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词条 Wakizashi
释义

  1. Description

  2. History and use

  3. See also

  4. References

  5. External links

{{Italic title|reason=Category:Japanese words and phrases}}

The {{Nihongo|wakizashi|脇差||"side inserted [sword]"[1]|lead=yes}} is one of the traditionally made Japanese swords (nihontō)[2][3] worn by the samurai in feudal Japan.

Description

The wakizashi has a blade between {{convert|30|and|60|cm|in|abbr=on}},[1] with wakizashi close to the length of a katana being called ō-wakizashi and wakizashi closer to tantō length being called kō-wakizashi.[1] The wakizashi being worn together with the katana was the official sign that the wearer was a samurai or swordsman. When worn together the pair of swords were called daishō, which translates literally as "big-little".[4] The katana was the big or long sword and the wakizashi the "little" or companion sword.[5][6] Wakizashi are not necessarily just a smaller version of the katana; they could be forged differently and have a different cross section.[7]

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History and use

The production of swords in Japan is divided into specific time periods:

  • Jokotō (ancient swords, until around 900 A.D.)
  • Kotō (old swords from around 900–1596)
  • Shintō (new swords 1596–1780)
  • Shinshintō (newer swords 1781–1876)
  • Gendaitō (modern swords 1876–1945)[8]
  • Shinsakutō (newly made swords 1953–present)[9]
Wakizashi have been in use as far back as the 15th[10] or 16th century.[11] The wakizashi was used as a backup or auxiliary sword;[1] it was also used for close quarters fighting, to behead a defeated opponent[12] and sometimes to commit seppuku, a ritual suicide.[13] The wakizashi was one of several short swords available for use by samurai including the yoroi tōshi, and the chisa-katana. The term wakizashi did not originally specify swords of any official blade length[14] and was an abbreviation of wakizashi no katana ("sword thrust at one's side"); the term was applied to companion swords of all sizes.[15] It was not until the Edo period in 1638 when the rulers of Japan tried to regulate the types of swords and the social groups which were allowed to wear them that the lengths of katana and wakizashi were officially set.[16]

Kanzan Satō, in his book titled The Japanese Sword, notes that there did not seem to be any particular need for the wakizashi and suggests that the wakizashi may have become more popular than the tantō due to it being more suited for indoor fighting. He mentions the custom of leaving the katana at the door of a castle or palace when entering while continuing to wear the wakizashi inside.[17]

While the wearing of katana was limited to the samurai class, wakizashi of legal length (kō-wakizashi) could be carried by the chonin class which included merchants. This was common when traveling due to the risk of encountering bandits.[18][19] Wakizashi were worn on the left side, secured to the waist sash (Uwa-obi or himo).[20]

{{Gallery
|align=center
|File:Wakizashi with koshirae and related parts.jpg|An antique Japanese wakizashi with koshirae and related parts, shown dis-assembled. The hamon (temper line) is clearly visible.
|File:Wakisashi-IMG 4686-87-88.jpg|Wakisashi by Sanpin Masatoshi, early 1600s. The disassembled koshirae shows the tsuba (guard), the twin kōgai (hair pin) and the Kozuka (small knife). On display at the British Museum.
|File:Edo period Wakizashi.jpg|Wakizashi Edo period
}}

See also

{{div col}}
  • Uchigatana
  • Katana
  • Tachi
  • Ōdachi
  • Japanese sword mountings
{{Div col end}}

