| 词条 | Anthony Bessemer |
| 释义 |
Born in London, Bessemer moved to the Netherlands as a boy with his family and lived there from 1777 to 1787, then moving to Paris.[3]{{sfn|Bessemer|1905}} As an engineer his work included draining machinery and microscope manufacture. With the upheaval of the French Revolution he returned to London.{{sfn|Bessemer|1905}} Bessemer acted as a punchcutter, an engraver of metal type, first for type foundries on the continent, then on returning to England for Henry Caslon (who was Henry Bessemer's godfather) and later for his own type foundry; according to Jeans his clients on the continent included the firm of Firmin Didot,{{sfn|Jeans|1884|pages=10–18}} and he also sold a font to the Enschedé foundry in 1795.[3][4] In the course of his work for Caslon he testified by letter to the London Society of Arts in May 1818 on the topic of new anti-forgery precautions on banknotes, and this provides testimony on his work rate for the specific case of cutting 4pt punches: "the time required to engrave a diamond lower case alphabet and doubles, consisting of 33 punches, would be about 6 weeks, and that the same time would be required for a set of capitals of 28 punches."[5]{{sfn|Wolpe|1967|pp=27–29}} Caslon testified that at "at present there are only 4 or 5 persons in England who can execute diamond [4pt] type".{{sfn|Nash|2004|pages=55-70}}{{efn|Bessemer is mentioned in Hansard's Typographia using this spelling, but the cutting of a diamond-size font for Caslon is credited to a Mr Bessimer, who is listed separately in the index.{{sfn|Hansard|1825|pp=253–254, 361, 382}} Reed (1887) concluded that this was a misprint and that the two were likely one and the same.{{sfn|Reed|1887}}}} Some years after returning to England, he set up a type foundry in Charlton, Hertfordshire with his business partner J.J. Catherwood (a former business partner of Caslon's), which later moved to London.[6][7] Bessemer's son Henry was born while he lived in Charlton in 1813. Henry Bessemer took an early interest in his father's business and some of his early patents are for improved type-casting machinery.{{sfn|Reed|1887}}[8] Bessemer retired in 1832, when his stock was auctioned and dispersed.{{sfn|Reed|1887}}{{sfn|De Vinne|1899|pp=101–102}}{{sfn|Gray|1938|p=114}} A reprint of his specimen of 1830 has been published by the British Printing Historical Society.[8] Notes{{notelist|30em}}References1. ^{{cite web| publisher=Grace's Guide to British Industrial History| title=Anthony Bessemer| url=https://www.gracesguide.co.uk/Anthony_Bessemer#cite_ref-2| ref=harv}} 2. ^{{cite journal |title=Sir Henry Bessemer's Connection with Printing |journal=The Printing Times and Lithographer |date=1880 |pages=226-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h3ZQAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA226 |accessdate=11 February 2019}} 3. ^1 2 {{cite book|last1=Lane|first1=John A.|last2=Lommen|first2=Matthieu|title=Dutch typefounders’ specimens|date=1998|publisher=Nijhoff|location='s-Gravenhage|isbn=9789070386948|pages=61–64|url=https://issuu.com/bijzondere_collecties_uva/docs/1998_dutch_typefounders_specimens|accessdate=1 August 2017}} 4. ^{{cite journal|last1=Mosley|first1=James|title=The Typefoundry of Vincent Figgins, 1792-1836|journal=Motif|issue=1|pages=29–36}} 5. ^{{cite book|title=Report of the Committee of the Society of Arts (etc.) Together with the Approved Communications and Evidence Upon the Same, Relative to the Mode of Preventing the Forgery of Bank Notes|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_spUAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA68|year=1819|pages=68–9}} 6. ^{{London Gazette| issue=18239| date=18 April 1826| page=913}} 7. ^{{London Gazette| issue=18500| date=29 August 1828| page=1638}} 8. ^1 {{cite journal|title=A. Bessemer's Specimen of Printing Types, 1830|journal=Journal of the Printing Historical Society|date=1969|volume=5}} Sources{{refbegin|30em}}
