| 词条 | Wallaroo, South Australia | ||||||||
| 释义 |
| type = town | name = Wallaroo | state = sa | image = Wallaroo1.JPG | caption = Wallaroo Town Hall | image_alt = | relief = | coordinates = {{coord|33|55|0|S|137|37|0|E|display=inline,title}} | pushpin_label_position = | map_alt = | pop = 4010 | pop_year = 2015 | pop_footnotes = [1] | poprank = | density = | density_footnotes = | established = 1851 | established_footnotes = | abolished = | gazetted = | postcode = 5556 | elevation = 44 | elevation_footnotes = | area = | area_footnotes = | timezone = | utc = | timezone-dst = | utc-dst = | dist1 = 160 | dir1 = NNW | location1 = Adelaide | lga = Copper Coast | region = | county = | stategov = Narungga[2] | fedgov = Grey | url = | maxtemp = 23.0 | maxtemp_footnotes = | mintemp = 10.8 | mintemp_footnotes = | rainfall = 386.7 | rainfall_footnotes = | near-n = North Beach Wallaroo Plain | near-ne = Wallaroo Plain | near-e = Kadina | near-se = Kadina | near-s = Warburto | near-sw = Spencer Gulf | near-w = Spencer Gulf | near-nw = Spencer Gulf | near = Wallaroo | footnotes = Adjoining localities[3] }}Wallaroo is a port town on the western side of Yorke Peninsula in South Australia, {{convert|160|km|-1}} northwest of Adelaide. It is one of the three Copper Triangle towns famed for their historic shared copper mining industry, and known together as "Little Cornwall", the other two being Kadina, about {{convert|8|km|0}} to the east, and Moonta, about {{convert|18|km}} south. In 2015, Wallaroo had an estimated population of 4,010.[1] DescriptionWallaroo is about {{convert|18|km}} north of Moonta and {{convert|8|km}} west of Kadina. Since 1999, the rural broadacre farming area to the north of the town has been officially known as Wallaroo Plain[4] The area south of Wallaroo is Warburto.[5] The Warburto railway station name was derived from the Narungga name for a nearby spring.[6] HistoryAboriginalThe Narungga are the group of Indigenous Australians whose traditional lands include what is now termed Yorke Peninsula in South Australia. The name "Wallaroo" comes from the Aboriginal word wadlu waru, meaning wallaby urine. The early settlers tried to copy the Aboriginals by calling it Walla Waroo. However, they found this too big to stamp on the wool bales, so they shortened it to Wallaroo.[7] During the early years of European settlement, the Narungga maintained a healthy population, but it has since declined. EuropeanMatthew Flinders was the first European to visit the location. When he sailed by on 16 March 1802, he recorded that "the immediate coast ... which extends several leagues to the north of the point, is low and sandy, but a few miles back it rises to a level land of moderate elevation, and is not ill-clothed with small trees."[8] Wallaroo was first settled in 1851 by a sheep grazier, Robert Miller. In 1857, Walter Watson Hughes purchased the land and named it "Walla Waroo". The name was subsequently shortened to "Wallaroo".[7] Copper was soon discovered in the Kadina area in 1859, and in Moonta (in a wombat hole) in 1861. Confusingly, the famous Wallaroo Mines were at Kadina, not Wallaroo. There were no copper mines at Wallaroo itself, although Wallaroo became a smelting and harbour town, not a mining town. The copper smelter was established in 1861. Wallaroo settlement was established on Wallaroo Bay by 1861 and was proclaimed as a government town on 29 January 1862.[9] In June of that year, the cadastral Hundred of Wallaroo was proclaimed, allowing the surrounding land from coast to Wallaroo Mines to be allotted and sold as sections. The smelter grew and developed to eventually become the largest copper smelter outside of Wales. In addition to copper, the smelter also produced gold and lead, and included a sulphuric acid works, forming the largest and most important producer in Spencer Gulf, until the Port Pirie smelters were established in 1890.[7] Trading prospered, and a jetty was built in 1861 for ships to bring in coal, timber, food and mining equipment. The first load of refined copper was shipped in 1862, and by 1868 over 100 tons were produced each week. Wallaroo was connected to Kadina by horse-drawn tramway in 1862 and to Moonta in 1866. By 1865, the population of Wallaroo was 3,000, and soon the government town was incorporated as the Town of Wallaroo on 25 June 1874. A rail connection to Adelaide was completed by 1880.[10] Distilled sulphuric acid was also produced and superphosphate was manufactured between the 1890s and 1920s.[7] The areas population peaked at 5,000 in 1920, and Wallaroo was Yorke Peninsula's largest and most important port until when copper production ceased in 1923.[7] An automatic grain loader was built on the town's third jetty in 1958 and is currently in use. The local railway yards expanded to a significant size, but the use of the line diminished and it was closed in the 1990s. Today Wallaroo remains as a major grain port. Heritage listingsWallaroo has a number of heritage-listed sites, including:
