| 词条 | W88 |
| 释义 |
| name = W88 | image = W-88 warhead diagram.svg | image_size = 300 | caption = Diagram of the W88 warhead: In 1999, information came out implying that in some U.S. designs, the primary (top) is egg-shaped, while the secondary (bottom) is spherical. | origin = | type = Nuclear bomb | is_explosive = yes | service = 1989 to present | used_by = United States Navy | wars = |designer = Los Alamos National Laboratory |design_date = 1970s to 1980s |manufacturer = Rocky Flats |unit_cost = |production_date = 1988 to 1989 (full production) |number = ~400 |variants = |spec_label = |weight = Less than {{convert|800|lb|kg}} |length = {{convert|68.9|inch|cm}} |part_length = |width = |height = |diameter = {{convert|21.8|inch|cm}} |filling = |filling_weight = |detonation = Contact, airburst |yield = 475 kilotons }} The W88 is a United States thermonuclear warhead, with an estimated yield of 475 kilotons[1] (kt), and is small enough to fit on MIRVed missiles. The W88 was designed at the Los Alamos National Laboratory in the 1970s. In 1999, the director of Los Alamos who had presided over its design described it as "the most advanced U.S. nuclear warhead".[2] As of 2014, the latest version is called the W88 ALT 370,[3] and the first production unit is scheduled for December 2019.[4] The Trident II submarine-launched ballistic missile (SLBM) can be armed with up to 8 W88 warheads (Mark 5 re-entry vehicle) or 12 100 kt W76 warheads (Mark 4 re-entry vehicle), but it is limited to 8 warheads under the Strategic Offensive Reductions Treaty. HistoryMuch of the work was done on the warhead by Los Alamos National Laboratory before the introduction of the Threshold Test Ban Treaty in 1976. A production run of 4000 to 5000 warheads was initially envisioned but production was halted after the November 1989 raid on the Rocky Flats Plant by the FBI. Consideration was given to restarting production but the program was terminated in January 1992. Final production was approximately 400 warheads.[5] Design revelationsInformation about the W88 has implied that it is a variation of the standard Teller–Ulam design for thermonuclear weapons. In a thermonuclear weapon such as the W88, nuclear fission in the primary part causes nuclear fusion in the secondary part, which results in the main explosion. Although the weapon employs fusion in the secondary, most of the explosive yield comes from fission of nuclear material in the primary, secondary, and casing.[6] In 1999, the San Jose Mercury News reported that the W88 had an egg-shaped primary and a spherical secondary, which were together inside a radiation case known as the "peanut" for its shape.{{refn|The code-name of the primary was Komodo and that of the secondary was Cursa, which come from the names of a ferocious lizard, the Komodo dragon, and a bright star Cursa.[7] |group="Note"}} Four months later, The New York Times reported that in 1995 a supposed double agent from the People's Republic of China delivered information indicating that China knew these details about the W88 warhead as well, supposedly through espionage (this line of investigation eventually resulted in the abortive trial of Wen Ho Lee). If these stories are true, it would indicate a variation of the Teller-Ulam design which would allow for the miniaturization required for small MIRVed warheads.[8][9][10] The value of an egg-shaped primary lies apparently in the fact that a MIRV warhead is limited by the diameter of the primary—if an egg-shaped primary can be made to work properly, then the MIRV warhead can be made considerably smaller yet still deliver a high-yield explosion—a W88 warhead manages to yield up to 475 kt with a physics package 68.9 in (1.75 m) long, with a maximum diameter of 21.8 in (0.55 m), and weighing probably less than 800 lb (360 kg).[1] The smaller warhead allows more of them to fit onto a single missile and improves basic flight properties such as speed and range. The calculations for a nonspherical primary are apparently orders of magnitude more difficult than for a spherical primary. A spherically symmetric simulation is one-dimensional, while an axially symmetric simulation is two dimensional. Simulations typically divide up each dimension into discrete segments, so a one-dimensional simulation might involve only 100 points, while a similarly accurate two dimensional simulation would require 10,000. This would likely be the reason they would be desirable for a country like the People's Republic of China, which already developed its own nuclear and thermonuclear weapons, especially since they were no longer conducting nuclear testing which would provide valuable design information.[11] The case is filled with a lightweight foam material, believed to be an aerogel known as FOGBANK.[12] See also
Notes1. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://nuclearweaponarchive.org/Usa/Weapons/W88.html |title=The W88 Warhead |publisher=}} 2. ^Harold M. Agnew, [https://fas.org/irp/ops/ci/agnewwsj.html "Letter: Looking for Spies in Nuclear Kitchen"], Wall Street Journal (17 May 1999), p. A27. 3. ^{{cite news |author= |title=W88 warhead program performs successful tests |url=https://share.sandia.gov/news/resources/news_releases/w88_tests/#.WDCDqnfMyY0 |newspaper=Sandia Labs News Releases|publisher=Sandia Corporation |date=October 28, 2014 |access-date= }} 4. ^{{cite web |url=https://nnsa.energy.gov/sites/default/files/FY16SSMP_FINAL%203_16_2015_reducedsize.pdf |title=Fiscal Year 2016 Stockpile Stewardship and Management Plan |author= |date=March 2015 |website=National Nuclear Security Administration |publisher=United States Department of Energy |page=2{{hyphen}}20 }} 5. ^{{cite web |url=http://nuclearweaponarchive.org/Usa/Weapons/W88.html |title=The W88 Warhead |last=Sublette |first=Carey |date= |website= |publisher= |access-date=7 September 2018 |quote=}} 6. ^{{harvnb|Stober|Hoffman|2001|pp=41–42}} 7. ^{{harvnb|Stober|Hoffman|2001|p=41}} 8. ^{{cite book |last1=Stober |first1=Dan |last2=Hoffman |first2=Ian |year=2001 |title=A Convenient Spy: Wen Ho Lee and the Politics of Nuclear Espionage |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=THOhwxvPrT0C |publisher= Simon and Schuster |isbn=9780743223782 |ref=harv }} 9. ^Howard Morland, "[https://fas.org/sgp/eprint/morland.html The holocaust bomb: A question of time]" (February 2003) 10. ^{{cite news |last=Broad |first=William J. |author-link=William Broad |date=September 7, 1999 |title=Spies vs. Sweat: The Debate Over China's Nuclear Advance |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1999/09/07/us/spies-vs-sweat-the-debate-over-china-s-nuclear-advance.html |work=The New York Times |access-date=December 16, 2016 }} 11. ^Christopher Cox, chairman, Report of the United States House of Representatives Select Committee on U.S. National Security and Military/Commercial Concerns with the People's Republic of China (1999), esp. Ch. 2, "PRC Theft of U.S. Thermonuclear Warhead Design Information". 12. ^A not fully referenced single heavily redacted page from a declassified Department of Energy report on material production restart capabilities including a matrix of materials and weapons that used them. The page was originally released by former weapons designer Scott Carson. {{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/armscontrolwonk/status/503010204293021696 |last=Lewis |first=Jeffrey |date=Aug 22, 2014 |publisher=Twitter |access-date=Jan 27, 2017 |quote=So, FOGBANK is used in the W76, W78, and W88. I guessed two out of three. Oh well. |title=So, FOGBANK is used }} References{{reflist}}External links
1 : Nuclear warheads of the United States |
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