| 词条 | Wakeham |
| 释义 |
| official_name= Wakeham | country= England | region= South West England | civil_parish= Portland | shire_district= Weymouth and Portland | shire_county= Dorset | area_total_sq_mi= | population= | population_density= | os_grid_reference= | map_type= Dorset | coordinates = {{coord|50.542706|-2.430769|display=inline,title}} | london_distance= | post_town= Portland | postcode_area= DT | postcode_district= DT5 | dial_code= 01305 | constituency_westminster= South Dorset | website= }}Wakeham is a hamlet near the village of Easton, in Tophill on the Isle of Portland in Dorset, England. It is situated between the Straits part of Easton, and Pennsylvania Castle. As with the rest of Portland's villages and settlements, Wakeham has been designated as a conservation area, as it is a place of special architectural and historic interest. Easton, Wakeham and Reforne were designated pre-1974.[1][2] The hamlet features a distinctively wide road running through it, once built to allow space for horse-drawn carts transporting stone by road.[3] Many of Wakeham's older buildings of the 17th and 18th century survive.[4] HistoryWakeham was established around a natural watercourse and various springs, which the Romans are likely to have developed. Among the archaeological finds of Wakeham are Roman stone sarcophagi, and Iron Age underground chambers. The original settlement was situated within the small valley at the south of the hamlet, and this land later became part of the grounds of Pennsylvania Castle.[5] In 789 AD, the first recorded Viking attack within British Isles, including Ireland, occurred on Portland's coast. It is believed that Church Ope Cove was the location, and at the time would have shown Wakeham above it.[6][7] The exposed location was later defended by the Norman 12th-century Rufus Castle.[8] Wakeham was home to Portland's first parish church, St Andrews Church, which was probably first established above the cove by the Saxons, and rebuilt in the 12th century.[9] The church was later replaced in the 18th century by the new parish church St George's.[10] During the construction of the new church, between 1754 and 1766, a temporary place of worship was established within Wakeham.[11] Between 1797 and 1800, John Penn, Governor of Portland and grandson of William Penn, the founder of Pennsylvania, had the Gothic revival mansion Pennsylvania Castle built on a platform above the cove, and at the bottom of Wakeham.[12] In order to expand his land, he had Southwell Road diverted, and purchased a number of cottages at the bottom of Wakeham.[13] From the 1840s onwards, Portland saw a large increase within its population, due to the construction of Portland Harbour's Breakwaters.[14] With the need for housing, and the expansion of Portland's villages, Wakeham became part of Easton village.[15] After the First World War, a number of inland quarries were opened around Wakeham area. Opposite Portland Museum at the bottom of Wakeham, a small quarry was opened to provide stone for the Whitehall Cenotaph.[16] The museum was opened in 1930, after Marie Stopes donated two houses for a museum.[17] Today Wakeham remains part of Easton, and is largely residential. Commercial businessUnlike the majority of Portland's villages, Wakeham has little commercial business in the area.[18] Accommodation in Wakeham village is a leading business and includes The Alessandria Hotel, the self-contained holiday let Church Ope Studio,[19] and the bed and breakfast Leam Guest House.[20] The Cove Holiday Park is found on the outskirt of Wakeham.[21] The Mermaid Inn, now closed, was once open in the area.[22] In 2010, work was successful in turning the pub into a house.[23] Grade listed featuresWakeham has a wide array of architecture and buildings, a number of which are Grade Listed. Tudor Cottage (167 Wakeham), 203 Wakeham, along with its attached outbuilding, 209 and 211 Wakeham, 99 Wakeham, 95 Wakeham, 205 and 207 Wakeham, 97 Wakeham, 213 Wakeham, 65 Wakeham, 106 Wakeham, Woodbine Cottage (112 Wakeham), 6 Wakeham, 127 Wakeham, 137 and 139 Wakeham, 129 and 131 Wakeham, 116 Wakeham, 114 Wakeham, 118 Wakeham, 215 Wakeham, 79 Wakeham, and 81 Wakeham are all Grade II Listed.[24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44] A dovecote, approximately 5 metres west-south-west of 106 Wakeham, is also Grade II Listed.[45] Portland Museum is located within Wakeham and close to Church Ope Cove.[46] The museum is housed in two former cottages, one titled Avice's Cottage, and both of which became Grade II Listed in January 1951. With both retaining thatched roofs, the cottages act as a reminder of the type of cottage that once appeared all across the island. Avice's Cottage was an inspiration within the novel The Well-Beloved, written by Thomas Hardy, as the home of three generations of "Avice's" – the novel's heroines.[47]Church Ope CoveAlthough not quite a part of Wakeham, near to Portland Museum, and above Church Ope Cove is Rufus Castle – a ruined castle dating from the late 15th century, on the site of an earlier building. It has been Grade I Listed since January 1951.[48] In addition to this, the castle has become a scheduled monument under the Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Areas Act 1979.[49] St Andrew's Church sits between the castle and the cove. It has been Grade II* Listed since the same time as the castle.