Geography and climateWallaroo exists in a grain farming area with a moderate to low rainfall. It is located on the foreshore and is 13 metres above sea level. Wallaroo has a dry Mediterranean climate with seasonal temperatures a few degrees above Adelaide's temperatures. The temperature ranges are similar to those of Kadina and the weather patterns are similar to those of Kadina and Adelaide. In the summer Wallaroo has a light cool sea breeze on hot afternoons that sometimes makes the hottest afternoons more bearable than further inland. MediaWallaroo was home to a number of historic publications. One of these, the Wallaroo Times, went through a series of evolutions, namely:
Another publication was the Wallaroo Wheatsheaf (December 1911 - November 1918), which was produced monthly by Roland Campbell for Wallaroo Amalgamated Co-operative Society Ltd.[17] Its successor, Wheatsheaf (December 1918 - 16 June 1921), used the subtitle "an official organ of the Co-operative Movement of South Australia, application being made for registration as a newspaper". Economy{{see also|Wallaroo Mines|Copper Coast#Tourism}}Historically, Wallaroo was part of the "copper triangle" copper mining industry.{{Citation needed|date=March 2016}} One of the large mining chimneys still stands, aptly named the ‘big stack’.{{Citation needed|date=March 2016}} Copper mining ceased in the area in the 1920s, but the old copper smelter is now a tourist attraction.{{Citation needed|date=March 2016}} From the 1880s onwards the most important economic driver in the area has been cereal cropping, despite the proximity to Goyder's Line, which traditionally marks the geographic edges of agricultural viability in South Australia.{{Citation needed|date=March 2016}} Wallaroo is a significant sea port in South Australia and is the point of international export for many agricultural products originating on Yorke Peninsula and nearby parts of the South Australian Mid North.{{Citation needed|date=March 2016}} This especially includes seeds and grain products via the Wallaroo Grain Terminal.{{Citation needed|date=March 2016}} Wallaroo's surrounds are used for growing barley, wheat and other crops such as legumes, canola, chickpeas and field peas. Tourism associated with the copper mining history and marine leisure activity has become a major part of Wallaroo's economy in the latter 1900s.{{Citation needed|date=March 2016}} The three-day Kernewek Lowender Cornish festival is held every odd year in May, with Kadina, Moonta and Wallaroo each hosting the festival for one day. From the 1990s, beachfront development in the town has accelerated with new housing developments situated at Office and North beaches. The Copper Cove Marina commenced construction at North Beach in 1997 and expects, on completion, to contain a total of 154 marina berths with a proportionate number of new residential and commercial plots.[18] The marina development is almost one third of the size of the original township (prior to 1997).[19] TransportWallaroo is at the western end of the Copper Coast Highway and on the Spencer Highway. The Balaklava-Moonta and Kadina-Brinkworth railway lines closed in the 1990s. From the 1990s until 2009,{{Citation needed|date=November 2010}} the Lions Club of Yorke Peninsula Rail operated tourist services between Wallaroo, Kadina and Bute on some Sundays on the previously disused railway line.[20] Grain is transported to the storage near the wharf by road, and loaded to ships by conveyor belts. A daily ferry runs between Wallaroo and Lucky Bay, near Cowell on Eyre Peninsula.[21] GovernanceThe Copper Coast Council governs Wallaroo at the municipal level, replacing the former Corporate Town of Wallaroo which existed from 1874 to 1997. As such, it remains part of the Hundred of Wallaroo which itself is part of the County of Daly. Wallaroo lies in the state electoral district of Narungga and the federal electoral Division of Grey. Notable people
GallerySee also
References1. ^1 ABS - Wallaroo (SA2) Accessed 2017-08-30 2. ^{{cite map |url=http://edbc.sa.gov.au/redistributions/2016/2016-electoral-district-maps/narungga-map-2016-pdf/download.html |title=Narungga |publisher=Electoral District Boundaries Commission |date=2016 |accessdate=1 March 2018}} 3. ^{{cite web|title=Search result for "Wallaroo (Locality Bounded)" (Record no SA0016792) with the following layer being selected - "Suburbs and Localities" and "Government Towns"|url=http://maps.sa.gov.au/plb/#|publisher= Department of Planning, Transport and Infrastructure |date= |accessdate=7 April 2016}} 4. ^{{cite web |url=http://maps.sa.gov.au/plb/# |title=Placename Details: Wallaroo Plain |id=SA0038041 |publisher=Government of South Australia |date=8 September 2008 |accessdate=30 December 2015}} 5. ^{{cite web |url=http://maps.sa.gov.au/plb/# |title=Placename Details: Warburto |id=SA0038073 |publisher=Government of South Australia |date=8 September 2008 |accessdate=30 December 2015}} 6. ^{{cite web |url=http://maps.sa.gov.au/plb/# |title=Placename Details: Warbuto |id=SA0004363 |publisher=Government of South Australia |date=21 August 2008 |accessdate=30 December 2015}} 7. ^1 2 3 4 Wallaroo {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090208022651/http://www.southaustralia.com/9002760.aspx |date=8 February 2009 }}, southaustralia.com. 8. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/12929/12929-h/12929-h.htm|title=A Voyage to Terra Australis (Volume I)|last=Flinders|first=Matthew|date=1814|website=www.gutenberg.org|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2018-09-18}} 9. ^{{Cite web |url=http://maps.gov.au/plb |title=Search for 'Wallaroo, GTWN' |id=SA0016834 |work=Property Location Browser |publisher=Government of South Australia |accessdate=5 July 2017}} 10. ^Callaghan, W.H. Horse and Steam, Wheat and Copper, Australian Railway Historical Society Bulletin, January & February, 2002, pp. 9–27;46–63 11. ^{{cite web | url=http://maps.sa.gov.au/heritagesearch/HeritageItem.aspx?p_heritageno=13503 | title=Dwelling (former Wallaroo Customs House) | publisher=Department of Environment, Water and Natural Resources | work=South Australian Heritage Register | accessdate=17 May 2016}} 12. ^{{cite web | url=http://maps.sa.gov.au/heritagesearch/HeritageItem.aspx?p_heritageno=13518 | title=Former Wallaroo Railway Station | publisher=Department of Environment, Water and Natural Resources | work=South Australian Heritage Register | accessdate=17 May 2016}} 13. ^{{cite web | url=http://maps.sa.gov.au/heritagesearch/HeritageItem.aspx?p_heritageno=13500 | title=Wallaroo Police Station & Dwelling | publisher=Department of Environment, Water and Natural Resources | work=South Australian Heritage Register | accessdate=17 May 2016}} 14. ^{{cite web | url=http://maps.sa.gov.au/heritagesearch/HeritageItem.aspx?p_heritageno=13504 | title=Former Wallaroo Courthouse | publisher=Department of Environment, Water and Natural Resources | work=South Australian Heritage Register | accessdate=17 May 2016}} 15. ^{{cite web | url=http://maps.sa.gov.au/heritagesearch/HeritageItem.aspx?p_heritageno=13501 | title=Wallaroo Smelters Site, including Hughes chimney stack, Wallaroo Seafarers' Centre (former Smelters' offices), ruins of various structures and slag heaps | publisher=Department of Environment, Water and Natural Resources | work=South Australian Heritage Register | accessdate=17 May 2016}} 16. ^{{cite web | url=http://maps.sa.gov.au/heritagesearch/HeritageItem.aspx?p_heritageno=13514 | title=Wallaroo Smelters Site, including Hughes chimney stack, Wallaroo Seafarers' Centre (former Smelters' offices), ruins of various structures and slag heaps | publisher=Department of Environment, Water and Natural Resources | work=South Australian Heritage Register | accessdate=17 May 2016}} 17. ^{{Cite book|url=https://www.catalog.slsa.sa.gov.au/record=b1524137~S1|title=The Wallaroo wheatsheaf [newspaper]|date=1911|publisher=Roland Campbell|editor-last=Campbell|editor-first=Roland|location=Wallaroo, S.A|editor-last2=Wallaroo Amalgamated Co-operative Society}} 18. ^{{Cite web |url=http://coppercoastproperty.com.au/marina/our-story |title=Copper Coast Real Estate - Our Story |accessdate=29 March 2016}} 19. ^{{Cite web |url=http://www.wallaroocommunity.org/The_Marina.html |publisher=Wallaroo Community Development Association |title=The Wallaroo Marina, Copper Cove Marina |accessdate=29 March 2016}} 20. ^Beckhaus, John. Yorke Peninsula Railway, Australian Railway Historical Society Bulletin, February, 2001 pp43-44 21. ^{{Cite web |url=http://www.seasa.com.au |title=Ferry Services - Sea SA |work=SeaSA.com.au |accessdate=9 November 2010}} 22. ^{{cite book|last1=Black|first1=David|last2=Bolton|first2=Geoffrey|title=The Biographical Register of Members o f the Parliament o f Western Australia Volume One 1870-1930,|date=March 1990|publisher=WESTERN AUSTRALIAN PARLIAMENTARY HISTORY PROJECT|isbn=0 7316 9782 0|page=55|url=http://ncb.anu.edu.au/sites/default/files/documents/Bio%20Register%20of%20WA%20MPs%20Vol.1%201870-1930.pdf|accessdate=2 November 2015}} 23. ^Stab Kicks, Footystats diary. 24. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/7464.html |title=Leslie Renfrey |accessdate=18 July 2017 |work=ESPN Cricinfo}} External links{{commons category|Wallaroo, South Australia}}{{Wikisource1911Enc|Wallaroo}}
7 : Coastal towns in South Australia|Cornish-Australian culture|Mining towns in South Australia|Beaches of South Australia|Ports and harbours of South Australia|Spencer Gulf|1851 establishments in Australia |
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