“Võro language”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Võro is a descendant of the old South Estonian regional language and is the least influenced by Standard Estonian (which is based on Northern Estonian dialects).^[13] Võro was once spoken further south and east of historical Võromaa in South Estonian-speaking enclaves Lutsi, Leivu and Kraasna in what is now Latvia and Russia. In addition to Võro, other contemporary variants of South Estonian include the Mulgi, Tartu and Seto dialect.

One of the earliest written evidences of South Estonian is a translation of the New Testament (Wastne Testament) published in 1686. Although the status of South Estonian began to diminish after the 1880s, the language began to undergo a revival in the late 1980s.^[14]

Present situation

The majority of Estonians perceive the Võro language as a modern synonym for South Estonian.^[15] Today, Võro is used in the works of some of Estonia's best-known playwrights, poets, and authors (Madis Kõiv, Ülle Kauksi, Jaan Kaplinski, Ain Kaalep, etc.). One newspaper is printed in Võro: the fortnightly Uma Leht (literally 'Our Own Newspaper'). 26 public schools offer weekly special classes (mostly extracurricular) in modern Võro.

Estonia's contribution to the Eurovision Song Contest 2004 was the song "Tii", which was performed by Neiokõsõ in Võro.

The language is endangered,^[16] and according to Kadri Koreinik this is due to the government's lack of legal commitment to protect the language.^[8]

Orthography

Most letters (including ä, ö, ü, and õ) denote the same sounds as in Estonian, with a few exceptions. The letter q stands for the glottal stop {{IPA|/ʔ/}} and y denotes {{IPAslink|ɨ}}, a vowel very close to Russian ы or Polish y (from 2005 written õ).

Palatalization of consonants is marked with an acute accent (´) or apostrophe ('). In proper typography and in handwriting, the palatalisation mark does not extend above the cap height (except uppercase letters Ń, Ŕ, Ś, V́ etc.), and it is written above the letter if the letter has no ascender (ǵ, ḿ, ń, ṕ, ŕ, ś, v́ etc.) but written to the right of it otherwise (b’, d’, f’, h’, k’, l’, t’). In computing, it is not usually possible to enter these character combinations or to make them look esthetically pleasing with most common fonts, so the apostrophe is generally placed after the letter in all cases. This convention is followed in this article as well.

Phonology

Vowels

Vowel harmony

Võro has preserved the system of vowel harmony that was present in Proto-Finnic.{{clarify|reason=Võro seems to have more vowels than Proto-Finnic. Didn't it add more vowels to the vowel harmony system of Proto-Finnic?|date=February 2016}} This distinguishes it from Estonian and some other Finnic languages, which have lost it.

The vowel harmony system distinguishes front, back and neutral vowels, much like the system found in Finnish. A word cannot contain both front and back vowels; suffixes automatically adapt the backness of the vowels depending on the type of vowels found in the word it is attached to. Neutral vowels can be combined with either type of vowel, although a word that contains only neutral vowels has front vowel harmony. The only neutral vowel is i, like in Votic but unlike Finnish and Karelian, where e is also neutral.

The vowel y is considered a back vowel for harmony purposes, but does not participate in harmony itself, as it does not occur in suffixes and endings.

Consonants

All Võro consonants (except {{IPA|/j/}} and {{IPA|/ʔ/}}) can be palatalized. The glottal stop (q, IPA {{IPA|[ʔ]}}) is a very common sound in Võro.

Grammar

Nouns

Endings are shown only in the back vowel harmony variant. The e of the illative ending does not undergo vowel harmony, so it never changes to õ.

Only the more common endings are shown. There are some unusual/irregular endings that are only found in a few words or word types.

Verbs

Some morphological features of the Võro language are considered to be very old. For instance the 3rd person singular of the indicative mood can be either without an ending or, alternatively, with a s-ending:

Among the Finnic languages, such double verb conjugation can be found only in the South Estonian and Karelian languages.