| last1 = Bessemer | first1 = Henry | title = Sir Henry Bessemer, F.R.S.: an autobiography; with a concluding chapter | date = 1905 | location = London | url = https://archive.org/details/sirhenrybessemer00bessuoft | publisher = Engineering | ref = harv }}
| title = A Bessemer Steel Rail | journal = Locomotive Firemen's Magazine | volume = 19 | issue = 1 | date = 1895 | publisher = B of LF&E | url = https://archive.org/details/189501FiremensMagazineV19/page/n10 | page = 3–12 | ref = harv }}
| first1 = Anthony | last1 = Burton | title = The Iron Men: The Workers Who Created the New Iron Age | date = 2015 | publisher = History Press | isbn = 978-0750959551 | ref = harv }}
| first1 = Theodore Low | last1 = De Vinne | author1-link = Theodore Low De Vinne | title = The Practice of Typography: A Treatise on the Processes of Type-making, the Point System, the Names, Sizes, Styles, and Prices of Plain Printing Types | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=18gDAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA101 | date = 1899 | publisher = Century | ref = harv }}
| last1 = Gray | first1 = Nicolete | author1-link = Nicolete Gray | title = XIXth Century Ornamented Types and Title Pages | date = 1938 | publisher = Faber & Faber | location = London | page = 114 | ref = harv }}
| last1 = Hansard | first1 = Thomas Curson | author1-link = Thomas Curson Hansard | title = Typographia, an Historical Sketch of the Origin and Progress of the Art of Printing | date = 1825 | url = https://archive.org/details/typographiaanhi01hansgoog | ref = harv }}
| first1 = Kenneth E | last1 = Hendrickson | title = The Encyclopedia of the Industrial Revolution in World History | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=EdwsCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA91 | date = 2014 | publisher = Rowman & Littlefield | isbn = 978-0810888876 | ref = harv }}
| last1 = Jeans | first1 = William T | author1-link = William Tulloch Jeans | title = The creators of the age of steel | url = https://archive.org/details/creatorsagestee00tgoog/page/n22 | date = 1884 | publisher = Chapman and Hall | ref = harv }}
| first = Sir Sidney | last1 = Lee | title = Dictionary of National Biography: Supplement | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=qiYJAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA185 | date = 1901 | publisher = Smith, Elder | ref = harv }}
| last1 = Nash | first1 = Paul W | title = Hansard's typographical banknote | journal = Journal of the Printing Historical Society | date = 2004 | ref = harv }}
| first = Talbot Baines | last1 = Reed | author1-link = Talbot Baines Reed | title = A History of the Old English Letter Foundries: With Notes, Historical and Bibliographical, on the Rise and Progress of English Typography | url = https://books.googleusercontent.com/books/content?req=AKW5QadjnlMieg1EgrrpU9sjwyEJujsC83mI_DJ4uKK1Azksw_k_vkN37GnD3D0iL9xYq637_C8l1gt33IGPv6uwCu_phjZ7vBteuqHaJsVBJQ42fmJonY_JIyo7F7lzqWkOM1mKI66357BKwqp4saiFbZLoQAwIVPvFl0vJ2jP5XKJAxy2y4_88daUeppmqvsl8C__GDJeUTQ7EWCsOR5VjTqvYF7L9AtFq6kGqw-8-0yvWQejqKMXTaj3VH5ChJCDcJzwya6ykETIxw1_cE9lqryR2W7xAfw | date = 1887 | publisher = Elliot Stock | location = London | pages = 358–359 | format = pdf | ref = harv }}
| last1 = Wolpe | first1 = Berthold | author1-link = Berthold Wolpe | title = Vincent Figgins: Type specimens, 1801 and 1815 | date = 1967 | publisher = Printing Historical Society | location = London | ref = harv }}{{refend}}{{authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Bessemer, Anthony}} 3 : British engineers|English typographers|19th-century British people |
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