References

1. ^1 2 3 [https://books.google.com/books?id=tgOY9Cnxh3UC&pg=PA105 Ogyû Sorai's Discourse on government (Seidan): an annotated translation, Sorai Ogyū, Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, 1999 P.105]
2. ^[https://books.google.com/books?id=PtBci2GslUkC&pg=PA150 The Development of Controversies: From the Early Modern Period to Online Discussion Forums, Volume 91 of Linguistic Insights. Studies in Language and Communication, Author Manouchehr Moshtagh Khorasani, Publisher Peter Lang, 2008, {{ISBN|3-03911-711-4}}, {{ISBN|978-3-03911-711-6}} P.150]
3. ^[https://books.google.com/books?id=f-RsCs5dJRwC&pg=PA144 The Complete Idiot's Guide to World Mythology, Complete Idiot's Guides, Authors Evans Lansing Smith, Nathan Robert Brown, Publisher Penguin, 2008, {{ISBN|1-59257-764-4}}, {{ISBN|978-1-59257-764-4}} P.144]
4. ^[https://books.google.com/books?id=vFS2iT8QjqEC&pg=PA68 The Japanese sword, Kanzan Satō, Kodansha International, 1983 p.68]
5. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZzIXkFec0e8C&pg=PA18&dq=wakizashi#v=onepage&q=wakizashi&f=false |title=Classical weaponry of Japan: special weapons and tactics of the martial arts |first=Serge |last=Mol |pages=18–24 |publisher=Kodansha International |year=2003 |isbn=4-7700-2941-1}}
6. ^{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZFf9e0DmHZUC&pg=PA258&dq=wakizashi#v=onepage&q=wakizashi&f=false |page=258 |title=Secrets of the samurai: a survey of the martial arts of feudal Japan |first1=Oscar |last1=Ratti |first2=Adele |last2=Westbrook |year=1973 |publisher=Tuttle Publishing |isbn=0-8048-1684-0}}
7. ^[https://books.google.com/books?id=wExlaM1ov0sC&pg=PA138 Samurai: The Code of the Warrior, Thomas Louis, Tommy Ito, Sterling Publishing Company, Inc., 2008 P.138]
8. ^{{cite book|author=Clive Sinclaire |title=Samurai: The Weapons and Spirit of the Japanese Warrior |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IQ3FAZG94ZsC&pg=PA40|date=1 November 2004 |publisher=Lyons Press |isbn=978-1-59228-720-8 |pages=40–58}}
9. ^{{cite book|author=トム岸田 |title=靖国刀 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z6oB6eFRjZkC&pg=PA42|date=24 September 2004 |publisher=Kodansha International |isbn=978-4-7700-2754-2 |page=42}}
10. ^[https://books.google.com/books?id=IQ3FAZG94ZsC&pg=PA87 Samurai: The Weapons and Spirit of the Japanese Warrior, Clive Sinclaire, Globe Pequot, 2004 P.87]
11. ^[https://books.google.com/books?id=wExlaM1ov0sC&pg=PA138 Samurai: The Code of the Warrior, Thomas Louis, Tommy Ito, Sterling Publishing Company, Inc., 2008 P138]
12. ^[https://books.google.com/books?id=m-XpP_pdANcC&pg=PA240 The encyclopedia of nineteenth-century land warfare: an illustrated world view, Byron Farwell, W. W. Norton & Company, 2001 P.240]
13. ^A glossary of the construction, decoration and use of arms and armor in all countries and in all times, together with some closely related subjects, George Cameron Stone, Jack Brussel Pub., 1961 P.201
14. ^[https://books.google.com/books?id=i0ni1NmbYe0C&pg=PA158 Handbook to life in medieval and early modern Japan, William E. Deal, Oxford University Press US, 2007 P.158]
15. ^[https://books.google.com/books?id=q5KBjpGSRgkC&pg=PA78 Samurai, warfare and the state in early medieval Japan (Google eBook), Karl F. Friday, Psychology Press, 2004 P.78]
16. ^[https://books.google.com/books?id=zPyswmGDBFkC&pg=PA35 The connoisseur's book of Japanese swords, Kōkan Nagayama, Kodansha International, 1998 P.35]
17. ^[https://books.google.com/books?id=vFS2iT8QjqEC&pg=PA68 The Japanese sword, Kanzan Satō, Kodansha International, 1983 P.68]
18. ^Taiho-jutsu: law and order in the age of the samurai, Don Cunningham, Tuttle Publishing, 2004 P,23
19. ^[https://books.google.com/books?id=zPyswmGDBFkC&pg=PA48 The connoisseur's book of Japanese swords, Kōkan Nagayama, Kodansha International, 1998 P.28]
20. ^[https://books.google.com/books?id=Z9lmmkvQOpoC&pg=PA260 Secrets of the samurai: a survey of the martial arts of feudal Japan, Oscar Ratti, Adele Westbrook, Tuttle Publishing, 1991 P.260]

External links

{{Commons category|Wakizashi}}{{Commons category|Nihonto}}
  • Richard Stein's Japanese sword guide
  • Wakizashi Japanese Sword
{{Japanese (samurai) weapons, armour and equipment}}{{Swords by region}}

4 : Samurai weapons and equipment|Samurai swords|Japanese sword types|Japanese swords
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