“Anna Elisabeth Baer”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Anna Elisabeth Baer was the daughter of the rich merchant and city councillor Kristoffer Carlbohm and Anna Warg of Gamla Karleby.

In 1743, she married the wealthy merchant Anders Baer (1712-1770) of Turku, who was also an elected representativ to the Swedish parliament. She took over the family business after the death of her spouse in 1770, and managed it for nearly thirty years after his death.^[1] She sent a few petitions relating to business to the Swedish Collegium of Commerce.^[1] She was a shipowner.^[3] From 1770 until 1777, she managed the Åbo city hall restaurant in companionship with Elisabeth Wittfooth.

She wanted to vote in the Riksdag elections in Turku in 1771, and sent a letter to the governor regarding the matter.^[4]^[5] The petition was sent together with the book binder Hedvig Söderman and the tanner Hedvig Ottiliana Richter, both widows who inherited their business from their late husband's, and who all petitioned to vote on the grounds that they where tax payers. In Sweden-Finland at the time, there was in fact a conditional women suffrage for women who where members of guilds. However, this right was contested in Finland, where it was not considered proper for women to appear in the town halls to discuss political issues. The answer to the petition of 1771 was a refusal, motivated by the fact that Baer, Söderman and Richter had merely inherited their businesses from their late husband's and had not swore the burgher oath personally, was thus not full member of the guilds and had thereby not the right to vote.^[6]

During the Theatre War in 1790, the war lugger Tumlaren was gifted to king Gustav III of Sweden and the royal fleet by the female merchants (referred to as 'Merchant Widows') of the city of Turku, among them being Anna Elisabeth Baer and Elisabeth Wittfooth.^[7]

References

1. ^¹²{{cite web|url=https://jyx.jyu.fi/dspace/bitstream/handle/123456789/41240/978-951-39-4992-1_2012.pdf?sequence=1 |title=Business Life in Pursuit of Economic and Political Advantages in Early-Nineteenth-Century Finland |publisher=JYVÄSKYLÄ STUDIES IN HUMANITIES 195|date=2012 |accessdate=2016-07-14}}
2. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.kansallisbiografia.fi/kb/artikkeli/372/ |title=Baer, Anna Elisabeth (1722 - 1799) | Biografiakeskus, Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura (Finlands National Biography)|publisher=Kansallisbiografia.fi |date= |accessdate=2016-07-14}}
3. ^{{cite book|title=Historiallinen aikakauskirja|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=btXwAAAAMAAJ|page=214|year=2005}}
4. ^{{cite book|author=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland|title=Dialog och särart: människor, samhällen och idéer från Gustav Vasa till nutid|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6OAnAQAAMAAJ|year=2005|publisher=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland|pages=147|isbn=978-951-583-126-2}}
5. ^{{cite book|author1=Irma Sulkunen|author2=Seija-Leena Nevala-Nurmi|author3=Pirjo Markkola|title=Suffrage, Gender and Citizenship – International Perspectives on Parliamentary Reforms|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=srELBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA61|date=18 December 2008|publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing|isbn=978-1-4438-0301-4|pages=61–}}
6. ^Jarna Heinonen, Kirsi Vainio-Korhonen, [https://books.google.se/books?id=tnlTDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT153&lpg=PT153&dq=civil+code+1734+sweden+women&source=bl&ots=I1jZOyXHrp&sig=ACfU3U0v5z-CSZ5lvl8DJxCGXtx3mfmMHA&hl=sv&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwigrc6sxpThAhUJ7aYKHVy7AHEQ6AEwD3oECAgQAQ#v=onepage&q=civil%20code%201734%20sweden%20women&f=false Women in Business Families: From Past to Present]
7. ^Bladh, Christine, [https://sh.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1193036/FULLTEXT01.pdf Hennes snilles styrka: kvinnliga grosshandlare i Stockholm och Åbo 1750–1820], Södertörns högskola, Huddinge, 2018 http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-34733