moved to house arrest in Turkey from prison there following these negotiations.[69] See also
References1. ^{{Cite web |author= Ally Stapleton - Staff writer |title= Wheaton Grad Missionary Detained in Turkey |work= The Wheaton Record| accessdate= 2018-10-13 |date= 2017-01-12 |url= http://www.wheatonrecord.com/news/wheaton-grad-missionary-detained-turkey/}} 2. ^{{cite web |url= https://news.tiu.edu/2017/04/24/andrew_brunson/ |title=Calls intensify for release of TEDS alumnus Andrew Brunson in Turkey |date=April 24, 2017 |publisher=Trinity International University |accessdate= September 28, 2017}} 3. ^{{cite news |title=Turkey elections: Six arrested for 'insulting Erdogan' on social media ahead of major national polls |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/turkey-elections-arrests-insulting-president-erdogan-opposition-a8414146.html |newspaper=The Independent |date=June 24, 2018}} 4. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-turkey-security/turkey-orders-detention-of-132-people-in-coup-probe-agency-idUSKBN1JM0T6 |title=Turkey orders detention of 132 people in coup probe: agency |website=Reuters.com|date=June 26, 2018}} 5. ^1 Arter, Melanie, [https://www.cnsnews.com/news/article/melanie-arter/pence-turkey-free-pastor-andrew-brunson-or-face-sanctions "Pence to Turkey: Free Pastor Andrew Brunson or Face Sanctions"], CNSNews.com, July 26, 2018. 6. ^Goodenough, Patrick, [https://www.cnsnews.com/news/article/patrick-goodenough/trump-calls-incarcerated-american-pastor-hostage-urges-turkeys "Trump Calls Incarcerated American Pastor a ‘Hostage,’ Urges Turkey’s Erdogan to Act"], CNSNews.com, July 19, 2018. 7. ^1 {{cite news |title=US sanctions Turkey over Pastor Brunson detention |url=https://www.thenational.ae/world/europe/us-sanctions-turkey-over-pastor-brunson-detention-1.756238 |work=The National |date=August 1, 2018}} 8. ^"Treasury targets Turkish officials with sanctions over detained US pastor", thehill.com, August 1, 2018. 9. ^{{cite web|url=https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2018/10/brunson-released-signs-of-a-us-turkey-reset.html|title=Pastor’s Release Could Lead to a U.S.-Turkey Reset|first=Joshua|last=Keating|publisher=Slate|date=October 12, 2018}} 10. ^{{cite web |url= https://www.defensenews.com/air/2018/10/12/pastor-freed-in-us-turkey-row-that-snared-f-35-program/ |title= Pastor freed in US-Turkey row that snared F-35 program |author= Joe Gould |date= October 12, 2018 |work= Defense News |accessdate= October 12, 2018 }} 11. ^{{cite web |url= https://gulfnews.com/news/mena/turkey/freed-pastor-to-return-to-us-from-turkey-1.2289114 |title= Freed pastor to return to US from Turkey |author= Agencies |date= October 12, 2018 |work= Gulf News |accessdate= October 12, 2018 }} 12. ^1 2 {{Cite web| title = Turkey to 'retaliate' to US sanctions over pastor's detention| work = The Irish Times| accessdate = 2018-08-28| url = https://www.irishtimes.com/news/world/us/turkey-to-retaliate-to-us-sanctions-over-pastor-s-detention-1.3584029}} 13. ^{{Cite web| last = PM| first = Daniel Moritz-Rabson On 8/13/18 at 1:52| title = Turkey's president accused the U.S. of betrayal, as tensions rose over the detainment of an American pastor| work = Newsweek| accessdate = 2018-08-28| date = 2018-08-13| url = https://www.newsweek.com/turkish-president-accuses-us-betrayal-1070356}} 14. ^{{Cite news| title = U.S. missionary thrust to the center of Turkey-U.S. crisis| work = Reuters| accessdate = 2018-08-28| date = 2018-08-19| url = https://www.reuters.com/article/us-turkey-security-usa-brunson-insight/u-s-missionary-thrust-to-the-center-of-turkey-u-s-crisis-idUSKBN1L30DR}} 15. ^{{Cite news| issn = 0261-3077| last = correspondent| first = Harriet Sherwood Religion| title = Andrew Brunson: the US pastor at the heart of an international crisis| work = The Guardian| accessdate = 2018-08-28| date = 2018-08-14| url = https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/aug/14/andrew-brunson-turkey-the-us-pastor-at-the-heart-of-an-international-crisis}} 16. ^1 {{Cite web| last = Cupolo| first = Diego| title = Turkey's Dangerous