Negation

Võro has a negative particle that is appended to the end of the verb, whereas standard Estonian and Finnish have a negative verb, which precedes the verb. In Estonian and Finnish, the negative verb ei (Finnish en/et/ei/emme/ette/eivät) is used in both present and past negation, whereas in Võro the same is expressed by different particles ending with -i(q) or -s:

Language example

See also

Notes

1. ^¹{{Cite web |url=http://pub.stat.ee/px-web.2001/Dialog/varval.asp?ma=RLE07&lang=2 |title=Eesti Emakeelega Püsielanikud Murdekeele Oskuse Ja Soo Järgi, 31. Detsember 2011 |publisher=Statistikaamet, Pub.stat.ee |language=Estonian |access-date=2014-08-23}}
2. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.iub.edu/~bafsa/articles.html#Voro |title=Recent Events |publisher=Iub.edu |date= |accessdate=2014-08-23}}
3. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.eki.ee/cgi-bin/mkn8.cgi?form=lg&lang=et&kohanimi=98002344&f2v=Y&f3v=Y&nimeliik=&maakond=&vald=&kihelkond=&asum=&f10v=Y&f14v=Y&of=tb |title=Päring LINGUAE andmebaasist. Keelte nimetused |publisher=Eki.ee |date= |accessdate=2014-08-23}}
4. ^{{cite web|url=http://www-01.sil.org/iso639-3/documentation.asp?id=vro|title=ISO 639 code sets |publisher=Sil.org |date=2009-01-16 |accessdate=2014-08-23}}
5. ^{{Cite web |url=http://www.ethnologue.com/language/vro |title=Võro |date=2015 |website=Ethnologue |access-date=2015-12-09}}
6. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.helsinki.fi/~tasalmin/chris.html |title=Endangered languages in Europe and North Asia |publisher=Helsinki.fi |date=1980-09-13 |accessdate=2014-08-23}}
7. ^{{cite web |url=http://dspace.utlib.ee/dspace/bitstream/10062/4860/1/iva_sulev.pdf# |title=Võru kirjakeele sõnamuutmissüsteem (Inflectional Morphology in the Võro Literary Language) |author= Sulev Iva, Phd at Tartu University, (English summary pp 144–146) |publisher=Dspace.utlib.ee}}
8. ^¹{{cite web|url=http://www.ecmi.de/fileadmin/downloads/publications/JEMIE/2012/KoreinikSaar.pdf |format=PDF |last=Koreinik |first=Kadri |title=Maintenance of South Estonian Varieties: A Focus on Institutions |publisher=Journal on Ethnopolitics and Minority Issues in Europe |date=2012 |accessdate=2015-12-09}}
9. ^{{cite web|url=https://fedora.phaidra.univie.ac.at/fedora/get/o:127464/bdef:Content/get |last=Meiorg |first=Marianne |title=Legal and Institutional Framework Analysis: Seto and Võro languages |publisher=Working Papers in European Language Diversity 19 |date=2012 |accessdate=2015-12-09}}
10. ^{{cite web|url=http://wi.ee/index.php/welcome?lang=en- |title=Võro Instituut » Welcome! |publisher=Wi.ee |date= |accessdate=2014-08-23}}
11. ^{{Cite web |url=https://wi.ee/en/voro-language/ |title=Võro language |last=Saar |first=Evar |website=Võru Instituut |language=en-US |access-date=2014-08-23}}
12. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.omniglot.com/writing/voro.htm |title=Võro language and alphabet |publisher=Omniglot.com |date= |accessdate=2014-08-23}}
13. ^{{cite web|url=https://phaidra.univie.ac.at/detail_object/o:308890?SID=76572&actPage=2&type=listview&sortfield=fgs.createdDate,STRING&sortreverse=0 |last=Koreinik |first=Kadri |title=Võro kiil|publisher=Studies in European Language Diversity 23.2 |date=2013 |accessdate=2015-12-09}}
14. ^{{cite web|url=https://phaidra.univie.ac.at/detail_object/o:308888?SID=76572&actPage=1&type=listview&sortfield=fgs.createdDate,STRING&sortreverse=0 |last=Koreinik |first=Kadri |title=The Võro language in Estonia: ELDIA Case-Specific Report |publisher=Studies in European Language Diversity 23 |date=2013 |accessdate=2015-12-09}}
15. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.sgr.fi/sust/sust258/sust258_pajusalu.pdf |format=PDF |last=Pajusalu |first=Karl |title= The reforming of the Southern Finnic language area. The Quasquicentennial of the Finno-Ugrian Society. Suomalais-Ugrilaisen Seuran Toimituksia = Mémoires de la Société Finno-Ougrienne 258 |location= Helsinki |year=2009 |pages=95–107}}
16. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.unesco.org/culture/languages-atlas/en/atlasmap/language-id-422.html |title=UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in danger |publisher=Unesco.org |date= |accessdate=2014-08-23}}

History