[50] Pennsylvania Castle is found just on the edge of Wakeham, near Church Ope Cove. The castle and its attached walls has been Grade II Listed since January 1951.[51] The gatehouse and lodges to the castle were also made Grade II Listed at the same time, although the lodges are now separated in ownership from the castle.[52] References1. ^https://www.dorsetforyou.com/415315 {{Isle of Portland}}2. ^https://www.dorsetforyou.com/media/199172/Portland-conservation-area-appraisal/pdf/Appraisal_of_the_Conservation_Areas_of_Portland.pdf 3. ^https://www.dorsetforyou.com/media/199172/Portland-conservation-area-appraisal/pdf/Appraisal_of_the_Conservation_Areas_of_Portland.pdf 4. ^{{cite book|last=Legg|first=Rodney|title=Portland Encyclopaedia|year=1999|publisher=Dorset Publishing Company|isbn=978-0948699566|page=150}} 5. ^https://www.dorsetforyou.com/media/199172/Portland-conservation-area-appraisal/pdf/Appraisal_of_the_Conservation_Areas_of_Portland.pdf 6. ^Official Church Ope Cove and East Weares information board at cove viewpoint area 7. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/timeline/vikinganglosaxons_timeline_noflash.shtml |title=History : British History Timeline |publisher=BBC |date=1 January 1970 |accessdate=10 June 2014}} 8. ^{{PastScape|mnumber=451726|mname=|accessdate=1 October 2015}} 9. ^{{PastScape|mnumber=451729|mname=|accessdate=1 October 2015}} 10. ^http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~pbtyc/Portland/PYB/Churches.html 11. ^http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~pbtyc/Portland/St_Geo/Church.html 12. ^{{NHLE|num=1203103|desc=|accessdate=1 October 2015}} 13. ^https://web.archive.org/web/20110112161857/http://members.multimania.co.uk/SDHS/penn.htm 14. ^http://www.pbenyon.plus.com/Portland/PYB/Population.html 15. ^https://www.dorsetforyou.com/media/199172/Portland-conservation-area-appraisal/pdf/Appraisal_of_the_Conservation_Areas_of_Portland.pdf 16. ^https://www.dorsetforyou.com/media/199172/Portland-conservation-area-appraisal/pdf/Appraisal_of_the_Conservation_Areas_of_Portland.pdf 17. ^{{cite book|last=Mackenzie|first=Roy|title=Portland: A Topographical and Historical Gazetteer|year=1999|page=30}} 18. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.geoffkirby.co.uk/Portland/695715/ |title=Silklake Quarry, Portland, Dorset |publisher=Geoffkirby.co.uk |date= |accessdate=18 November 2012}} 19. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.churchopestudio.com/ |title=Self Catering Accommodation : Portland Dorset |publisher=Church Ope Studio |date= |accessdate=18 November 2012}} 20. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.leamhouse.co.uk/ |title=Luxury Bed and Breakfast in Portland, Dorset |publisher=Leam House |date= |accessdate=18 November 2012}} 21. ^{{cite web|author=Beechwood Associates |url=http://www.coveholidaypark.co.uk/ |title=Dorset Holiday Parks | Holiday Park Dorset | Cove Holiday Park Dorset |publisher=Coveholidaypark.co.uk |date= |accessdate=18 November 2012}} 22. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.beerintheevening.com/pubs/s/32/32427/Mermaid_Inn/Portland |title=Mermaid Inn, Portland, Dorset, DT5 1HS - pub details# |publisher=Beerintheevening.com |date= |accessdate=18 November 2012}} 23. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.geoffkirby.co.uk/Portland/695710/ |title=Pennsylvania Castle and Church Ope, Portland |publisher=Geoffkirby.co.uk |date=3 April 2003 |accessdate=18 November 2012}} 24. ^{{NHLE|num=1206397 |desc=|accessdate=26 June 2014}} 25. ^{{NHLE|num=1203129 |desc=|accessdate=26 June 2014}} 26. ^{{NHLE|num=1203130 |desc=|accessdate=26 June 2014}} 27. ^{{NHLE|num=1206345 |desc=|accessdate=26 June 2014}} 28. ^{{NHLE|num=1206310 |desc=|accessdate=26 June 2014}} 29. ^{{NHLE|num=1206413 |desc=|accessdate=26 June 2014}} 30. ^{{NHLE|num=1281837 |desc=|accessdate=26 June 2014}} 31. ^{{NHLE|num=1280237 |desc=|accessdate=26 June 2014}} 32. ^{{NHLE|num=1203123 |desc=|accessdate=26 June 2014}} 33. ^{{NHLE|num=1203125 |desc=|accessdate=26 June 2014}} 34. ^{{NHLE|num=1203126 |desc=|accessdate=26 June 2014}} 35. ^{{NHLE|num=1280298 |desc=|accessdate=26 June 2014}} 36. ^{{NHLE|num=1203127 |desc=|accessdate=26 June 2014}} 37. ^{{NHLE|num=1203128 |desc=|accessdate=26 June 2014}} 38. ^{{NHLE|num=1206388 |desc=|accessdate=26 June 2014}} 39. ^{{NHLE|num=1206363 |desc=|accessdate=26 June 2014}} 40. ^{{NHLE|num=1280249 |desc=|accessdate=26 June 2014}} 41. ^{{NHLE|num=1280259 |desc=|accessdate=26 June 2014}} 42. ^{{NHLE|num=1206303 |desc=|accessdate=26 June 2014}} 43. ^{{NHLE|num=1203131 |desc=|accessdate=26 June 2014}} 44. ^{{NHLE|num=1203124 |desc=|accessdate=26 June 2014}} 45. ^{{NHLE|num=1206351 |desc=|accessdate=26 June 2014}} 46. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.portlandmuseum.co.uk/ |title=Portland Museum |publisher=Portland Museum |date=17 October 2012 |accessdate=18 November 2012}} 47. ^{{NHLE|num=1206423 |desc=|accessdate=26 June 2014}} 48. ^{{NHLE|num=1280727 |desc=|accessdate=26 June 2014}} 49. ^{{NHLE|num=1002698 |desc=|accessdate=26 June 2014}} 50. ^{{NHLE|num=1205384 |desc=|accessdate=26 June 2014}} 51. ^{{NHLE|num=1203103 |desc=|accessdate=26 June 2014}} 52. ^{{NHLE|num=1203078 |desc=|accessdate=26 June 2014}} 2 : Villages in Dorset|Isle of Portland |
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