Game of 'Hostage Diplomacy'| work = The Atlantic| accessdate = 2018-08-28| date = 2018-05-06| url = https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2018/05/turkey-andrew-brunson-erdogan-coup-gulen-kurds/559748/}} 17. ^{{Cite news| title = U.S. Christian pastor leaves Turkish prison after court ruling| work = Reuters| accessdate = 2018-08-28| date = 2018-07-25| url = https://www.reuters.com/article/us-turkey-security-usa/u-s-pastor-on-trial-in-turkey-moved-to-house-arrest-cnn-turk-idUSKBN1KF1OK}} 18. ^1 {{cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/andrew-brunson-turkey-lira-crisis-donald-trump-erdogan-coup-a8498061.html|title=Why has Turkey detained Christian pastor at centre of diplomatic crisis with US?|website=independent.co.uk|accessdate=October 12, 2018}} 19. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2018/04/280517.htm|title=Statement on the Trial of Pastor Andrew Brunson|website=State.gov|accessdate=October 12, 2018}} 20. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-turkey-usa-erdogan-exclusive/exclusive-turkeys-erdogan-says-court-will-decide-fate-of-detained-us-pastor-idUSKCN1M60EP|title=Exclusive: Turkey's Erdogan says court will decide fate of detained...|first=Stephen|last=Adler|website=Reuters.com|accessdate=October 12, 2018}} 21. ^1 2 {{cite web | title=Turkey Postpones Hearing to July 18, Sends Pastor Andrew Brunson Back to Prison | url=http://www.uscirf.gov/news-room/press-releases-statements/turkey-postpones-hearing-july-18-sends-pastor-andrew-brunson | website=United States Commission on International Religious Freedom | publisher=United States Commission on International Religious Freedom | accessdate=June 28, 2018}} 22. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.worldwatchmonitor.org/2018/07/hopes-dashed-for-release-of-pastor-andrew-brunson-as-trial-to-continue-into-october/|title=Hopes dashed for release of pastor Andrew Brunson as Turkish trial to continue in October - World Watch Monitor|date=July 18, 2018|website=Worldwatchmonitor.org}} 23. ^[https://www.nationalpost.com/pmn/news-pmn/trial-against-us-pastor-resumes-in-turkey/amp ]{{dead link|date=August 2018}} 24. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-45842735|title=Andrew Brunson: US pastor leaves Turkey after release|work=BBC|date=12 October 2018}} 25. ^1 {{Cite web| title = Who is Andrew Brunson, The Pastor Prompting Sanctions Threats Against Turkey?| work = NPR.org| accessdate = 2018-08-28| url = https://www.npr.org/2018/07/26/632700877/who-is-andrew-brunson-the-pastor-prompting-sanctions-threats-against-turkey}} 26. ^{{Cite news| title = Turkey seeks life term for U.S. pastor over failed coup: Dogan| work = Reuters| accessdate = 2018-08-28| date = 2018-03-13| url = https://www.reuters.com/article/us-turkey-security-usa/turkey-seeks-life-in-prison-for-u-s-pastor-over-2016-failed-coup-dogan-news-agency-idUSKCN1GP17P}} 27. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 {{cite web |last1=Barrett |first1=Mark |title=Charges against Brunson contain a strange mix of conspiracy theories — and a food video |url=https://www.citizen-times.com/story/news/local/2018/05/05/andrew-brunson-maklube-missionary-turkey-tillis/577338002/ |website=Asheville Citizen-Times |accessdate=June 28, 2018}} 28. ^1 2 {{Cite news| issn = 0362-4331| last = Gall| first = Carlotta| title = Turkey Resists Pressure to Release American Pastor From Jail| work = The New York Times| accessdate = 2018-08-28| date = 2018-07-19| url = https://www.nytimes.com/2018/07/18/world/europe/andrew-brunson-turkey.html}} 29. ^{{Cite news| issn = 0099-9660| last = Gauthier-Villars| first = David| title = U.S. Pastor Held in Turkey Denies Links to Terrorists| work = Wall Street Journal| accessdate = 2018-08-28| date = 2018-04-17| url = https://www.wsj.com/articles/u-s-pastor-held-in-turkey-denies-links-to-terrorists-1523893106}} 30. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 {{cite web |last1=Erdemir |first1=Aykan |last2=Tahiroglu |first2=Merve |title=The Brunson farce |url=https://world.wng.org/2018/07/the_brunson_farce |website=World |publisher=World |accessdate=10 September 2018}} 31. ^{{cite web | last=Keating | first=Joshua | url=http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/foreigners/2017/05/andrew_brunson_the_american_pastor_caught_in_erdogan_s_crackdown.html | title=Andrew Brunson, the American pastor caught in Erdogan's crackdown | website=Slate.com | date=May 15, 2017 | accessdate=September 28, 2017}} 32. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.christianpost.com/news/us-pastor-andrew-brunson-faces-new-charges-attempting-overthrow-turkish-government-196941/ |title=US Pastor Andrew Brunson Faces New Charges of Attempting to Overthrow Turkish Gov't |work=The Christian Post |date=August 27, 2017 |accessdate=September 28, 2017}} 33. ^1 {{cite web |url=https://www.beheardproject.com/andrew-brunson |title=Andrew Brunson: American Christian Pastor Imprisoned in Turkey |publisher=American Center for Law and Justice |work=Be Heard Project |accessdate=September 28, 2017}} 34. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.amnesty.org/download/Documents/EUR4473312017ENGLISH.pdf|format=PDF|title=BRIEFING : THE TANER KILIÇ PROSECUTION|website=Amnesty.org|accessdate=12 October 2018}} 35. ^1 {{cite news |title=US priest Brunson faces prison for espionage, aiding FETÖ, PKK terrorist groups |url=https://www.dailysabah.com/istanbul/2018/03/13/us-priest-brunson-faces-prison-for-espionage-aiding-feto-pkk-terrorist-groups |accessdate=August 14, 2018 |newspaper=Daily Sabah |date=March 13, 2018}} 36. ^1 {{cite news |title=U.S. preacher on trial in Turkey wanted Christian Kurdish state – anonymous witness |url=https://ahvalnews.com/andrew-brunson/us-preacher-trial-turkey-wanted-christian-kurdish-state-anonymous-witness |accessdate=June 29, 2018 |website=Ahvalnews.com}} 37. ^{{cite news |last1=Hurtas |first1=Sibel |title=Turkey doubles down in pastor row with US |url=https://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2018/03/turkey-united-states-ankara-doubles-down-in-priest-row.html |accessdate=June 29, 2018 |work=Al-Monitor |date=March 16, 2018}} 38. ^{{cite news |last1=Diekmann |first1=Patrick |title=Der Pastor, der die Krise auslöste |url=https://www.t-online.de/nachrichten/ausland/internationale-politik/id_84217610/tid_amp/tuerkei-der-pastor-in-erdogans-geiselhaft-wer-ist-andrew-brunson-.html |accessdate=August 15, 2018 |website=T-online.de}} 39. ^{{cite web | url=http://www.assistnews.net/~assist/index.php/component/k2/item/2782-us-secretary-of-state-tillerson-meets-wife-of-american-pastor-jailed-in-turkey | title=US Secretary of State Tillerson meets wife of American pastor jailed in Turkey | website=Assistnews.net | date= | accessdate=September 28, 2017}} 40. ^{{cite web |url=https://stockholmcf.org/pro-erdogan-daily-on-jailed-pastor-brunson-cia-pastor-engineered-coup-attempt-in-turkey/ |title=Pro-Erdoğan daily on jailed pastor Brunson: 'CIA pastor' engineered coup attempt in Turkey – Stockholm Center for Freedom |website=Stockholmcf.org |date= |accessdate=October 12, 2017}} 41. ^{{Cite| title = Senators Letter to Erdoğan| accessdate = 2018-08-28| url = https://www.tillis.senate.gov/public/_cache/files/e10f1ffc-be39-4330-8157-c5aa4fcc69be/andrew-brunson-senators-letter.pdf}} 42. ^1 {{cite web | url=https://turkeypurge.com/erdogan-says-would-release-us-pastor-if-gulen-is-handed-over | title=Erdoğan says would release US pastor if Gülen is handed over - Turkey Purge | date=September 28, 2017 | website=Turkeypurge.com | accessdate=April 17, 2018}} 43. ^{{cite web | url=https://www.voanews.com/a/donald-trump-presses-turkey-release-us-pastor-andrew-brunson-held-security-risk/3854850.html | title=Trump Presses Turkey for Release of US 'Security Risk' Pastor | website=Voanews.com | date=May 18, 2017 | accessdate=September 28, 2017}} 44. ^{{cite web | url=https://foreignaffairs.house.gov/press-release/congressional-leaders-seek-release-american-pastor-unjustly-detained-turkey/ | title=Congressional Leaders Seek Release of American Pastor Unjustly Detained in Turkey - Committee on Foreign Affairs | website=Foreignaffairs.house.gov | date=February 15, 2017 | accessdate=September 28, 2017}} 45. ^{{cite web | url=https://petitions.whitehouse.gov/petition/forgotten-american-turkey | title=Forgotten American in Turkey | author=B.S. | website=WE the PEOPLE (citizen petitions) | publisher=White House | accessdate=July 15, 2018}} 46. ^{{cite web | url=https://aclj.org/persecuted-church/free-american-pastor-andrew-brunson | title=Free American Pastor Andrew Brunson | publisher=American Center for Law and Justice | accessdate=July 15, 2018}} 47. ^{{cite web | author=epcepnews | url=https://epconnection.org/2017/09/27/call-to-prayer-and-fasting-to-mark-one-year-of-andrew-brunson-imprisonment/ | title=Call to Prayer and Fasting to mark one year of Andrew Brunson imprisonment | publisher=EPConnection | date=September 27, 2017 | accessdate=October 2, 2017}} 48. ^{{cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/07/world/europe/turkey-american-detainees.html | title=Americans Jailed After Failed Coup in Turkey Are Hostages to Politics | last=Gall | first=Carlotta | author= | authorlink=Carlotta Gall | date=October 7, 2017 | year= | editor-last= | editor-first= | editor= | editor-link= | editor1-last= | editor1-first= | editor1-link= | editor2-last= | editor2-first= | editor2-link= | editors= | website= | series= | newspaper=The New York Times Company | location= | page= | pages= | at= | language= | trans-title= | type= | arxiv= | asin= | bibcode= | doi= | doi-broken-date= | isbn= | issn= | jfm= | jstor= | lccn= | mr= | oclc= | ol= | osti= | pmc= | pmid= | rfc= | ssrn= | zbl= | id= | archiveurl= | archivedate= | deadurl= | accessdate=October 16, 2017 | quote= | ref= | separator= | postscript= | subscription= | registration= }} 49. ^Arnold, Laurence, [https://www.bloomberg.com/amp/news/articles/2018-08-21/how-pastor-s-plight-compounded-turkey-s-economic-woes-quicktake "This Pastor’s Plight Made Turkey’s Economic Woes Worse"], Bloomberg.com, August 21, 2018. 50. ^{{cite news | url=https://www.economist.com/blogs/erasmus/2017/09/us-turkish-relations | title=A pastor becomes a pawn in a spat between America and Turkey | website=Economist.com | date=September 30, 2017 | accessdate=October 12, 2017}} 51. ^1 {{cite news | first=Bill | last=Chappell | url=https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2017/09/29/554451339/turkeys-erdogan-suggests-swap-jailed-u-s-pastor-for-turkish-cleric | title=Turkey's Erdogan Suggests Swap: Jailed U.S. Pastor For Turkish Cleric | website=Npr.com | date=September 29, 2017 | accessdate=October 2, 2017}} 52. ^{{cite web | url=http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/give-us-gulen-if-you-want-arrested-pastor-andrew-brunson-to-be-freed-erdogan-tells-us-120084 | title=Give us Gülen if you want arrested pastor Andrew Brunson to be freed: Erdoğan tells US | website=Hürriyet Daily News | accessdate=April 17, 2018}} 53. ^nytimes.com: [https://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2017/09/28/world/europe/ap-eu-turkey-us-pastor.html Turkey Rebuffs Trump, Won't Send Jailed US Pastor Back] 54. ^{{cite news | url=http://dailycaller.com/2017/09/28/erdogan-admits-using-jailed-american-pastor-as-bargaining-chip-against-us/ | title=Erdogan Is Holding Andrew Brunson Hostage | newspaper=The Daily Caller | date=September 28, 2017 | accessdate=October 2, 2017}} 55. ^{{cite news | author=| url=http://www.middleeasteye.net/news/erdogan-suggests-freeing-imprisoned-us-pastor-gulen-extradition-1298278843 | title=Erdogan suggests freeing imprisoned US pastor for Gulen extradition | newspaper=Middle East Eye | date=September 29, 2017 | accessdate=October 12, 2017}} 56. ^{{cite web | url=https://tr.usembassy.gov/ambassador-john-r-bass-press-round-table-diplomatic-correspondents-association-october-11-2017/ | title=Ambassador John R. Bass Press Round Table - Diplomatic Correspondents Association (October 11, 2017) | U.S. Embassy & Consulates in Turkey | website=Tr.usembassy.gov | date=October 11, 2017 | accessdate=October 16, 2017}} 57. ^[https://www.timeinc.net/thedrive/the-war-zone/21628/senate-pushes-to-block-turkey-from-getting-its-f-35s-as-spat-over-russian-missiles-grows%3fsource=dam ]{{dead link|date=August 2018}} 58. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/20445/senate-bill-to-ban-f-35-sales-to-turkey-an-unprecedented-attempt-to-check-erdogans-actions|title=Senate Bill To Ban F-35 Sales To Turkey An Unprecedented Attempt To Check Erdogan's Actions|first=Tyler |last=Rogoway |first2=Joseph| last2=Trevithick|website=The drive.com}} 59. ^{{cite web|url=http://www1.cbn.com/cbnnews/2018/july/why-turkey-may-release-andrew-brunson-on-july-18th?amp|title=Why A Turkish Newspaper Believes Andrew Brunson May Be Released on July 18|website=www1.cbn.com}} 60. ^{{cite web|url=http://media.aclj.org/pdf/Open-Letter-For-Pastor-Brunson-5-July-2018.pdf\\format=PDF|title=Open letter of 98 MEPs to President Erdoğan|date=July 5, 2018|website=Media.aclj.org|accessdate=12 October 2018}} 61. ^Malo Tresca, « [https://www.la-croix.com/Religion/Protestantisme/Pres-cent-deputes-europeens-exigent-liberation-dun-pasteur-americain-emprisonne-Turquie-2018-07-12-1200954650 Près de cent députés européens exigent la libération d’un pasteur américain emprisonné en Turquie] », La Croix, July 12, 2018. 62. ^{{Cite news|url=https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/1019757603570806785?s=19|title=Donald J. Trump on Twitter|work=Twitter|access-date=July 19, 2018|language=en}} 63. ^{{Cite news|url=https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/1022502465147682817|title=Donald J. Trump on Twitter|work=Twitter|access-date=July 26, 2018|language=en}} 64. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/andrew-brunson-turkey-lira-crisis-donald-trump-erdogan-coup-a8498061.html|title=Why has Turkey detained Christian pastor at centre of diplomatic crisis with US?|website=Independent.co.uk|accessdate=October 12, 2018}} 65. ^{{cite news |title=US sanctions Turkish officials over detained pastor |url=https://www.politico.eu/article/donald-trump-administration-to-sanction-turkish-officials-over-imprisonment-of-american-pastor-andrew-brunson/ |website=Politico.eu |date=August 1, 2018}} 66. ^{{cite news |last1=Kirby |first1=Jen |title=The US-Turkey trade spat, explained |url=https://www.vox.com/world/2018/8/15/17687928/turkey-united-states-tariffs-lira-andrew-brunson |accessdate=August 15, 2018 |publisher=Vox Media |date=August 15, 2018}} 67. ^{{cite news |title=Erdogan says U.S. turned its back on Turkey, upsetting Ankara |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-turkey-politics-erdogan/erdogan-says-u-s-turned-its-back-on-turkey-upsetting-ankara-idUSKBN1KW0B3?feedType=RSS&feedName=worldNews |accessdate=August 15, 2018 |website=Reuters.com |date=August 11, 2018}} 68. ^{{cite news |first1=Carol D. |last1=Leonnig |first2=Ashley |last2=Parker |first3=Kareem |last3=Fahim |first4=Karen |last4=DeYoung |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/trump-says-us-will-impose-large-sanctions-on-turkey-for-detaining-american-pastor-for-nearly-two-years/2018/07/26/75dcde32-90e5-11e8-bcd5-9d911c784c38_story.html |title=A fist bump, then a rancorous call: How Trump's deal to free an American pastor in Turkey fell apart |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=July 27, 2018}} 69. ^[https://www.economist.com/europe/2018/08/11/turkeys-diplomatic-crisis-is-hastening-an-economic-one "Turkey’s diplomatic crisis is hastening an economic one"], The Economist, August 9, 2018. Retrieved August 24, 2018. External links
19 : 1968 births|20th-century Protestant religious leaders|21st-century Protestant religious leaders|American humanitarians|American people imprisoned abroad|American Presbyterians|American Protestant religious leaders|Turkey–United States relations|Living people|People convicted on terrorism charges|People from Black Mountain, North Carolina|People from Izmir|People involved in the 2016 Turkish coup d'état attempt|Political repression in Turkey|Prisoners and detainees of Turkey|Religious leaders from North Carolina|Terrorism in Turkey|Trinity Evangelical Divinity School alumni|Alumni of the University of Aberdeen |
| 随便看 |
|
开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。